The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 22 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Theories and techniques of behaviour change: Developing a cumulative science of behaviour change
Open accessAbstract
As behaviour contributes to the cause of much current mortality and morbidity (Mokdad, Marks, Stroup, & Gerberding, 2000; Parkin, Boyd, & Walker, 2011), interventions to change behaviour are essent...
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This editorial argues that the science of behaviour change will only accumulate if researchers define behaviour itself as the intervention outcome, describe interventions in terms of replicable behaviour change techniques (BCTs), and connect those techniques to theoretical mechanisms of change. It reviews evidence from companion meta-analyses showing that theory-based interventions outperform merely technique-rich ones.
Key findings
- The authors identify three priorities: clarifying "behaviour" as the outcome, developing replicable reporting of BCTs, and linking interventions and BCTs to theoretical mechanisms.
- Behaviour is often mislabelled (e.g., "adherence," "physical activity") or confused with downstream outcomes such as weight or blood glucose; the apparent effectiveness of an intervention depends on which outcome type is chosen.
- In the cited meta-analyses, the sheer number of BCTs did not predict efficacy, but having an explicit theoretical basis did; Dombrowski et al. found interventions containing more BCTs congruent with Control Theory produced greater weight loss in obese adults, and Taylor et al. found the degree to which worksite physical activity interventions were theory-based predicted effectiveness.
- Taylor et al.'s meta-analysis also found smaller intervention effects when BCTs were not specified, and Dombrowski et al. identified instruction, self-monitoring and practice as effective techniques.
Methods
- Design: an editorial/commentary synthesising conceptual arguments and citing findings from the themed issue of *Health Psychology Review* and related literature; no primary data collection.
- Evidence base: secondary — meta-analyses and meta-regressions by Dombrowski et al. (2012), Taylor et al. (2012), Webb et al. (2010), Michie, Abraham et al. (2009), plus taxonomy-development work on physical activity/healthy eating, smoking, alcohol and condom use.
- Analysis: narrative argument organised around the three proposed advances; no statistical analysis performed by the authors.
Limitations
- Not stated in the paper: the editorial does not present a limitations section.
- Evident from the text: the argument rests entirely on secondary sources and illustrative examples rather than new empirical evidence, so the claims about theory–technique links are programmatic rather than tested.
- Evident from the text: the authors note that BCT taxonomies have been built inductively and their hierarchical structures have not yet been investigated, and that the mapping of BCTs to theoretical constructs remains a preliminary attempt requiring further work.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
16 Not checked yet · 6 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given
In the paper
“McEachan, Conner, Taylor and Lawton's (2011) finding that the Theory of Planned Behaviour may be more effective in predicting some behaviours than others.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEachan, Conner, Taylor and Lawton's (2011) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The problem with evaluating intervention effectiveness in terms of outcomes further down the causal chain (Hardeman et al., 2005) is that there are a host of influences that could intervene and attenuate the link between behaviour and outcome.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hardeman et al., 2005 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For some interventions, behaviour per se is the valued health outcome, for example, in studies to reduce activity limitations or enhance participation (Johnston, Bonetti, & Pollard, 2002).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Johnston, Bonetti, & Pollard, 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specification also enables a further step underpinning scientific investigation, systematic classification.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scientific standards demanded, and found to be successful, for biomedical interventions are often ignored when the intervention involves behaviour change.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, when the outcome is behaviour, end-points that are early in the causal chain, such as knowledge and attitudes, are insufficient, as even a strong effect on these cognitive outcomes will be attenuated as they are mediated through motivational and action-oriented processes to result in behaviour (Sniehotta, 2009;Webb & Sheeran, 2006).”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Even apparently well-described methods such as cognitive behaviour therapy for pain have not been adequately described: 'the usage of the term cognitive behavior therapy varies widely and may include self-instructions . . .relaxation or biofeedback, development of coping strategies . . .goal setting' (Gatchel, Peng, Peters, Fuchs, & Turk, 2007, p. 606).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gatchel, Peng, Peters, Fuchs, & Turk, 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the link between an effective change in behaviour and an effect on a non-behavioural health outcome depends on the strength of the causal relationships established by epidemiology and medical, rather than behavioural, sciences.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the evidence of effectiveness of interventions depends on which type of outcome is specified (Dombrowski, Sniehotta, Avenell, MacLennon, & Aray `jo-Soares, 2012).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dombrowski, Sniehotta, Avenell, MacLennon, & Aray `jo-Soares, 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The processes involved and the BCTs required for behaviour change may differ for each behaviour in the sequence.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
- It may state two separate claims as one. 9
