The DOI matches its Crossref record; 201 of the 201 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome first gained widespread recognition among social support groups and later in scientific and medical communities. This illness is poorly understood as it affects COVID-19 survivors at all levels of disease severity, even younger adults, children, and those not hospitalized. While the precise definition of long COVID may be lacking, the most common symptoms reported in many studies are fatigue and dyspnoea that last for months after acute COVID-19. Other persistent symptoms may include cognitive and mental impairments, chest and joint pains, palpitations, myalgia, smell and taste dysfunctions, cough, headache, and gastrointestinal and cardiac issues. Presently, there is limited literature discussing the possible pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments in long COVID, which the current review aims to address. In brief, long COVID may be driven by long-term tissue damage (e.g. lung, brain, and heart) and pathological inflammation (e.g. from viral persistence, immune dysregulation, and autoimmunity). The associated risk factors may include female sex, more than five early symptoms, early dyspnoea, prior psychiatric disorders, and specific biomarkers (e.g. D-dimer, CRP, and lymphocyte count), although more research is required to substantiate such risk factors. While preliminary evidence suggests that personalized rehabilitation training may help certain long COVID cases, therapeutic drugs repurposed from other similar conditions, such as myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, and mast cell activation syndrome, also hold potential. In sum, this review hopes to provide the current understanding of what is known about long COVID.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This syndrome and its underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood, as it affects people regardless of the severity of their COVID-19 infection, including younger adults, children, and those who were not hospitalised.”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [339]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study
Huang, C., Huang, L., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Gu, X., Kang, L., Guo, L., Liu, M., Zhou, X., et al. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32656-8 · Cited by 4,084
RetractedNeurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China
Mao, L., Jin, H., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Chen, S., He, Q., Chang, J., Hong, C., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127 · Cited by 7,166
Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19
Ackermann, M., Verleden, S. E., Kuehnel, M., Haverich, A., Welte, T., Laenger, F., Vanstapel, A., Werlein, C., Stark, H., Tzankov, A., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2015432 · Cited by 5,613
Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation.
Belkaid, Y., & Hand, T. W. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011 · Cited by 5,385
Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
Hu, B., Guo, H., Zhou, P., & Shi, Z.-L. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7 · Cited by 5,291
The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Comprehensive Approach to Its Definition and Study
Fukuda, K., Straus, S. E., Hickie, I., Sharpe, M. C., Dobbins, J. G., Komaroff, A., & and International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. (1994) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009 · Cited by 4,969
Nalbandian, A., Sehgal, K., Gupta, A., Madhavan, M. V., McGroder, C., Stevens, J. S., Cook, J. R., Nordvig, A. S., Shalev, D., Sehrawat, T. S., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z · Cited by 4,862
Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19
Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., & for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12603 · Cited by 4,561
Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact
Davis, H. E., Assaf, G. S., McCorkell, L., Wei, H., Low, R. J., Re'em, Y., Redfield, S., Austin, J. P., & Akrami, A. (2021) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019 · Cited by 2,881
Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2
Xiao, F., Tang, M., Zheng, X., Liu, Y., Li, X., & Shan, H. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055 · Cited by 2,836
Attributes and predictors of long COVID
Sudre, C. H., Murray, B., Varsavsky, T., Graham, M. S., Penfold, R. S., Bowyer, R. C., Pujol, J. C., Klaser, K., Antonelli, M., Canas, L. S., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01292-y · Cited by 2,707
Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19
Bastard, P., Rosen, L. B., Zhang, Q., Michailidis, E., Hoffmann, H.-H., Zhang, Y., Dorgham, K., Philippot, Q., Rosain, J., Béziat, V., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd4585 · Cited by 2,662
Rogers, J. P., Chesney, E., Oliver, D., Pollak, T. A., McGuire, P., Fusar-Poli, P., Zandi, M. S., Lewis, G., & David, A. S. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30203-0 · Cited by 2,407
Li, Y., Bai, W., & Hashikawa, T. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.25728 · Cited by 2,266
Püntmann, V. O., Carerj, M. L., Wieters, I., Fahim, M., Arendt, C. T., Hoffmann, J., Shchendrygina, A., Escher, F., Vasa‐Nicotera, M., Zeiher, A. M., et al. (2020) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557 · Cited by 2,228
Taquet, M., Geddes, J. R., Husain, M., Luciano, S., & Harrison, P. J. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00084-5 · Cited by 2,189 · cited 1×
“Moreover, in this study, ICU survivors were 56% more likely to develop a neuropsychiatric disorder compared to non-ICU survivors [75].”
