Emotional environments retune the valence of appetitive versus fearful functions in nucleus accumbens.
Open accessAbstract
The nucleus accumbens mediates both appetitive motivation for rewards and fearful motivation toward threats, which are generated in part by glutamate-related circuits organized in a keyboard fashion. At rostral sites of the medial shell, localized glutamate disruptions typically generate intense appetitive behaviors in rats, but the disruption incrementally generates fearful behaviors as microinjection sites move more caudally. We found that exposure to stressful environments caused caudal fear-generating zones to expand rostrally, filling approximately 90% of the shell. Conversely, a preferred home environment caused fear-generating zones to shrink and appetitive-generating zones to expand caudally, filling approximately 90% of the shell. Thus, the emotional environments retuned the generation of motivation in corticolimbic circuits.
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The nucleus accumbens can generate either incentive salience or fearful salience.
“The nucleus accumbens can generate either incentive salience or fearful salience.”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge (2008)
Both incentive motivation and fearful motivation require local mesolimbic dopamine.
“Both incentive motivation and fearful motivation require local mesolimbic dopamine.”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge (2008)
Microinjections of the same glutamate-blocking drug (DNQX) elicit opposite motivations at different sites in the nucleus accumbens.
“Microinjections of the same glutamate-blocking drug (DNQX) elicit opposite motivations at different sites.”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge (2008)
Many individual sites in the nucleus accumbens can be flipped back and forth between generating 'wanting' and 'fear' by changes in environmental ambience.
“Many individual sites can be flipped back and forth between generating ‘wanting’ and ‘fear’ by changes in environmental ambience, as described in text.”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge (2008)
Valence of many sites can be partly or wholly retuned by psychological factors such as external ambience, reflecting appraisal processes similar to human social psychology.
“Valence of many sites can be partly or wholly retuned by psychological factors such as external ambience (Reynolds and Berridge, 2008), reflecting appraisal processes similar to human social psychology (Schachter and Singer, 1962; Higgins, 2006).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge, 2008
Only anatomical extremes resist retuning, so that far-anterior sites remain resolutely appetitive while far-posterior sites remain 'fear-generating,' regardless of external ambience.
“Only anatomical extremes resist retuning, so that far-anterior sites remain resolutely appetitive while far-posterior sites remain ‘fear-generating,’ regardless of external ambience (Figure 3).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge, 2008
The active 'fearful' reactions are revealed by manipulations of the nucleus accumbens in rats.
“The active ‘fearful’ reactions are revealed by manipulations of the nucleus accumbens in rats (Reynolds and Berridge, 2008; Richard and Berridge, 2011).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge, 2008
If a person gently attempts to pick up a rat when in this accumbens-induced 'fearful' state, the rat may even bite the newly-offensive hand, or scramble frantically in attempt to escape, even if the same rat is normally tame and friendly at all other times.
“Further, if a person gently attempts to pick up a rat when in this accumbens-induced ‘fearful’ state, the rat may even bite the newly-offensive hand, or scramble frantically in attempt to escape, even if the same rat is normally tame and friendly at all other times (Reynolds and Berridge, 2008).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge, 2008
A bright and noisy environment flips sites in the front-middle of nucleus accumbens that normally generate 'wanting' into instead generating 'fear,' reversing from positive valence to negative valence.
“For example, a bright and noisy environment flips sites in the front-middle of nucleus accumbens that normally generate ‘wanting’ into instead generating ‘fear,’ reversing from positive valence to negative valence.”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge, 2008
A rat after a posterior microinjection may respond to the sight of people in the room with anti-predator reactions that rodents ordinarily emit toward threats.
“For example, a rat after a posterior microinjection may respond to the sight of people in the room with anti-predator reactions that rodents ordinarily emit toward threats, such as when a mother ground squirrel kicks sand with her forepaws toward an rattlesnake that approaches her pups in a burrow (Coss and Owings, 1978).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge, 2008
A soothing dark and quiet environment flips many otherwise negative 'fear'-generating sites in the middle-posterior of nucleus accumbens into generating positive 'wanting'.
“Conversely, a soothing dark and quiet environment flips many otherwise negative ‘fear’-generating sites in the middle-posterior of nucleus accumbens into generating positive ‘wanting’ (Reynolds and Berridge, 2008).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge, 2008
Reward 'wanting' and an active form of 'fear' reaction share overlapping mesolimbic dopamine and nucleus accumbens mechanisms of motivational salience despite being psychological opposites.
“That is, reward ‘wanting’ and an active form of ‘fear’ reaction share overlapping mesolimbic dopamine and nucleus accumbens mechanisms of motivational salience despite being psychological opposites (Reynolds and Berridge, 2008; Richard and Berridge, 2011).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge, 2008
Tapping keys in the posterior nucleus accumbens shell with the same drug microinjection oppositely elicits strong active 'fear' reactions.
“Tapping keys in the posterior nucleus accumbens shell with the same drug microinjection oppositely elicits strong active ‘fear’ reactions.”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge, 2008
The valence of sites in the nucleus accumbens keyboard is not determined solely by neuroanatomy.
“The valence of sites in the nucleus accumbens keyboard is not determined solely by neuroanatomy.”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge, 2008
Incentive salience may additionally have a surprising and affectively-opposite cousin, in the form of negatively-valenced fearful salience.
“Incentive salience may additionally have a surprising and affectively-opposite cousin, in the form of negatively-valenced fearful salience.”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge, 2008
The nucleus accumbens' shell compartment contains a desire-dread valence keyboard, organized from front to back.
“The nucleus accumbens’ shell compartment contains a desire-dread valence keyboard, organized from front to back (Figure 3): the keyboard is demonstrated by inhibitory microinjections of drugs that are either glutamate AMPA antagonists or GABA agonists.”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge, 2008
Tapping keys in the front of the nucleus accumbens shell elicits strong 'wanting,' reflected as large increases in eating (doubling or quadrupling food intake), or creating a desire to return to the place where the key was tapped.
“Tapping keys in the front of this structure elicits strong ‘wanting,’ reflected as large increases in eating (doubling or quadrupling food intake), or creating a desire to return to the place where the key was tapped.”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Reynolds and Berridge, 2008
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- Authors
- Reynolds, S. M., & Berridge, K. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reynolds, Sheila M
- Berridge, Kent C
- ORCID
- Berridge, Kent C
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-03-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 423-425
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC2717027
- OpenAlex
- W2154800141
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Michigan
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-63649, R01MH063649)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31DA014679, DA015188, R01DA015188, DA14679)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- nucleus accumbens, appetitive motivation, emotional environment, stress, family environment, corticolimbic circuits, reward, threats
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Appetitive Behavior, Brain Mapping, Choice Behavior, Emotions, Environment, Fear, Microinjections, Motivation, Neural Pathways, Nucleus Accumbens, Quinoxalines, Random Allocation, Reward, Stress, Psychological, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Receptors, Glutamate, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Rats
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