Neural correlates of working memory training: An fMRI meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Working memory (WM) can be improved by cognitive training. Numerous studies examined neural mechanisms underlying WM training, although with differing conclusions. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine the neural substrates underlying WM training in healthy adults. Findings from global analyses showed substantial neural changes in the frontoparietal and subcortical regions. Results from training dosage analyses of WM training showed that shorter WM training could produce neural changes in the frontoparietal regions, whereas longer WM training could produce changes in the subcortical regions (striatum, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula). WM training-induced neural changes were also moderated by the type of training task, with updating tasks inducing neural changes in more regions than maintenance tasks. Overall, these results indicate that the neural changes associated with WM training occur in the frontoparietal network and dopamine-related brain areas, extending previous meta-analyses on WM training and advancing our understanding of the neural underpinnings of WM training effects.
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Working memory is a core component of human cognition, enabling short-term maintenance and online manipulation of information while supporting higher-order processes including attentional regulation, executive control, and reasoning.
“Working memory is a core component of human cognition, enabling the short-term maintenance and online manipulation of information while supporting higher-order processes including attentional regulation, executive control, and reasoning7–9.”
From Meta-analysis of computerised working memory training: behavioural gains, training parameters, transfer mechanisms, and neural correlates (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
Existing behavioural and neuroimaging syntheses are constrained by inadequate modelling of within-study dependent effect sizes and absence of an effect-size framework that can jointly integrate activation increases and decreases.
“Nevertheless, existing behavioural and neuroimaging syntheses remain constrained by key methodological limitations, including inadequate modelling of within-study dependent effect sizes and the absence of an effect-size framework that can jointly integrate activation increases and decreases7,8,20.”
From Meta-analysis of computerised working memory training: behavioural gains, training parameters, transfer mechanisms, and neural correlates (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
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Mechanisms underlying training-induced cognitive change
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Neural correlates of training and transfer effects in working memory in older adults
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Improving intelligence: a literature review
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Transfer after Dual <i>n</i> -Back Training Depends on Striatal Activation Change
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Working memory training mostly engages general-purpose large-scale networks for learning
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Event-related potentials elicited during working memory are altered in mild cognitive impairment
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Adaptive task difficulty influences neural plasticity and transfer of training
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Neural correlates of working memory training: Evidence for plasticity in older adults
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“In WM training studies, the most commonly used WM tasks were the Sternberg task, the Delayed Matching to Sample, and the N-back task (Finc et al., 2020; Iordan et al., 2021; Linares et al., 2019; Ripp et al., 2022; Soveri et al., 2017).”
MethodTransfer of training from one working memory task to another: behavioural and neural evidence
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Working Memory and Anticipatory Set Modulate Midbrain and Putamen Activity
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The Effects of Working Memory Training on Brain Activity
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The Neural Correlates of Updating and Gating in Procedural Working Memory
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Self-citationDistinct neural networks subserve placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia
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Neuropsychology still needs to model organismic processes “from within”
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Wong-Si-Kwie, S.-M., Köhler, R., Riley, S., Rodríguez, L., Babaeianjelodar, M., Cheng, A., Horien, C., Greene, A. S., Constable, R. T., Yip, S. W., et al. (2026) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101823
- Authors
- Zhang, Y., Fu, J., & Zhao, X.
- Affiliations
- Northwest Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhao, Xin
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-11
- Volume
- 301
- Pages
- 120885
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4403285152
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 1.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (21XJA190005)
- Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation (23YJC90007)
- Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (32260207)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- working memory training, cognitive training, neural correlates, training dose, frontoparietal network, subcortical structures, striatum, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, dopamine, working memory updating, working memory maintenance
- MeSH terms
- Cognitive Training, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Learning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Memory, Short-Term
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