Altered Cortico-Striatal–Thalamic Connectivity in Relation to Spatial Working Memory Capacity in Children with ADHD
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) captures a heterogeneous group of children, who are characterized by a range of cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Previous resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) studies have sought to understand the neural correlates of ADHD by comparing connectivity measurements between those with and without the disorder, focusing primarily on cortical-striatal circuits mediated by the thalamus. To integrate the multiple phenotypic features associated with ADHD and help resolve its heterogeneity, it is helpful to determine how specific circuits relate to unique cognitive domains of the ADHD syndrome. Spatial working memory has been proposed as a key mechanism in the pathophysiology of ADHD. METHODS: We correlated the rs-fcMRI of five thalamic regions of interest (ROIs) with spatial span working memory scores in a sample of 67 children aged 7-11 years [ADHD and typically developing children (TDC)]. In an independent dataset, we then examined group differences in thalamo-striatal functional connectivity between 70 ADHD and 89 TDC (7-11 years) from the ADHD-200 dataset. Thalamic ROIs were created based on previous methods that utilize known thalamo-cortical loops and rs-fcMRI to identify functional boundaries in the thalamus. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: Using these thalamic regions, we found atypical rs-fcMRI between specific thalamic groupings with the basal ganglia. To identify the thalamic connections that relate to spatial working memory in ADHD, only connections identified in both the correlational and comparative analyses were considered. Multiple connections between the thalamus and basal ganglia, particularly between medial and anterior dorsal thalamus and the putamen, were related to spatial working memory and also altered in ADHD. These thalamo-striatal disruptions may be one of multiple atypical neural and cognitive mechanisms that relate to the ADHD clinical phenotype.
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TL;DR
In children with ADHD, resting-state functional connectivity between functionally defined thalamic regions and the basal ganglia—especially the putamen—was both related to spatial working memory and altered relative to typically developing children. These thalamo-striatal disruptions may be one of multiple atypical neural and cognitive mechanisms related to the ADHD clinical phenotype.
Key findings
- Five thalamic ROIs were generated via a “winner take all” procedure in 226 children aged 7–11 years, using five cortical subdivisions; the resulting thalamic subdivisions visually corresponded to known thalamic nuclear groupings.
- In 67 children with and without ADHD, spatial span backward total scores were negatively correlated with connectivity strength between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and bilateral putamen and bilateral globus pallidus, between the premotor–motor thalamic ROI and bilateral putamen, between the temporal thalamic ROI and primarily left lateral globus pallidus, and between the somatosensory thalamic ROI and primarily right posterior putamen.
- In an independent comparison of 70 children with ADHD-combined subtype and 89 matched TDC, robust differences were found between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and left putamen; ADHD-C showed connections between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and putamen that were absent in TDC. ADHD-C also showed greater connectivity strength between the occipital–parietal thalamic ROI and left putamen and right caudate head, with smaller-scale differences for premotor–motor, somatosensory, and temporal thalamic ROIs.
- Conjunction analysis showed overlapping relationships for four of five thalamic ROIs with basal ganglia, particularly putamen and globus pallidus; no occipital–parietal thalamic ROI connections passed the conjunction analysis. Thalamo-cortical connections also survived conjunction analysis for four thalamic ROIs.
Methods
- Resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) was used. Thalamic ROIs were defined by correlating each thalamic voxel with five cortical subdivisions and assigning each voxel to its most strongly correlated subdivision in all 226 participants.
- Analysis 1: voxelwise correlational analysis in 67 children from Oregon Health and Science University with and without ADHD (all subtypes), relating thalamic connectivity to CANTAB spatial span backward total scores; Monte Carlo correction used a threshold of 53 contiguous voxels with z > 2.25.
- Analysis 2: independent comparative analysis in 70 children with ADHD-C and 89 TDC from the ADHD-200 dataset, matched for age, gender, and motion; two-sample, two-tailed t-tests with the same voxelwise correction. A conjunction analysis masked comparative results by correlational results.
Limitations
- The paper states that atypical pathways related to spatial working memory “probably are present or clinically meaningful in only a subset of children with the disorder,” and that future work is needed to identify circuits involved in other behavioral domains such as reward processing.
- Evident from the text: the correlational and comparative analyses used different samples (OHSU vs. ADHD-200), so the conjunction combines findings across datasets rather than within the same participants.
- Evident from Table 1: full-scale IQ differed significantly between groups in both the correlational sample (TDC mean 118.35 vs. ADHD mean 106.66, p < 0.01) and the comparison sample (TDC mean 115.97 vs. ADHD-C mean 110.54, p < 0.02); spatial span backward total score did not significantly differ between ADHD and TDC in the correlational sample (4.47 vs. 3.96, p = 0.34).
