Cited by 239Gambling Behavior and TreatmentsImpact of Technology on AdolescentsSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

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Behavioral Addictions: An Overview

Karim, Reef, Chaudhri, Priya·2012·Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

DOI 10.1080/02791072.2012.662859

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Abstract

The legitimacy of nonsubstance addictions has received increased attention from clinicians, researchers and the general population as more and more individuals report symptoms consistent with impairment of impulse control. The clinical presentation of these disorders is varied, as compulsive activities may include: gambling, eating, sex, shopping, use of the Internet or videogames or even exercising, working or falling in love. As such, there is great controversy in diagnosing, treating or even naming these conditions, as many of these behaviors are daily rituals instrumental to our ultimate survival. Historically, the phrase "impulse control disorders" described these conditions but many researchers and clinicians also use the term "behavioral addictions," "process addictions" or "impulsive-compulsive behaviors" to report behavioral pathology. This review summarizes the data of each of these behavioral addictions from epidemiology to neurobiology to treatment options. Research suggests similarities between natural and drug reward processing but clinical evidence supports the utilization of treatment modalities for these behavioral conditions that can sometimes differ from traditional drug treatment.

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Treatment of compulsive buying disorder: comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy with person-centred experiential counselling
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Smartphone Addiction and Its Relationship with Depression in University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
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“It is known that behavioral addictions may associate with other mental disorders (10-12).”
BackgroundInfluential
Cyber Mania Secondary to Internet Addiction: A brief review on co-occurrence of Behavioral Addiction and Bipolar Disorder-Dual Diagnosis
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“Over the past decades, the co-occurrence of substance misuse (SM) and behavioral misuse (BM) concerning food intake, sexual activities, gambling, exercise, shopping and/or the Internet has been emphasized in both research and treatment practice (Goodman, 1998; Karim & Chaudhri, 2012; West, 2006).”
Background
Biological Underpinning of Behavioral Addictions and Management Implications
Yau, Y. H. C., Leeman, R. F., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36391-8_63 · Cited by 7
Mapping family affect to adolescent short‐video addiction: A cross‐lagged panel network analysis
Jiang, X., & Zhang, K. (2026) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70177 · Cited by 2
Psychedelic Use and Behavioral Addictions
Brasher, T. J., Rosen, D., & Spinella, M. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2474244 · Cited by 2
“Behavioral addictions are a group of problematic behaviors that parallel substance addictions (Goodman 1990; Grant et al. 2010; Karim and Chaudhri 2012; Robbins and Clark 2015).”
A Case–Control Study on Behavioral Addictions and Neurocognition: Description of the BANCO and BANCO2 Protocols
Hurel, E., Grall‐Bronnec, M., Thiabaud, E., Saillard, A., Hardouin, J.-B., & Challet‐Bouju, G. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s292490 · Cited by 3
“Getting my Independence Back”: Economic solvency program ideas from residents of a women’s shelter
Gilroy, H., Nava, A., & Ellis, P. (2019) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12586 · Cited by 4
Addressing Risk Factors Associated With Women's Sexually Compulsive Behaviors Through Psycho-Education and Self-leadership Development
Georgianna, S. (2015) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720162.2015.1072489 · Cited by 1
“…with regulating the brain’s pleasure system [Kelley, Baldo, Pratt, & Will, 2005]; (b) dopamine [i.e., pleasure] receptors were decreased in obese individuals’ brains; and (c) overeating may be a way to activate the brain’s pleasure centers [Karim & Chaudhri, 2012; Volkow, Wang, & Telang 2008]).”
Background