BackgroundWhittaker, E., Bamford, A., Kenny, J. M., Kaforou, M., Jones, C. E., Shah, P., Ramnarayan, P., Fraisse, A., Miller, O., Davies, P., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10369 · Cited by 1,996
Rheumatoid arthritis: pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies
Guo, Q., Wang, Y., Xu, D., Nossent, J. C., Pavlos, N. J., & Xu, J. (2018) · Bone Research · doi:10.1038/s41413-018-0016-9 · Cited by 1,829
Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care
Greenhalgh, T., Knight, M., A’Court, C., Buxton, M., & Husain, L. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3026 · Cited by 1,771
Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2
Gaebler, C., Wang, Z., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Muecksch, F., Finkin, S., Tokuyama, M., Cho, A., Jankovic, M., Schaefer-Babajew, D., Oliveira, T. Y., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03207-w · Cited by 1,674
Cheung, K. S., Hung, I. F. N., Chan, P. P. Y., Lung, K. C., Tso, E., Liu, R., Ng, Y. Y., Chu, M. Y., Chung, T. W. H., Tam, A. R., et al. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.065 · Cited by 1,631
SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes
Lamers, M. M., Beumer, J., van der Vaart, J., Knoops, K., Puschhof, J., Breugem, T. I., Ravelli, R. B. G., Paul van Schayck, J., Mykytyn, A. Z., Duimel, H. Q., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc1669 · Cited by 1,573
Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples
Wu, Y., Guo, C., Tang, L., Hong, Z., Zhou, J., Dong, X., Yin, H., Xiao, Q., Tang, Y., Qu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30083-2 · Cited by 1,550
Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization
Zuo, T., Zhang, F., Lui, G. C. Y., Yeoh, Y. K., Li, A. Y. L., Zhan, H., Wan, Y., Chung, A. C. K., Cheung, C. P., Chen, N., et al. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.048 · Cited by 1,537
Meinhardt, J., Radke, J., Dittmayer, C., Franz, J., Thomas, C., Mothes, R., Laue, M., Schneider, J., Brünink, S., Greuel, S., et al. (2021) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5 · Cited by 1,458
Halpin, S. J., McIvor, C., Whyatt, G., Adams, A., Harvey, O., McLean, L., Walshaw, C., Kemp, S., Corrado, J., Singh, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.26368 · Cited by 1,402
Yeoh, Y. K., Zuo, T., Lui, G. C.-Y., Zhang, F., Liu, Q., Li, A. Y. L., Chung, A. C., Cheung, C. P., Tso, E. Y. K., Fung, K. S., et al. (2021) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323020 · Cited by 1,346
Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series
Matschke, J., Lütgehetmann, M., Hagel, C., Sperhake, J. P., Schröder, A. S., Edler, C., Mushumba, H., Fitzek, A., Allweiss, L., Dandri, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30308-2 · Cited by 1,300
Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness
Girard, T. D., Jackson, J. C., Pandharipande, P. P., Pun, B. T., Thompson, J. L., Shintani, A., Gordon, S. M., Canonico, A. E., Dittus, R. S., Bernard, G. R., et al. (2010) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181e47be1 · Cited by 1,217
Toubiana, J., Poirault, C., Corsia, A., Bajolle, F., Fourgeaud, J., Angoulvant, F., Debray, A., Basmaci, R., Salvador, E., Biscardi, S., et al. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m2094 · Cited by 1,162
Garrigues, E., Janvier, P., Kherabi, Y., Bot, A. L., Hamon, A., Gouze, H., Doucet, L., Berkani, S., Oliosi, E., Mallart, É., et al. (2020) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.029 · Cited by 1,158
The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings
Paterson, R. W., Brown, R. L., Benjamin, L. A., Nortley, R., Wiethoff, S., Bharucha, T., Jayaseelan, D. L., Kumar, G., Raftopoulos, R., Zambreanu, L., et al. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa240 · Cited by 1,154
Mao, R., Qiu, Y., He, J.-S., Tan, J.-Y., Li, X.-H., Liang, J., Shen, J., Zhu, L.-R., Chen, Y., Iacucci, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30126-6 · Cited by 1,056
Mode of action of nintedanib in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Wollin, L., Wex, E., Pautsch, A., Schnapp, G., Hostettler, K. E., Stowasser, S., & Kolb, M. (2015) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00174914 · Cited by 1,005