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- Findingown data
Results of the conjunction analysis reveal distinct and overlapping relationships between four of the thalamic ROIs and the basal ganglia, specifically the putamen and globus pallidus.
“Results of the conjunction analysis reveal distinct and overlapping relationships between four of our thalamic ROIs and the basal ganglia, specifically the putamen and globus pallidus (Figure 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the initial set of 67 children, correlational analyses revealed significant relationships between spatial span backward total scores and thalamic functional connections with the basal ganglia.
“In our initial set of 67 children, correlational analyses revealed significant relationships between spatial span backward total scores and thalamic functional connections with the basal ganglia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Connectivity strength between the temporal thalamic ROI and primarily the left lateral globus pallidus was negatively correlated with spatial span backward total scores.
“Connectivity strength between the temporal thalamic ROI and primarily the left lateral globus pallidus was negatively correlated with spatial span backward total scores”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Spatial span backward total scores were negatively correlated with connectivity strength between the premotor-motor thalamic ROI and bilateral putamen.
“Similarly, spatial span backward total scores were negatively correlated with connectivity strength between the premotor–motor thalamic ROI and bilateral putamen.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Robust differences in connectivity were found between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the left putamen, reflecting different subcortical connectivity patterns between groups.
“Specifically, robust differences in connectivity were found between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the left putamen, reflecting different subcortical connectivity patterns between groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Direct comparisons between 70 children diagnosed with ADHD-C and 89 TDC reveal significant differences in connectivity between the thalamus and basal ganglia.
“Direct comparisons between 70 children diagnosed with ADHD-C and 89 TDC reveal significant differences in connectivity between the thalamus and basal ganglia portrayed in Figure 2.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Connections between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the putamen in the ADHD-C group are absent altogether in the TDC group.
“Examination of functional connectivity patterns at the group level reveals connections between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the putamen in the ADHD-C group that are absent altogether in the TDC group (Figure A1 in Appendix).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The prefrontal cortical subdivision showed strongest interactions with the anterior portion of the thalamus, potentially corresponding with the ventral anterior nuclei and anterior group.
“The prefrontal cortical subdivision showed strongest interactions with the anterior portion of the thalamus, potentially corresponding with the ventral anterior nuclei and anterior group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Spatial span backward total scores were negatively correlated with connectivity strength between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and bilateral putamen and bilateral globus pallidus.
“Spatial span backward total scores were negatively correlated with connectivity strength between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and bilateral putamen and bilateral globus pallidus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Children with ADHD-C showed significantly greater connectivity strength between the occipital-parietal thalamic ROI and the left putamen and right caudate head than TDC.
“Children with ADHD-C also showed significantly greater connectivity strength between the occipital–parietal thalamic ROI and the left putamen and right caudate head than TDC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The somatosensory cortical areas strongly correlated with ventral, lateral, and posterior thalamic regions, potentially corresponding to ventral posterolateral and posteromedial nuclei.
“The somatosensory cortical areas strongly correlated with ventral, lateral, and posterior thalamic regions, potentially corresponding to ventral posterolateral and posteromedial nuclei.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Connectivity strength between the somatosensory thalamic ROI and primarily the right posterior putamen was negatively correlated with spatial span backward total scores.
“whereas connectivity strength between the somatosensory thalamic ROI and primarily the right posterior putamen was negatively correlated with spatial span backward total scores.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The premotor-motor cortical subdivision correlated strongly with lateral and ventral thalamic areas that presumptively correspond to ventral lateral and ventral lateral posterior nuclei.
“The premotor–motor cortical subdivision correlated strongly with lateral and ventral thalamic areas that presumptively correspond to ventral lateral and ventral lateral posterior nuclei.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Significant relationships were observed for four of the five thalamic ROIs.
“Significant relationships were observed for four of our five thalamic ROIs, as illustrated in Figure 2.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Children with ADHD-C showed significantly greater connectivity strength between the premotor-motor, somatosensory, and temporal thalamic regions and basal ganglia than TDC.
“Children with ADHD-C showed significantly greater connectivity strength between these thalamic regions and basal ganglia than TDC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The parietal-occipital cortical subdivision showed strongest interactions with the lateral and posterior portions of the thalamus, potentially corresponding to the lateral pulvinar and lateral geniculate.
“The parietal–occipital cortical subdivision showed strongest interactions with the lateral and posterior portions of the thalamus, potentially corresponding to the lateral pulvinar and lateral geniculate.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Other thalamic ROIs (premotor-motor, somatosensory, temporal) show greater connectivity strength with areas of the basal ganglia in children with ADHD-C relative to TDC, but to a lesser extent.
“Other thalamic ROIs generated in this study, specifically the premotor–motor thalamic ROI, somatosensory thalamic ROI, and temporal thalamic ROI, similarly show greater connectivity strength with areas of the basal ganglia in children with ADHD-C relative to TDC, but to a lesser extent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
This connectivity strength between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the right precentral gyrus was related to worse spatial span working memory performance.