Medications development for substance-use disorders: contextual influences (dis)incentivizing pharmaceutical-industry positioning
Janero, D. R. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1517/17460441.2014.951631 · Cited by 2
« À mon travail c’est valorisé, trop travailler ». La construction du trouble de dépendance au travail : entre capitalisme émotionnel et méritocratie
Namian, D., Kirouac, L., Binet, J., & Lambert, S. (2022) · Service social · doi:10.7202/1089868ar · Cited by 4
“…socialement, ce sont les savoirs psychologiques (psychologie, psychiatrie, neuropsychologie) qui disposent, à l’heure actuelle, de son « monopole d’explication », comme pour l’ensemble des dépendances comportementales par ailleurs (Varescon, 2009 ; Billieux et al. , 2015 ; Karim et Chaudhri, 2012).”
Addictions: General Considerations
John, U. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.14077-2 · Cited by 2
Relationship of Behavioral Addictions to Eating Disorders and Substance Use Disorders
Weintraub, P., Dunn, T. M., & Yager, J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_18 · Cited by 2
Development and Validation of the Short-Form Drama Addiction Motivation Scale: A Network Analysis Approach
Guo, S., Yang, Y., Cui, T., Tan, Z., Yang, X., & Li, W. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106745 · Cited by 1
An exploratory analysis of loneliness dimensions and problematic use of social networks in adolescents
Varona, M. N., Muela, A., González‐Cabrera, J. M., Houghton, S. J., & Machimbarrena, J. M. (2025) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2025.2546981 · Cited by 1
“…2021; Moretta and Buodo 2020; Pezzi et al. 2024) and agrees with several studies that state that the Internet and social networks can act as a compensatory tool for people with difficulties in face-to-face interaction (Ciudad-Fernández et al. 2024; Kardefelt-Winther 2014; Karim and Chaudhri 2012).”
Craving for exercise due to the disruption of daily routine by an earthquake
Ilbak, I., Yasuntimur, A., Stojanović, S., Düz, S., Rydzik, Ł., & Čepička, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1508317 · Cited by 1
Beliren yetişkinlerde akılcı olmayan düşünceler, depresyon, anksiyete, stres ve internet bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi
Kabadayı, F. (2024) · Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi · doi:10.30783/nevsosbilen.1514229 · Cited by 1
Solution-focused Brief Psychological Intervention in Alteration of Compulsive Buying Behavior in an Individual with Compulsive Buying Disorder: A Case Report
Shanbhag, T., Ghosh, D., & Lenka, P. (2024) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176241259709 · Cited by 1
Global research on behavioral addictions: A bibliometric analysis
Bansal, T., Modi, S., Arafat, S. M. Y., & Kar, S. K. (2024) · Odisha Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ojp.ojp_13_24 · Cited by 1
Sex Addiction
Hertzsprung, M., & Amadala, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36391-8_70 · Cited by 1
An Overview of Internet Pornography Addiction
Brahma, A., & Brahma, M. C. (2018) · Eastern Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5005/ejp-20-1-3 · Cited by 1
Trichobezoar Ventriculi in 7-Year Old Girl - Case Report.
Stanković, M., Djurić, Z., Marjanovic, Z., Stojanovic, A., Kostić, J., & Stanković, S. (2017) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2017.503 · Cited by 1
“Impulse control disorder gets close to compulsive behavior, or to the impulsive-compulsive behavior model (Hollander 2007), and also conceptualized as behavioral addiction because of simultaines to drug addiction (Karim & Chaudhri 2012).”
Background
Intellectual disability complicated by sexual addiction: an uncommon presentation of a common condition
Pang, N. T. P., & Masiran, R. (2017) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218738 · Cited by 2
A clinical pathway through substance use disorder, first episode psychosis to post traumatic stress disorder on the basis of HPA axis dysfunction
Ashton, C., & Duffie, D. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes Metabolic Disorders & Control · doi:10.15406/jdmdc.2015.02.00038 · Cited by 1
“Specifically, this neuroadaptation refers to the “hijacking” of the normal reward system in the brain through amplifying the deeper subconscious brain regions’ stimulus for reward seeking, while impeding the executive inhibitory function which would prevent further indulgences [12].”
