Cited by 221Digital Mental Health InterventionsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and Assessments

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Shyness 3: Randomized Controlled Trial of Guided Versus Unguided Internet-Based CBT for Social Phobia

Titov, Nickolai, Andrews, Gavin, Choi, Isabella, Schwencke, Genevieve, Mahoney, Alison·2008·Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1080/00048670802512107

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Abstract

Objective: In two previous randomized controlled trials Titov et al. demonstrated significant benefit from an Internet- and email-based treatment programme for social phobia. The present study (Shyness 3) explores whether participants are able to complete this programme independently. Method: A total of 98 individuals with social phobia were randomly assigned to a clinician-assisted computerized cognitive behavioural treatment (CaCCBT) group, a self-guided computerized CBT (CCBT) group, or to a waitlist control group. CaCCBT group participants completed the usual Shyness programme consisting of six online lessons, cognitive behavioural homework assignments, email contact with a therapist, and participation in an online discussion forum. CCBT group participants accessed the same resources except for therapist emails. An intention-to-treat model was used for data analyses. Results: A total of 77% of CaCCBT and 33% of CCBT group participants completed all lessons. Significant differences were found after treatment between CaCCBT and control groups (mean between-groups effect size (ES) for the social phobia measures = 1.04), and between the CaCCBT and CCBT groups (mean between-groups ES for the social phobia measures = 0.66). No significant differences were found after treatment between the CCBT and control groups (mean between-groups ES for the social phobia measures = 0.38). CCBT participants, however, who completed the six lessons made good progress (mean within-group ES for the social phobia measures = 0.62). Quantitative and qualitative data indicate that both the CaCCBT and CCBT procedures were acceptable to participants. Conclusions: The reliability of this Internet-based treatment programme for social phobia has been confirmed. The therapist-guided condition was superior to the self-guided condition, but a subgroup of participants still benefited considerably from the latter. These data confirm that self-guided education or treatment programmes for common anxiety disorders can result in significant improvements.