“Connectivity strength between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the right precentral gyrus was greater in TDC and related to worse spatial span working memory performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
These connections between four thalamic ROIs and multiple cortical areas were related to spatial span backward total scores.
“connections between four of the thalamic ROIs and multiple areas of the cortex were also found to be significantly different in children with ADHD-C as compared to TDC children, and related to spatial span backward total scores (Figure 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Connections between the somatosensory thalamic ROI and the right putamen, and right lateral medial pallidus, display significant overlapping relationships in the comparative and correlational analyses.
“Connections between the somatosensory thalamic RO I and the right putamen (18, −33, −14), and right lateral medial pallidus (15, −6, −5) display significant overlapping relationships in the comparative and correlational analyses”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Connectivity strength between the premotor-motor thalamic ROI and the left inferior frontal gyrus and left superior temporal gyrus is greater in children with ADHD.
“Connectivity strength between the premotor–motor thalamic ROI and the left inferior frontal gyrus and left superior temporal gyrus is greater in children with ADHD and related to worse spatial span working memory performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Portions of the left putamen show atypical connections with multiple thalamic ROIs.
“Portions of the left putamen show atypical connections with multiple thalamic ROIs (Figure 3C)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
This connectivity strength between the somatosensory thalamic ROI and the fusiform gyrus and left lingual gyrus was related to better spatial span working memory performance.
“Connectivity strength between the somatosensory thalamic ROI and the fusiform gyrus and left lingual gyrus was greater in TDC and related to better spatial span working memory performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Connectivity strength between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the right superior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus was greater in children with ADHD.
“Connectivity strength between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the right superior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, was greater in children with ADHD and related to better spatial span working memory performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Connectivity strength between the temporal thalamic ROI and the left middle temporal gyrus and right middle temporal gyrus was greater in children with ADHD.
“Connectivity strength between the temporal thalamic ROI and the left middle temporal gyrus and right middle temporal gyrus was greater in children with ADHD and related to worse spatial span working memory performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No connections between the occipital-parietal thalamic ROI and the basal ganglia passed the conjunction analysis.
“No connections between the occipital–parietal thalamic ROI and the basal ganglia passed the conjunction analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Connectivity strength between the premotor-motor thalamic ROI and the left lingual gyrus, right lingual gyrus, left inferior occipital gyrus, and right inferior occipital gyrus was greater in TDC.
“Connectivity strength between the premotor–motor thalamic ROI and the left lingual gyrus, right lingual gyrus, left inferior occipital gyrus, and right inferior occipital gyrus was greater in TDC and related to better spatial span working memory performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Connections between four of the thalamic ROIs and multiple areas of the cortex were significantly different in children with ADHD-C compared to TDC children.
“connections between four of the thalamic ROIs and multiple areas of the cortex were also found to be significantly different in children with ADHD-C as compared to TDC children, and related to spatial span backward total scores (Figure 5).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Stronger thalamic-putamen connectivity correlated with lower spatial span backward total scores.
“Stronger thalamic–putamen connectivity correlated with lower spatial span backward total scores.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Connectivity strength between the somatosensory thalamic ROI and the fusiform gyrus and left lingual gyrus was greater in TDC.
“Connectivity strength between the somatosensory thalamic ROI and the fusiform gyrus and left lingual gyrus was greater in TDC and related to better spatial span working memory performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Connectivity strength between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the right precentral gyrus was greater in TDC.
“Connectivity strength between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the right precentral gyrus was greater in TDC and related to worse spatial span working memory performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Connectivity between the putamen and the prefrontal thalamic ROI relates to spatial span working memory in TDC and in children with ADHD.
“Connectivity between the putamen and our prefrontal thalamic ROI, which encompasses the anterior portion of the thalamus, relate to spatial span working memory in TDC and in children with ADHD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
This connectivity strength between the premotor-motor thalamic ROI and the left lingual gyrus, right lingual gyrus, left inferior occipital gyrus, and right inferior occipital gyrus was related to better spatial span working memory performance.
“Connectivity strength between the premotor–motor thalamic ROI and the left lingual gyrus, right lingual gyrus, left inferior occipital gyrus, and right inferior occipital gyrus was greater in TDC and related to better spatial span working memory performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
These same connections between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and putamen were atypical in children with ADHD-C.
“In a separate comparative analysis, we found that these same connections between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and putamen were atypical in children with ADHD-C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Children with ADHD-C displayed stronger connectivity between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and putamen than a matched control group.
“Children with ADHD-C displayed stronger connectivity between our prefrontal thalamic ROI and putamen than in a matched control group (Figure A1 in Appendix)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Connections to portions of the left putamen overlap across the different thalamic ROIs.
