Gut-training: The impact of two weeks repetitive gut-challenge during exercise on gastrointestinal status, glucose availability, fuel kinetics, and running performance
Open accessAbstract
Due to gastrointestinal tract adaptability, the study aimed to determine the impact of gut-training protocol over 2 weeks on gastrointestinal status, blood glucose availability, fuel kinetics, and running performance. Endurance runners (n = 25) performed a gut-challenge trial (GC1), consisting of 2 h running exercise at 60% V̇O2max whilst consuming gel-discs containing 30 g carbohydrates (2:1 glucose/fructose, 10% w/v) every 20 min and a 1 h distance test. Participants were then randomly assigned to a carbohydrate gel-disc (CHO-S), carbohydrate food (CHO-F), or placebo (PLA) gut-training group for 2 weeks of repetitive gut-challenge intervention. Participants then repeated a second gut-challenge trial (GC2). Gastrointestinal symptoms reduced in GC2 on CHO-S (60%; p = 0.008) and CHO-F (63%; p = 0.046); reductions were greater than PLA (p < 0.05). H2 peak was lower in GC2 on CHO-S (mean (CI): 6 (4–8) ppm) compared with CHO-F (9 (6–12) ppm) and PLA (12 (2–21) ppm) (trial × time: p < 0.001). Blood glucose concentration was higher in GC2 on CHO-S (7.2 (6.3–8.1) mmol·L−1) compared with CHO-F (6.1 (5.7–6.5) mmol·L−1) and PLA (6.2 (4.9–7.5) mmol·L−1) (trial × time: p = 0.015). No difference in oxidation rates, plasma I-FABP, and cortisol concentrations were observed between groups and trials. Distance test improved on CHO-S (5.2%) and CHO-F (4.3%) in GC2, but not on PLA (–2.1%) (trial × time: p = 0.009). Two weeks of gut-training with CHO-S and CHO-F improved gastrointestinal symptoms and running performance compared with PLA. CHO-S also reduced malabsorption and increased blood glucose availability during endurance running compared with PLA.
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The rate of oxidation of exogenous CHO from sources consumed prior to and during exercise is affected by the type and amount of CHO intake, and by prior adaptation of the gut via repeated exposure to enhance tolerance and intestinal absorption.
“the rate of oxidation of exogenous CHO from sources consumed prior to and during exercise is affected by the type and amount of CHO intake, and by prior adaptation of the gut via repeated exposure to enhance tolerance and intestinal absorption [37,38,39].”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
Enhanced CHO utilisation has been observed following gut training for CHO in general.
“although the functional outcomes of enhanced CHO utilisation have been observed following gut training for CHO in general [38,72]”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
There is an enhanced effect of gut training when applied to the specific type of CHO and exercise that have been practiced.
“there seems to be an enhanced effect when applied to the specific type of CHO and exercise that have been practice [38].”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
Chronic exposure to higher carbohydrate intakes by athletes, including exercise intake, increases gut tolerance, intestinal absorption, and muscle oxidation of carbohydrate consumed during exercise.
“However, as reviewed by Jeukendrup (2017b), sodium-dependent glucose transporter abundance and activity in animals is increased by a CHO-rich diet; furthermore, chronic exposure to higher CHO intakes by athletes, including exercise intake, increases gut tolerance, intestinal absorption, and muscle oxidation of CHO consumed during exercise (Costa et al., 2017;Cox et al., 2010).”
From Contemporary Nutrition Strategies to Optimize Performance in Distance Runners and Race Walkers (2019) · cites this paper as Costa et al., 2017
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- Authors
- Costa, R. J. S., Miall, A., Khoo, A., Rauch, C., Snipe, R., Camões-Costa, V., & Gibson, P.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Monash University, Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully road, Notting Hill, 3168 Victoria, Australia.
- The Alfred Hospital (AU)
- Venue
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 547-557
- ISSN
- 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
- 1715-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2579323963
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 8.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (acceptedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Monash University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- gastrointestinal symptoms, endurance running, carbohydrate gels, running performance, hydrogen breath test, intestinal fatty acid binding protein, cortisol, carbohydrate malabsorption, sports nutrition
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Blood Glucose, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Food Analysis, Glucose, Humans, Male, Physical Endurance, Running, Exercise, Gastrointestinal Tract
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