How and why patients made Long Covid
Callard, F. J., & Perego, E. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113426 · Cited by 1,001
TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes
Zang, R., Castro, M. F. G., McCune, B. T., Zeng, Q., Rothlauf, P. W., Sonnek, N. M., Liu, Z., Brulois, K. F., Wang, X., Greenberg, H. B., et al. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3582 · Cited by 982
Heightened Innate Immune Responses in the Respiratory Tract of COVID-19 Patients
Zhou, Z. L., Ren, L., Zhang, L., Zhong, J., Xiao, Y., Jia, Z., Guo, L., Yang, J., Wang, C., Jiang, S., et al. (2020) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.017 · Cited by 980
Zhao, Y., Shang, Y., Song, W., Li, Q.-Q., Xie, H.-T., Xu, Q.-F., Jia, J., Li, L., Mao, H.-L., Zhou, X.-M., et al. (2020) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100463 · Cited by 964
Townsend, L., Dyer, A. H., Jones, K., Dunne, J., Mooney, A., Gaffney, F., O'Connor, L., Leavy, D., O'Brien, K., Dowds, J., et al. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240784 · Cited by 911
Post-covid syndrome in individuals admitted to hospital with covid-19: retrospective cohort study
Ayoubkhani, D., Khunti, K., Nafilyan, V., Maddox, T., Humberstone, B., Diamond, I. D., & Banerjee, A. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n693 · Cited by 867
Mandal, S., Barnett, J., Brill, S. E., Brown, J. S., Denneny, E. K., Hare, S. S., Heightman, M., Hillman, T. E., Jacob, J., Jarvis, H. C., et al. (2021) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215818 · Cited by 864
Neuropathological features of Covid-19
Solomon, I. H., Normandin, E., Bhattacharyya, S., Mukerji, S. S., Keller, K., Ali, A. S., Adams, G., Hornick, J. L., Padera, R. F., & Sabeti, P. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2019373 · Cited by 815
The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation
Barker-Davies, R. M., O’Sullivan, O., Senaratne, K. P. P., Baker, P., Cranley, M., Dharm-Datta, S., Ellis, H., Goodall, D., Gough, M. R. C., Lewis, S., et al. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102596 · Cited by 780
Autonomic dysfunction in ‘long COVID’: rationale, physiology and management strategies
Dani, M., Dirksen, A., Taraborrelli, P., Torocastro, M., Panagopoulos, D., Sutton, R., & Lim, P. B. (2020) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0896 · Cited by 769
Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Incidence and risk factors: A Mediterranean cohort study
Moreno, Ó., Merino, E., León‐Ramírez, J., Andrés, M., Ramos, J. M., Arenas-Jiménez, J. J., Sánchez, S. A., Pérez, R. M. S., Torregrosa, P. R., Rodríguez-Galán, I., et al. (2021) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.004 · Cited by 769
Clinical sequelae of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China: a single-centre longitudinal study
Xiong, Q., Xu, M., Li, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Xu, Y., & Dong, W. (2021) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.023 · Cited by 751
Chu, H., Chan, J. F.-W., Yuen, T. T.-T., Shuai, H., Yuan, S., Wang, Y., Hu, B., Yip, C. C.-Y., Tsang, J. O.-L., Huang, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30004-5 · Cited by 748
Long-term Health Consequences of COVID-19
del Rı́o, C., Collins, L. F., & Malani, P. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.19719 · Cited by 746
Respiratory rehabilitation in elderly patients with COVID-19: A randomized controlled study
Liu, K., Zhang, W., Yang, Y., Zhang, J., Li, Y., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101166 · Cited by 744
Lam, M. H.-B. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.384 · Cited by 723
Post-intensive care syndrome: An overview
Rawal, G., Yadav, S., & Kumar, R. (2017) · Journal of Translational Internal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jtim-2016-0016 · Cited by 676
Immune determinants of COVID-19 disease presentation and severity
Brodin, P. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-020-01202-8 · Cited by 670
Six-month Follow-up Chest CT Findings after Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia
Han, X., Fan, Y., Alwalid, O., Li, N., Jia, X., Yuan, M., Li, Y., Cao, Y., Gu, J., Wu, H., et al. (2021) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2021203153 · Cited by 664
Prothrombotic autoantibodies in serum from patients hospitalized with COVID-19
Zuo, Y., Estes, S. K., Ali, R. A., Gandhi, A. A., Yalavarthi, S., Shi, H., Sule, G. J., Gockman, K., Madison, J. A., Zuo, M., et al. (2020) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abd3876 · Cited by 658
Post‐intensive care syndrome: its pathophysiology, prevention, and future directions
Inoue, S., Hatakeyama, J., Kondo, Y., Hifumi, T., Sakuramoto, H., Kawasaki, T., Taito, S., Nakamura, K., Unoki, T., Kawai, Y., et al. (2019) · Acute Medicine & Surgery · doi:10.1002/ams2.415 · Cited by 653
Arnold, D., Hamilton, F., Milne, A., Morley, A. J., Viner, J., Attwood, M., Noel, A. R., Gunning, S., Hatrick, J., Hamilton, S., et al. (2020) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216086 · Cited by 645
Managing the long term effects of covid-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline
Shah, W., Hillman, T., Playford, E. D., & Hishmeh, L. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n136 · Cited by 632
Raman, B., Cassar, M. P., Tunnicliffe, E. M., Filippini, N., Griffanti, L., Alfaro‐Almagro, F., Okell, T. W., Sheerin, F., Xie, C., Mahmod, M., et al. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100683 · Cited by 626
Biomarkers and outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalisations: systematic review and meta-analysis
Malik, P., Patel, U. K., Mehta, D., Patel, N., Kelkar, R., Akrmah, M., Gabrilove, J. L., & Sacks, H. S. (2020) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111536 · Cited by 618
A Mouse Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Pathogenesis
Sun, S.-H., Chen, Q., Gu, H.-J., Yang, G., Wang, Y.-X., Huang, X.-Y., Liu, S.-S., Zhang, N.-N., Li, X.-F., Xiong, R., et al. (2020) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.020 · Cited by 617
Cerebral Micro-Structural Changes in COVID-19 Patients – An MRI-based 3-month Follow-up Study
Lu, Y., Li, X., Geng, D., Mei, N., Wu, P.-Y., Huang, C.-C., Jia, T., Zhao, Y., Wang, D., Xiao, A., et al. (2020) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100484 · Cited by 614
Dennis, A., Wamil, M., Alberts, J., Oben, J. A., Cuthbertson, D. J., Wootton, D. G., Crooks, M. G., Gabbay, M., Brady, M., Hishmeh, L., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048391 · Cited by 587
Ehrenfeld, M., Tincani, A., Andréoli, L., Cattalini, M., Greenbaum, A., Kanduc, D., Alijotas‐Reig, J., Zinserling, V. A., Semenova, N. Y., Amital, H., et al. (2020) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102597 · Cited by 575
Venkatesan, P. (2021) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00031-x · Cited by 538
Morris, S. B., Schwartz, N. G., Patel, P., Abbo, L. M., Beauchamps, L. S., Balan, S., Lee, E. H., Paneth-Pollak, R., Geevarughese, A., Lash, M. K., et al. (2020) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6940e1 · Cited by 537
Rajpal, S., Tong, M., Borchers, J. R., Zaręba, K. M., Obarski, T. P., Simonetti, O. P., & Daniels, C. J. (2020) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4916 · Cited by 530
Preliminary evidence on long COVID in children
Buonsenso, D., Munblit, D., Rose, C. D., Sinatti, D., Ricchiuto, A., Carfì, A., & Valentini, P. (2021) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.15870 · Cited by 508
Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Palacios‐Ceña, D., Gómez‐Mayordomo, V., Cuadrado, M. L., & Florêncio, L. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052621 · Cited by 504
Ngai, J. C. L., Ko, F. W. S., Ng, S. S., To, K., Tong, M. M. B., & Hui, D. S. C. (2010) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01720.x · Cited by 502
Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome
Larun, L., Brurberg, K. G., Odgaard‐Jensen, J., & Price, J. R. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003200.pub7 · Cited by 485
van den Borst, B., Peters, J. B., Brink, M., Schoon, Y., Bleeker‐Rovers, C. P., Schers, H., van Hees, H. W. H., van Helvoort, H. A., van den Boogaard, M., van der Hoeven, H., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1750 · Cited by 477