“Connections to portions of the left putamen overlap across the different thalamic ROIs (Figure 3C).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
This connectivity strength between the premotor-motor thalamic ROI and the left inferior frontal gyrus and left superior temporal gyrus was related to worse spatial span working memory performance.
“Connectivity strength between the premotor–motor thalamic ROI and the left inferior frontal gyrus and left superior temporal gyrus is greater in children with ADHD and related to worse spatial span working memory performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The strength of these same thalamo-striatal connections is related to lower spatial span backward total scores.
“The strength of these same thalamo-striatal connections are related to lower spatial span backward total scores.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The connections between these three thalamic ROIs and the basal ganglia appear in similar areas of the putamen.
“While the connections between these three thalamic ROIs and the basal ganglia are not as a robust as with the prefrontal thalamic ROI, they appear in similar areas of the putamen.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Using these thalamic regions, we found atypical rs-fcMRI between specific thalamic groupings with the basal ganglia.
“Using these thalamic regions, we found atypical rs-fcMRI between specific thalamic groupings with the basal ganglia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Four of the five thalamic ROIs displayed connectivity differences between groups across areas of the cortex that also related to spatial span working memory.
“Four of our five thalamic ROIs displayed connectivity differences between groups across areas of the cortex that also related to spatial span working memory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
These patterns strongly suggest valid detection of actual thalamo-cortical loops by our method.
“Thus, these patterns strongly suggest valid detection of actual thalamo-cortical loops by our method.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
With regard to resting connectivity in ADHD, the literature has generally not yet related group effects to specific behavioral symptoms or cognitive deficits.
“However, with regard to resting connectivity in ADHD, the literature has generally not yet related group effects to specific behavioral symptoms or cognitive deficits, which are likely to vary across individuals with the disorder (Nigg, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nigg, 2005
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Spatial working memory is a viable candidate endophenotype for ADHD.
“making spatial working memory a viable candidate endophenotype for ADHD (Doyle et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Doyle et al., 2005
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- Premisecitation
Spatial working memory deficits appear to yield among the largest effect sizes of any cognitive measure in ADHD.
“appear to yield among the largest effect sizes of any cognitive measure in ADHD (Nigg, 2005; Willcutt et al., 2005; Brown et al., 2011; Finke et al., 2011; Rhodes et al., 2012; Tillman et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Nigg, 2005
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- cites Willcutt et al., 2005
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- cites Brown et al., 2011
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- Premisecitation
Children with ADHD, as well as unaffected siblings of children with ADHD, successfully recall significantly shorter spatial span sequences than typically developing children.
“Children with ADHD, as well as unaffected siblings of children with ADHD, successfully recall significantly shorter spatial span sequences than typically developing children (TDC) (Gau and Shang, 2010)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gau and Shang, 2010
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- Interpretationcitation
The specificity of our findings coincides with known anatomical striatal-thalamo links.
“In addition, the specificity of our findings coincides with known anatomical striatal-thalamo links (Parent and Hazrati, 1995; Jones, 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Parent and Hazrati, 1995
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- cites Jones, 2007
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- Interpretationown data
Interactions between these regions are similarly atypical in the present sample.
“Our results suggest that interactions between these regions are similarly atypical in the present sample.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
On average, relative to the control population, there are altered thalamo-striatal and thalamo-cortical interactions in children with ADHD.
“Our findings suggest that on average, relative to the control population, there are altered thalamo-striatal and thalamo-cortical interactions in children with ADHD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
These connections may be of unique importance in the cortico-striatal-thalamic circuitry underlying working memory and the ADHD clinical phenotype.
“suggesting that these connections may be of unique importance in the cortico-striatal–thalamic circuitry underlying working memory and the ADHD clinical phenotype.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
These thalamo-striatal disruptions may be one of multiple atypical neural and cognitive mechanisms that relate to the ADHD clinical phenotype.
“These thalamo-striatal disruptions may be one of multiple atypical neural and cognitive mechanisms that relate to the ADHD clinical phenotype.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
These findings relate to at least one behavioral component of ADHD - the ability to manipulate information in mind.
“These findings appear to relate to at least one behavioral component of ADHD – the ability to manipulate information in mind, which is atypical in ADHD (although probably only in a portion of the population (Nigg, 2005) as we discuss below).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nigg, 2005
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- Interpretationown data
Functional associations between the thalamus and putamen may underlie some of the behavioral impairments in children with ADHD.
“suggesting that functional associations between the thalamus and putamen may underlie some of the behavioral impairments in children with ADHD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
We were able to relate these atypical brain patterns to a specific neuropsychological dimension of the disorder.
“Moreover, we were able to relate these atypical brain patterns to a specific neuropsychological dimension of the disorder.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The results of this study support models of ADHD in which atypical cortico-striatal-thalamic pathways underlie the breakdowns in cognitive control and behavioral adjustment observed in children with ADHD.