Background
Nicotine addictions: Neurobiological circuits and pharmacological targets
Caraci, F., & Drago, F. (2013) · doi:10.2217/ebo.12.396 · Cited by 1
ROC Analizi ile Sorunlu Kripto Para Ticareti Ölçeği İçin Kesme Puanının Oluşturulması
Menteş, N., & Bulut, M. (2023) · Bağımlılık Dergisi · doi:10.51982/bagimli.1243102 · Cited by 1
Internet Addiction as a Behavioral Addiction
Kol, E., & Topgül, S. (2022) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9187-1.ch017 · Cited by 5
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Internet Gaming Disorder
Edited, B., Zhang, J.-T., & Brand, M. (2019) · Frontiers Research Topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88945-655-0 · Cited by 1
Effectively addressing addiction requires changing the language of addiction
Richter, L., & Foster, S. (2013) · Journal of Public Health Policy · doi:10.1057/jphp.2013.44
Binge Eating Disorder and Substance Use Disorder: A Case for Food Addiction
Shell, A., & Firmin, M. W. (2017) · Psychologische Studien · doi:10.1007/s12646-017-0431-9
Impact on Negative Mood and Craving of a Classroom Policy Prohibiting Mobile Technology Use
Katz, E. C., Earnest, D. R., & Lewis, C. (2018) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-017-0042-2 · Cited by 5
Conceptualizing “Noaiphobia”: Psychophysiological stress during unaided versus AI-assisted writing in an exploratory pilot study
Trabelsi, O., Bouchiba, M., Yaakoubi, M., Ghorbel, A., & Gharbi, A. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2026.100765
Dynamics of the Use of Addiction Treatment Services in Poland Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of National Health Fund Data from 2018 to 2023
Grajek, M., Juraszek, P., Kobza, J., Geremek, M., Nowak, B., Jurys, T., & Rozmiarek, M. (2026) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint7040144
“Epidemiological studies in Poland indicate that approximately 583,000 individuals are affected by alcohol dependence, while an additional ~59,000 are dependent on drugs [1,2].”
Trapped in the Feed: How Multiscreen Addiction and Doomscrolling Harm Young Adults’ Self-Esteem
Kurt, A. A., & Kurt, Ş. (2026) · Buca eğitim fakültesi dergisi (Online)/Buca Eğitim Fakültesi dergisi · doi:10.53444/deubefd.1844123
A taste of (dis)trust: do social cynicism and gratitude predict and reciprocate addiction-like eating?
Yang, H. M., Hui, B. P. H., Zhang, H., Ling, H., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Fernández‐Aranda, F., & Wu, A. M. S. (2026) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-026-01586-x · Cited by 1
“However, repeated engagement may blunt reward system sensitivity over time [74, 75].”
Individual differences in internet use are associated with cortical brain thickness in areas related to substance use addiction
Szente, A. T., Perlaki, G., Orsi, G., Nagy, S. A., Arató, Á., Áfra, E., Alhour, H. A., Dudás, B., Janszky, J., Matuz, A., et al. (2026) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44874
Sex Difference in Brain Responses During Short Abstinence in People With Internet Gaming Disorder
Cui, S., Xu, X., & Dong, G. (2026) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.70145 · Cited by 1
“…traditionally deemed absent in behavioural addictions [28]; however, subsequent research has identified a dysregulated dopamine system as prevalent in both behavioural and substance addic-tions [29], suggesting that abstinence may serve as a crucial diagnostic criterion in behavioural addictions.”
Lost in the narrative: A case study on pathological digital fiction reading
S., H. M., Sharma, M., Joseph, S., & Ganjekar, S. (2026) · Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) · doi:10.25259/anams_266_2024
Brazilian version of the Brief Screener for Substance and Behavioral Addiction
Faiad, C., Marôco, J. P., Tavares, H., Hodgins, D. C., & Matsunaga, L. H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1642665 · Cited by 1
An Empirical Assessment of the Internet Usage Pattern and Academic Development of Students In the Murshidabad District of West Bengal
Haque, A. (2025) · European Economic Letters (EEL) · doi:10.52783/eel.v15i2.2846
“Studying students (Karim & Chaudhary, 2012) may be meaningful because most of them are digital natives (Jeong, Suh, & Gweon, 2019) and have a high rate of internet access with mobile ownership.”