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As behaviour contributes to the cause of much current mortality and morbidity (Mokdad, Marks, Stroup, & Gerberding, 2000;Parkin, Boyd, & Walker, 2011)”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mokdad, Marks, Stroup, & Gerberding, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Parkin, Boyd, & Walker, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whilst behaviour change interventions are often poorly specified, preventing high-fidelity replication and, despite being complex, delivered by individuals of unreported competence.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Precise specification of BCTs may also enhance the intervention: Taylor et al.'s (2012) meta-analysis found that when BCTs were not specified, intervention effects were smaller.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Taylor et al.'s (2012)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Key frameworks for designing and evaluating behaviour change interventions (Collins et al., 2011;Craig et al., 2008) emphasise the importance of using theory to inform intervention design as well as specifying interventions in terms of component BCTs.”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both Dombrowski et al. (2012) and Taylor et al. (2012) found that the number of BCTs used did not predict efficacy but having a theoretical basis for the intervention did.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dombrowski et al. (2012) source
- Not checked yetcites Taylor et al. (2012)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“interventions including more BCTs that were congruent with Control Theory (Carver & Scheier, 1982) were associated with greater weight loss (in this case, a proxy for healthy eating) in obese adult patients, replicating a similar finding by Michie, Abraham, et al. (2009) in the general adult population.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carver & Scheier, 1982 source
- Not checked yetcites Michie, Abraham, et al. (2009)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Behaviour may involve the performance of a complex sequence of actions over time; for example, Di Matteo and colleagues identify a sequence of at least four behaviours necessary to adhere to medication advice.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Di Matteo and colleagues
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Taylor et al. also found that the extent to which worksite physical activity interventions were explicitly based on theory (using Michie & Prestwich's (2010) theory coding scheme) predicted their effectiveness, a finding consistent with a similar analysis of internet interventions (Webb, Joseph, Yardley, & Michie, 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Michie & Prestwich's (2010) source
- Not checked yetcites Webb, Joseph, Yardley, & Michie, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, using a reliable BCT coding scheme, Dombrowski et al. (2012) found that instruction, self-monitoring and practice were effective techniques.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dombrowski et al. (2012) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This link is necessary both to theoretically inform intervention development and to test theory by evaluating interventions.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The effectiveness of behaviour change interventions varies, and the reasons for this variation are not fully understood.
“However, their effectiveness is variable, and we do not have a full understanding of what accounts for this variability.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ineffective techniques are still used, effective techniques are underused, hard to replicate, and their mechanisms are poorly understood.
“Ineffective techniques continue to be used, while effective techniques are underused, difficult to replicate and their mechanisms of action are poorly understood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Basic psychological research over the past century has shown that behaviour and behaviour change follow predictable patterns.
“Basic psychological research over the last century has demonstrated that behaviour and behaviour change follow predictable patterns.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The hierarchical structures of behaviour-specific BCT classifications have not yet been studied.
“To date, their hierarchical structures have not been investigated.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Systematic reviews of KT interventions to change HCPs’ practice consistently indicate that interventions are haphazardly designed and poorly specified, limiting our ability for replication, understanding, and generalizability [5, 6].”
From Methods for designing interventions to change healthcare professionals’ behaviour: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“There is a recognised need to specify interventions in greater detail and with more consistent terminology and for evaluation studies to specify the components of the interventions in both the experimental and control groups [17–21].”
In the citing paper
“There is increased recognition of the need for systematic and extensive application of theory to the design of interventions [18, 55–59]; this is reflected, for example, in the UK Medical Research Council’s framework for designing and evaluating complex interventions [21] and the Intervention Mapping framework [60] for planning health promotion programmes.”
In the citing paper
“Thus, whilst there are integrative frameworks such as the TDF, and general intervention development frameworks such as intervention mapping and others (e.g. [21, 60, 72, 73]), there is a need for a consensus about how the individual mechanisms of action specified in these theories can be linked with particular intervention components [18, 62].”
In the citing paper
“Theories of behaviour change summarise what is known about the mechanisms of behaviour change and the conditions in which behaviour change is most likely to occur.8”
In the citing paper
“Study 1 presented the synthesis of existing BCT taxonomies into a single comprehensive, cross-context, overarching BCT taxonomy: BCTTv1.8,17,40”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Michie, S., & Johnston, M.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Michie, Susan
- Venue
- Health Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-6
- ISSN
- 1743-7199 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-7202
- OpenAlex
- W1969321932
- Semantic Scholar
- 5d85fd21b37860b57202f126055a9282aa1ef4ec
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 9
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Health Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- behavior change, behaviour change interventions, cumulative science, health behavior, health promotion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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