“The results of this study support models of ADHD in which atypical cortico-striatal–thalamic pathways underlie the breakdowns in cognitive control and behavioral adjustment observed in children with ADHD (Nigg and Casey, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nigg and Casey, 2005
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- Interpretationreasoning
Disruptions in subcortical connections to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may contribute to performance deficits in task-level control.
“Given the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in adaptive online task control (Dosenbach et al., 2006, 2007), disruptions in subcortical connections to this region of the cortex may contribute to performance deficits in task-level control.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dosenbach et al., 2006, 2007
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- Interpretationown data
The large, multi-site dataset demonstrates the utility of rs-fcMRI in detecting atypical brain patterns in children diagnosed with ADHD.
“The large, multi-site dataset leveraged for our secondary analysis (http://fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org/indi/adhd200/) in this study demonstrates the utility of rs-fcMRI in detecting atypical brain patterns in children diagnosed with ADHD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- May combine two claims. 17
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 27
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataThe temporal cortical subdivision showed strongest interactions with the medial posterior, inferior, and midline areas of the thalamus, potentially corresponding to the medial pulvinar, medial geniculate, and medial dorsal nucleus.
“medial posterior, inferior, and midline areas of the thalamus, potentially corresponding to the medial pulvinar, medial geniculate, and medial dorsal nucleus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataConnections between the premotor-motor thalamic ROI and the left putamen, as well as connections between the temporal thalamic ROI and left putamen, are significantly related to spatial span backward total scores and significantly different in children with ADHD-C as compared to TDC.
“Similarly, connections between the premotor–motor thalamic ROI and the left putamen (−20, 13, −1), as well as connections between the temporal thalamic ROI and left putamen (−21, 2, 1), are significantly related to spatial span backward total scores and significantly different in children with ADHD-C as compared to TDC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationThe subdivision of the thalamus in the current sample of children (7-11 years) most closely resembles the subdivision of the thalamus of an adolescent group (11-16 years) as opposed to the 7-9 year olds in prior work.
“It should be noted that the subdivision of the thalamus in the current sample of children (7–11 years) most closely resembles the subdivision of the thalamus of an adolescent group (11–16 years) as opposed to the 7–9 year olds in prior work (Fair et al., 2010a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fair et al., 2010a
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May combine two claims.
FindingcitationThese thalamic ROIs showed bilateral symmetry and visually correspond to known human thalamic nuclear groupings.
“These thalamic ROIs showed bilateral symmetry, and visually correspond to known human thalamic nuclear groupings (Jones, 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Jones, 2007
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataConnections between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the left putamen are both significantly related to spatial span backward total scores and significantly different in children with ADHD-C as compared to TDC.
“Connections between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the left putamen (−27, 6, 4; −25, −7, −1; −30, −22, −1) are both significantly related to spatial span backward total scores and significantly different in children with ADHD-C as compared to TDC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingown dataFive thalamic ROIs were created by subdividing the thalamus with the "winner take all" strategy in all 226 participants.
“Five thalamic ROIs were created by subdividing the thalamus with the “winner take all” strategy in all 226 participants, displayed in Figure 1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataMultiple connections between the thalamus and basal ganglia, particularly between medial and anterior dorsal thalamus and the putamen, were related to spatial working memory and also altered in ADHD.
“Multiple connections between the thalamus and basal ganglia, particularly between medial and anterior dorsal thalamus and the putamen, were related to spatial working memory and also altered in ADHD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataThis connectivity strength between the temporal thalamic ROI and the left middle temporal gyrus and right middle temporal gyrus was related to worse spatial span working memory performance.
“Connectivity strength between the temporal thalamic ROI and the left middle temporal gyrus and right middle temporal gyrus was greater in children with ADHD and related to worse spatial span working memory performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataThis connectivity strength between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the right superior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus was related to better spatial span working memory performance.
“Connectivity strength between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the right superior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, was greater in children with ADHD and related to better spatial span working memory performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataConnections between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the superior frontal and middle frontal gyri were significantly different between groups and related to spatial span working memory.
“Connections between our prefrontal thalamic ROI, which encompasses the anterior dorsal midline areas of the thalamus, and the superior frontal and middle frontal gyri, were significantly different between groups and related to spatial span working memory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBrain imaging studies of ADHD, including resting-state functional connectivity MRI studies, typically compare a group of children with ADHD to a typically developing control population.
“Brain imaging studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) studies, typically compare a group of children with the disorder to a typically developing control population (for a recent review, see Liston et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Liston et al., 2011
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrevious rs-fcMRI studies have characterized atypical connections in ADHD but tended to focus on cortical connections.