“Perrotta Affective Dependence Questionnaire (PAD-Q)”: Development, regulation and validation of a psychometric instrument for the diagnosis of the affective dependence
Giulio, P. (2023) · Archives of Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.17352/2455-5460.000081
“To date, the constructs of affective dependence all refer primarily to the offi cial nosography [25], deeming it essentially a behavioural addiction or otherwise related to mood-related psychopathological conditions [26-38].”
Background
Why do we call it addiction? Epistemological reflections on the world of addiction
Frisone, F. (2021) · doi:10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3075
NON-SUBSTANCE ADDICTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL HEALTH
Adamczyk, R. (2020) · Social Pathology and Prevention · doi:10.25142/spp.2019.002
“…as a relative one, since the category of non-substance addictions has been represented in the field across several decades, being exemplified by such entities as work addiction (workaholism), shopping addiction (shopaholism) or television addiction – Grant et al., 2010; Karim & Chaudhri, 2012.”
Background
Examining Treatment Outcomes: Differences Between Primary and Non-Primary Marijuana-Using Youths Transitioning Into Recovery
Gonzales, R. E., Steinberg, J. K., Winters, K. C., Murphy, D. A., Ang, A., Hernandez, M., & Mugahwi, M. (2017) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2017.1305929
“…health effects associated with continuing use; Ammerman, Ryan, Adelman, Committee on Substance Abuse, & Committee on Adolescence, 2015; Gonzales, Anglin, Beattie, Ong, & Glik, 2012; Karim & Chaudhri, 2012; Schepis, Adinoff, & Rao, 2008; Sussman, Skara, & Ames, 2008; Titus, Godley, & White, 2007).”
Codependence with hypersexual and gambling disorder.
Crozier, M., & Hillock, C. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/jba.1.2012.013
“Addictions can also influence neural plasticity which ultimately influences behaviors (Chaudhri & Karim, 2012).”
Background
Binge-watching jako problemowe oglądanie seriali wśród młodych dorosłych
Rodzeń, W. (2025) · Rozprawy i Studia - Uniwersytet Szczeciński · doi:10.18276/978-83-8419-010-4
Toward a Sustainable Design of the Rehabilitation Centers for Addiction
Ibrahem, B. S., Abouelmagd, D., & Amer, A. (2021) · Towards Implementation of Sustainability Concepts in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74349-9_16
Esport: Between internet gaming addiction and traditional sport
Sokić, J., & Crvenko, A. (2020) · TIMS: Acta · doi:10.5937/timsact14-29292
“Alternativno, nekoliko autora (npr. Potenza, 2006; Karim & Chaudhri, 2012) okupljeno je oko ideje i da bihejvioralne zavisnosti treba posmatrati kao sekundarne manifestacije u odnosu na mentalne poremećaje (npr. depresije, anksioznosti), te da ih stoga ne treba klasifikovati kao zasebne…”
Background
References
(2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815002-3.00020-6
Translating Neurobiology into Practice in Tobacco, Alcohol, Drug, and Behavioral Addictions
Srivastava, A. B., & Gold, M. S. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803161-2.00028-x · Cited by 1
Bariatric Surgery and Substance Use Disorders, Eating Disorders, and Other Impulse Control Disorders
Mitchell, J., Müller, A., Meany, G., & Sondag, C. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_9
Practical Psychotherapy
Karasu, T. (n.d.) · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.8.1089

Authors: Karim, R., & Chaudhri, P.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
University of California System (US)
Corresponding author: Karim, Reef
Venue: Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2012-01
Volume: 44
Issue: 1
Pages: 5-17
ISSN: 0279-1072 (ISSN-L)
2159-9777
DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2012.662859
OpenAlex: W2088486380
Cited by: 239
References: 119
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 24.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords: behavioral addiction, impulse control disorders, compulsive behavior, gambling addiction, eating disorders, sexual addiction, compulsive buying, online game addiction, exercise addiction, neurobiology of addiction, reward processing
MeSH terms: Bulimia, Compulsive Behavior, Gambling, Humans, Sexual Behavior, Behavior, Addictive, Video Games, Internet

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Behavioral Addictions: An Overview

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