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El Alaoui, S., Ljótsson, B., Hedman, E., Kaldo, V., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Andersson, G., & Lindefors, N. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124258 · Cited by 98
“On the other hand, in a study where effectiveness and adherence was compared between guided and unguided ICBT for SAD, it was found that therapist guidance increased the likelihood of completing the treatment and that treatment effects were similar among those who completed the treatment regardless of whether they had…”
Background
The Efficacy of Internet-Based Mindfulness Training and Cognitive-Behavioral Training With Telephone Support in the Enhancement of Mental Health Among College Students and Young Working Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial
Mak, W. W., Chio, F. H., Chan, A. T., Lui, W. W., & Wu, E. K. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6737 · Cited by 94
“Previous research has shown that (1) guided self-help has higher completion rates than unguided self-help [38], (2) programs with weekly telephone reminders are more efficacious than those without [39], and (3) technician-assisted telephone or email support for Internet-based interventions is as efficacious as clinici…”
Outcome predictors in guided and unguided self-help for social anxiety disorder
Nordgreen, T., Havik, O. E., Öst, L. G., Furmark, T., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.009 · Cited by 87
“(Farvolden, Denisoff, Selby, Bagby, & Rudy, 2005; Titov et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResult
Computer-Assisted Cognitive-Behavior Therapy and Mobile Apps for Depression and Anxiety
Wright, J. H., Mishkind, M., Eells, T. D., & Chan, S. R. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1031-2 · Cited by 93
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Self-citation
Efficacy of an unguided internet‐based self‐help intervention for social anxiety disorder in university students: A randomized controlled trial
Kählke, F., Berger, T., Schulz, A., Baumeister, H., Berking, M., Auerbach, R. P., Bruffaerts, R., Cuijpers, P. J., Kessler, R. C., & Ebert, D. D. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1766 · Cited by 99
Shyness programme: Longer term benefits, cost-effectiveness, and acceptability
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., Schwencke, G., & Choi, I. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802534424 · Cited by 88
Self-citation
The Effects of Waiting for Treatment: A Meta‐Analysis of Waitlist Control Groups in Randomized Controlled Trials for Social Anxiety Disorder
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Investigating the Factor Structure of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale in Community and Clinical Samples of the Australian Population
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Self-citation
Improving Adherence and Clinical Outcomes in Self-Guided Internet Treatment for Anxiety and Depression: A 12-Month Follow-Up of a Randomised Controlled Trial
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Johnston, L., McEvoy, P. M., Wootton, B., Terides, M. D., Gandy, M., Fogliati, V., Kayrouz, R., & Rapee, R. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089591 · Cited by 81
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Mechanisms underpinning effective peer support: a qualitative analysis of interactions between expert peers and patients newly-diagnosed with bipolar disorder
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“Such interventions are typically offered as stand-alone programs or with support from mental health professionals, with evidence indicating superior outcomes, greater compliance and decreased rates of attrition in supported, compared to unsupported programs [36-38].”
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Lungu, A., Jun, J. J., Azarmanesh, O., Leykin, Y., & Chen, C. E.-J. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18723 · Cited by 75
Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Internet- vs. group-based cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: 4-Year follow-up of a randomized trial
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A scoping review of human-support factors in the context of Internet-based psychological interventions (IPIs) for depression and anxiety disorders
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“For example, Titov et al (2008) examined the effect of CCBT for social phobia and found that the average therapist time needed in the therapist-guided condition was less than 3 hours during the 10-week program (Titov et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResult
Evaluating the Translation Process of an Internet-Based Self-help Intervention for Prevention of Depression: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Lintvedt, O., Griffiths, K. M., Eisemann, M. R., & Waterloo, K. K. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2422 · Cited by 74
“The deterioration in the control group is not unusual over a short time [78], but over a longer time period, one would expect improvements.”
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Digital Technologies in the Treatment of Anxiety: Recent Innovations and Future Directions
Firth, J., Torous, J., Carney, R., Newby, J., Cosco, T. D., Christensen, H., & Sarris, J. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0910-2 · Cited by 70
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“…2012; Berger, Hohl and Caspar, 2009; Carlbring et al., 2007; Furmark et al., 2009; Hedman et al., 2011; Titov, Andrews, Schwencke, Drobny and Einstein, 2008; Titov, Andrews and Schwencke, 2008; Titov, Andrews, Choi, Schwencke and Mahoney, 2008; Titov, Andrews, Johnston, Robinson and Spence, 2010).”
Internet-Based Interventions for Social Anxiety Disorder - an Overview
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“In a fourth program, the comparison of guided and unguided selfhelp favored the guided approach [Titov et al., 2008c].”
BackgroundInfluential
Distance-delivered interventions for PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Olthuis, J. V., Wozney, L., Asmundson, G. J. G., Cramm, H., Lingley-Pottie, P., & McGrath, P. J. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.010 · Cited by 64
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Self-citation
Does a Pre-Treatment Diagnostic Interview Affect the Outcome of Internet-Based Self-Help for Social Anxiety Disorder? A Randomized Controlled Trial
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Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders in Open Community Versus Clinical Service Recruitment: Meta-Analysis
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“When a general measure of anxiety was not available, we used a measure for specific anxiety symptoms (see Multimedia Appendix 2 [39-49] for the order of rating scales and Multimedia Appendix 3 [7,27-31,50-85] for the outcome measures we used for all studies).”
MethodSelf-citation
Internet Treatment for Social Phobia Reduces Comorbidity
Titov, N., Gibson, M., Andrews, G., & McEvoy, P. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670903001992 · Cited by 58
“Data on 211 participants in three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the Shyness programme were reanalysed [5 7].”
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A sorrow shared is a sorrow halved? A three-arm randomized controlled trial comparing internet-based clinician-guided individual versus group treatment for social anxiety disorder
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“We suggest not focusing so much on symptom and its synonyms as search words, since they were lacking in many of these studies, but to include specific search strings such as Interapy [85,86], Internet-based therapy [86,87], Internet-based treatment [86,88-91], and online therapeutic relationship [86].”
Background
Acceptability of Digital Mental Health Interventions for Depression and Anxiety: Systematic Review
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“…treatment adherence associated with guided iCBT is similar to that of face-to-face CBT (van Ballegooijen et al., 2014), some studies have shown that adherence to self-guided iCBT courses is lower than adherence to guided iCBT courses (Berger et al., 2011a; Berger et al., 2011b; Titov et al., 2008).”
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“In comparison with other studies, particularly those of self-referred participants, there were high rates of psychotropic medication use (59% in comparison with 21–34% (Titov et al., 2008b)) and previous mental health treatment (71% in comparison with 30–40% (Titov et al., 2008b)).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Shyness 5: the clinical effectiveness of Internet-based clinician-assisted treatment of social phobia.
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Exploring the Role of Persuasive Design in Unguided Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Among Adults: Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression
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“[89] a For the purpose of this table, n was calculated as the number of participants assigned to the intervention identified in each row plus the number of participants assigned to the control condition (ie, excluding participants assigned to use other interventions). b Study duration expressed in…”
Method
Internet-Based Course for the Management of Stress for Junior High Schools
van Vliet, H., & Andrews, G. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670902721145 · Cited by 40
Self-citation

Authors: Titov, N., Andrews, G., Choi, I., Schwencke, G., & Mahoney, A.
Affiliations: UNSW Sydney (AU)
St Vincent's Hospital Sydney (AU)
Corresponding author: Titov, Nickolai
ORCID: Titov, Nickolai
Andrews, Gavin
Choi, Isabella
Mahoney, Alison
Venue: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2008-01-01
Volume: 42
Issue: 12
Pages: 1030-1040
ISSN: 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
1440-1614
DOI: 10.1080/00048670802512107
OpenAlex: W2003524081
Cited by: 221
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 21.13
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Keywords: social anxiety disorder, internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, self-guided treatment, online forums, treatment completion, treatment acceptability
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Phobic Disorders, Psychometrics, Self Care, Shyness, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Internet, Electronic Mail, Young Adult

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Shyness 3: Randomized Controlled Trial of Guided Versus Unguided Internet-Based CBT for Social Phobia

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