“Previous studies have utilized rs-fcMRI to characterize atypical connections in ADHD (Zang et al., 2007; Castellanos et al., 2008; Uddin et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2009; Fair et al., 2010b), but tended to focus on cortical connections.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Zang et al., 2007
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- cites Castellanos et al., 2008
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- cites Uddin et al., 2008
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PremisecitationFunctional connectivity between the thalamus and cortex changes across developmental periods.
“Given that functional connectivity between the thalamus and cortex changes across developmental periods (Fair et al., 2010a), we used this method to create functionally defined ROIs within the thalamus for our sample of 226 children aged 7–11 years, a relatively restricted development window.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fair et al., 2010a
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PremisecitationThis technique has since been used to characterize thalamo-cortical connectivity across development.
“This technique has since been used to characterize thalamo-cortical connectivity across development (Fair et al., 2010a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fair et al., 2010a
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PremisecitationResting-state functional connectivity (rs-fcMRI) has been proposed as a method to study functional relationships between brain regions by examining spontaneous slow-wave oscillations in the blood-oxygen level dependent signal.
“Resting-state functional connectivity (rs-fcMRI) has been proposed as a method to study functional relationships between brain regions by examining spontaneous slow-wave (less than 0.1 Hz) oscillations in the blood–oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal (Biswal et al., 1995).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Biswal et al., 1995
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Study design and conductown dataOverall movement was low across all participants.
“Overall movement was low across all participants (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMultiple neural pathways have been proposed as involved in ADHD, many emphasizing subcortical-cortical circuits and dopaminergic projection pathways.
“Multiple neural pathways have been proposed as being involved in ADHD, many emphasizing subcortical–cortical circuits and dopaminergic projection pathways (Castellanos, 1997; Giedd et al., 2001; Nigg and Casey, 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Castellanos, 1997
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- cites Giedd et al., 2001
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- cites Nigg and Casey, 2005
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PremisecitationDeficits in spatial working memory have been proposed as a core mechanism in ADHD.
“Deficits in spatial working memory have been proposed as a core mechanism in ADHD (Castellanos and Tannock, 2002; Westerberg et al., 2004; Nigg, 2005)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Castellanos and Tannock, 2002
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- cites Westerberg et al., 2004
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- cites Nigg, 2005
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA previous investigation of thalamic morphology in youths with ADHD revealed no overall difference in total thalamic volume, but some region-specific thalamic volumes were atypical and related to symptom dimensions.
“While a previous investigation of thalamic morphology in youths with ADHD revealed no overall difference in total thalamic volume, some region specific thalamic volumes were atypical in youths with ADHD, and were related to symptom dimensions of the disorder (Ivanov et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ivanov et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe thalamic subdivisions generated in the current analysis resemble known nuclear groupings, supporting the use of these subdivisions as functionally defined thalamic ROIs.
“Nevertheless, the thalamic subdivisions generated in the current analysis resemble known nuclear groupings, supporting our use of these subdivisions as functionally defined thalamic ROIs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThere was no relationship between mean volume-by-volume displacement (for remaining volumes) and spatial span backward total scores (p > 0.19).
“There was no relationship between mean volume-by-volume displacement (for the remaining volumes) and spatial span backward total scores (p > 0.19).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThere was no difference in mean volume-by-volume displacement (for remaining volumes) between children with ADHD and TDC in our sample (p > 0.80).
“We also matched our participants, such that there was no difference in mean volume-by-volume displacement (for remaining volumes) between children with ADHD and TDC in our sample (p > 0.80).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationA recent technique that utilizes rs-fcMRI to examine functional relationships between the thalamus and cortex has created an opportunity for in vivo investigations of thalamo-cortical connectivity.
“A recent technique that utilizes rs-fcMRI to examine functional relationships between the thalamus and cortex has created an opportunity for in vivo investigations of thalamo-cortical connectivity (Zhang et al., 2008, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zhang et al., 2008, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: rs-fcMRI investigations of subcortical–cortical interactions in children with ADHD remain scarce.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationFunctional connections are thought to reflect a history of co-activation between populations of neurons.
“These functional connections are thought to reflect a history of co-activation between populations of neurons, and thus allow neuroimaging investigations the ability to examine the intrinsic functional architecture of the human brain (Bi and Poo, 1999; Dosenbach et al., 2007; Fair et al., 2007a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bi and Poo, 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Dosenbach et al., 2007
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Fair et al., 2007a
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationThalamic ROIs were defined using the "winner take all" strategy for all 226 participants in order to limit group bias during ROI creation.
“Thalamic ROIs were defined using the “winner take all” strategy for all 226 participants in order limit group bias during ROI creation (Zhang et al., 2008, 2009; Fair et al., 2010a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Zhang et al., 2008, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Fair et al., 2010a
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationcitationDisrupted connections between the thalamus and other subcortical structures (i.e., basal ganglia) may correlate with certain behavioral components of ADHD.
“Given the importance of the thalamus as a potential integration site of networks supporting the ability to modulate behavior (Haber and Calzavara, 2009), and its mediating role in cortico-striatal circuits, disrupted connections between the thalamus and other subcortical structures (i.e., basal ganglia) may correlate with certain behavioral components of ADHD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Haber and Calzavara, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The role of the thalamus in ADHD has largely been unexplored.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationCortico-thalamic circuits, in particular fronto-striatal and fronto-cerebellar circuits mediated by the thalamus, have been suggested as being impaired in children with ADHD.
“Cortico-thalamic circuits, in particular fronto-striatal and fronto-cerebellar circuits mediated by the thalamus, have been suggested as being impaired in children with ADHD (Castellanos, 1997; Giedd et al., 2001; Nigg and Casey, 2005; Casey et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Castellanos, 1997
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Giedd et al., 2001
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Nigg and Casey, 2005
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThese atypical pathways are probably present or clinically meaningful in only a subset of children with the disorder.
“However, it is important to consider that these probably are present or clinically meaningful in only a subset of children with the disorder.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe present study highlights the role of thalamic functional connections with the putamen, and, to a lesser extent, the caudate and globus pallidus.
“The present study highlights the role of thalamic functional connections with the putamen, and, to a lesser extent, the caudate and globus pallidus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe present study reveals that thalamic connections to these regions are involved in ADHD and in its associated executive cognitive problems.
“The present study reveals that thalamic connections to these regions are involved in ADHD and in its associated executive cognitive problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThis work fits with previous models of ADHD and with findings highlighting the role of the anterior thalamic nuclei in spatial working memory.
“This work fits nicely with previous models of ADHD (see below) and also with findings highlighting the role of the anterior thalamic nuclei in spatial working memory (Aggleton et al., 1996; Jones, 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Aggleton et al., 1996
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Jones, 2007
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationStructural brain imaging studies have reported inconsistent findings on putamen volume in individuals with ADHD, while functional neuroimaging studies have found differences in putamen blood volume, activation, and functional connectivity in youth with ADHD.
“While structural brain imaging studies have reported inconsistent findings on putamen volume in individuals with ADHD (Casey et al., 1997; Castellanos et al., 2002; Ellison-Wright et al., 2008; Qiu et al., 2009), functional neuroimaging studies have found differences in putamen blood volume (Teicher et al., 2000), activation (Konrad et al., 2006) and functional connectivity in youth with ADHD (Cao”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Casey et al., 1997
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Castellanos et al., 2002
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Ellison-Wright et al., 2008
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe maturation of cognitive control and voluntary planning of behavior across child and adolescent development has been proposed to reflect the underlying maturation of fronto-striatal-thalamic loops.
“Indeed, the maturation of cognitive control and voluntary planning of behavior that is seen across child and adolescent development has been proposed to reflect the underlying maturation of fronto-striatal–thalamic loops (Nigg and Casey, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Nigg and Casey, 2005
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe caudate nucleus and lateral globus pallidus have held a substantial role in brain investigations of ADHD showing altered structure, function, and connectivity in individuals with the disorder.
“The caudate nucleus and lateral globus pallidus have held a substantial role in brain investigations of ADHD showing altered structure, function, and connectivity in individuals with the disorder (Castellanos et al., 1994, 2002; Durston et al., 2003; Booth et al., 2005; Silk et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Castellanos et al., 1994, 2002
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Durston et al., 2003
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Booth et al., 2005
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe thalamus plays an important role as a mediating structure in cortico-striatal circuits, as well as a potential integration site for networks that support the ability to modulate behavior.
“The thalamus plays an important role as a mediating structure in cortico-striatal circuits, as well as a potential integration site for networks that support the ability to modulate behavior (Haber and Calzavara, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Haber and Calzavara, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenTo identify the thalamic connections that relate to spatial working memory in ADHD, only connections identified in both the correlational and comparative analyses were considered.
“To identify the thalamic connections that relate to spatial working memory in ADHD, only connections identified in both the correlational and comparative analyses were considered.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTraditional fMRI studies have repeatedly shown frontal and striatal areas as having atypical brain activity in children with ADHD; functional connections between these structures have received less attention.
“Traditional fMRI studies have repeatedly shown frontal and striatal areas as having atypical brain activity in children with ADHD; however, functional connections between these structures have received less attention (Dickstein et al., 2006; Liston et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Dickstein et al., 2006
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Liston et al., 2011
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenThe second subgroup comprised 89 TDC and 70 children with ADHD-C, matched for age, gender, and motion for a comparative analysis.
“The second subgroup comprised 89 TDC and 70 children with ADHD-C, matched for age, gender, and motion for a comparative analysis (see Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThis particular atypical behavior related to this circuit would expand beyond working memory and relate to many tasks.
“Such a finding would suggest that this particular atypical behavior related to this circuit would expand beyond working memory, and relate to many tasks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAlterations in functional connectivity between the thalamus and basal ganglia may reflect irregular signaling between these structures that may, in turn, alter afferent signaling from the thalamus to the cortex.
“Alterations in functional connectivity between the thalamus and basal ganglia may reflect irregular signaling between these structures that may, in turn, alter afferent signaling from the thalamus to the cortex.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The role of the thalamus in ADHD has largely been unexplored.
“While much attention has been given to the frontal–striatal aspect of these circuits, the role of the thalamus in ADHD has largely been unexplored.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Thalamic structures have traditionally been difficult to visualize in vivo in children.
“However, thalamic structures have traditionally been difficult to visualize in vivo in children, perhaps accounting for this gap in knowledge.”
The paper relies on this without support.
rs-fcMRI investigations of subcortical–cortical interactions in children with ADHD remain scarce.
“To this date, rs-fcMRI investigations of subcortical–cortical interactions in children with ADHD remain scarce.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a gap in evidence of thalamic involvement in ADHD because neuroimaging investigations have been largely restricted to examining the cortex and striatum.
“ADHD is widely theorized to involve disruptions in cortico-striatal–thalamic neural circuits, but until now neuroimaging investigations have been largely restricted to examining the cortex and striatum in ADHD, leaving a crucial gap with regard to evidence of thalamic involvement.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Abnormal thalamo-caudate connectivity was associated with impaired spatial working memory in patients with ADHD.
“A resting state function connectivity study found that abnormal thalamo-caudate connectivity was associated with impaired spatial working memory in patients with ADHD patients (Mills et al., 2012).”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Mills et al., 2012
The Results section on the conjunction analysis reports that atypical thalamic–putamen connectivity was associated with spatial working-memory performance in children with ADHD. A separate Results section reports altered thalamic–caudate connectivity, but the conjunction analysis does not identify caudate connectivity as both altered in ADHD and related to working-memory performance. The claim substitutes the caudate for the putamen in the reported association. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe first analysis found that, in children with ADHD, NAcc showed abnormal connectivity with multiple cortical areas, some of which had previously shown atypical spontaneous activity correlations in adults and children with the disorder.
“in the first section we found that NAcc is atypically connected to several cortical regions in children with ADHD, including regions previously shown to present atypical correlated spontaneous activity in adults and children with the disorder (Castellanos et al., 2008; Fair et al., 2010; Mills et al., 2012).”
From Reward circuit connectivity relates to delay discounting in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2013) · cites this paper as Mills et al., 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Right middle frontal gyrus peak has two coordinates
MinorThe post hoc plot identifies the right middle frontal gyrus connection at (38, 41, 24), but Table 2 lists its conjunction peak at (38, 41, 34). The reported z-coordinate differs by 10.
“The left graph plots connectivity between the prefrontal thalamic ROI and the right middle frontal gyrus (38, 41, 24) with spatial span working memory performance.”
“| Right middle frontal gyrus | 9 | (38, 41, 34) | 22 |”
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“Deficits in spatial working memory have been proposed as a core mechanism in ADHD (Castellanos and Tannock, 2002; Westerberg et al., 2004; Nigg, 2005), are extensively studied, and appear to yield among the largest effect sizes of any cognitive measure www.frontiersin.org January 2012 | Volume 3 |…”
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“PSYCHIATRY ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 25 January 2012 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00002”
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Fair, D. A., Nigg, J. T., Iyer, S., Bathula, D., Mills, K. L., Dosenbach, N. U. F., Schlaggar, B. L., Mennes, M., Gutman, D., Bangaru, S., et al. (2013) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2012.00080 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
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Imaging the ADHD brain: disorder-specificity, medication effects and clinical translation
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Self-citationMR connectomics: a conceptual framework for studying the developing brain
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Mills, K. L., Bathula, D., Dias, T. G. C., Iyer, S. P., Fenesy, M. C., Musser, E. D., Stevens, C. A., Thurlow, B. L., Carpenter, S. D., Nagel, B. J., Nigg, J. T., & Fair, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Mills, Kathryn L.
- Fair, Damien A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 3
- Pages
- 2-2
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3265767
- OpenAlex
- W2156290221
- Semantic Scholar
- bceba646559b3205cb081b47b574c8b3dbe1feb0
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 8.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Brown University
- Oregon Health and Science University
- NYU Langone Medical Center
- Johns Hopkins University
- University of Pittsburgh
- York University
- Radboud Universiteit
- Peking University
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute
- National Institute of Mental Health (K99MH091238, R00MH091238, R01MH096773, R01MH059105, R01MH086654)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, spatial working memory, basal ganglia, putamen, medial thalamus, resting-state functional connectivity, children, ADHD heterogeneity, ADHD-200
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-07.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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