Bellan, M., Soddu, D., Balbo, P. E., Baricich, A., Zeppegno, P., Avanzi, G. C., Baldon, G., Bartolomei, G., Battaglia, M., Battistini, S., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36142 · Cited by 468
Cardiopulmonary recovery after COVID-19: an observational prospective multicentre trial
Sonnweber, T., Sahanic, S., Pizzini, A., Luger, A. K., Schwabl, C., Sonnweber, B., Kurz, K., Koppelstätter, S., Haschka, D., Petzer, V., et al. (2020) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.03481-2020 · Cited by 451
Zhang, P., Li, J., Liu, H., Han, N., Ju, J., Kou, Y., Chen, L., Jiang, M., Pan, F., Zheng, Y., et al. (2020) · Bone Research · doi:10.1038/s41413-020-0084-5 · Cited by 440
Frequent neurocognitive deficits after recovery from mild COVID-19
Woo, M. S., Malsy, J., Pöttgen, J., Zai, S. S., Ufer, F., Hadjilaou, A., Schmiedel, S., Addo, M. M., Gerloff, C. P., Heesen, C., et al. (2020) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaa205 · Cited by 419
Nature and functions of autoantibodies
Elkon, K., & Casali, P. (2008) · Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/ncprheum0895 · Cited by 395
Characterizing Long COVID in an International Cohort: 7 Months of Symptoms and Their ImpactPreprint
Davis, H., Assaf, G., McCorkell, L., Wei, H., Low, R. J., Re’em, Y., Redfield, S., Austin, J. P., & Akrami, A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.12.24.20248802 · Cited by 387
Long COVID in the Faroe Islands: A Longitudinal Study Among Nonhospitalized Patients
Petersen, M. S., Kristiansen, M. F., Hanusson, K. D., Danielsen, M. E., Steig, B. Á., Gaïni, S., Strøm, M., & Weihe, P. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1792 · Cited by 377
As Their Numbers Grow, COVID-19 “Long Haulers” Stump Experts
Rubin, R. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.17709 · Cited by 375
Follow-up chest radiographic findings in patients with MERS-CoV after recovery
Das, K. M., Lee, E. Y., Singh, R., Enani, M. A., Al Dossari, K., Van Gorkom, K., Larsson, S. G., & Langer, R. D. (2017) · Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging · doi:10.4103/ijri.ijri_469_16 · Cited by 370
Zuo, T., Zhan, H., Zhang, F., Liu, Q., Tso, E. Y. K., Lui, G. C.-Y., Chen, N., Li, A., Lu, W., Chan, F. K. L., et al. (2020) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.048 · Cited by 353
Dyspnoea, lung function and CT findings 3 months after hospital admission for COVID-19
Lerum, T. V., Aaløkken, T. M., Brønstad, E., Aarli, B. B., Ikdahl, E., Lund, K. M. A., Durheim, M. T., Rodriguez, J. R., Meltzer, C., Tonby, K., et al. (2020) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.03448-2020 · Cited by 351
Sigfrid, L., Drake, T. M., Pauley, E., Jesudason, E. C., Olliaro, P., Lim, W. S., Gillesen, A., Berry, C., Lowe, D. J., McPeake, J. M., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100186 · Cited by 345
Ludvigsson, J. F. (2020) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.15673 · Cited by 341
Lymphopenia during the COVID-19 infection: What it shows and what can be learned
Tavakolpour, S., Rakhshandehroo, T., Wei, E. X., & Rashidian, M. (2020) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2020.06.013 · Cited by 336
Mast cell activation syndrome: Proposed diagnostic criteria
Akin, C., Valent, P., & Metcalfe, D. D. (2010) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.035 · Cited by 327
Lymphopenia in COVID‐19: Therapeutic opportunities
Fathi, N., & Rezaei, N. (2020) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.11403 · Cited by 324
SARS-CoV-2-related atypical thyroiditis
Muller, I., Cannavaro, D., Dazzi, D., Covelli, D., Mantovani, G., Muscatello, A., Ferrante, E., Orsi, E., Resi, V., Longari, V., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30266-7 · Cited by 323
SARS-CoV-2 infects human neural progenitor cells and brain organoids
Zhang, B., Chu, H., Han, S., Shuai, H., Deng, J. M., Hu, Y., Gong, H., Lee, A. C.-Y., Zou, Z., Yau, T. C. C., et al. (2020) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0390-x · Cited by 322
Bélot, A., Antona, D., Renolleau, S., et al. (2020) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.22.2001010 · Cited by 320
Covid-19 hyperinflammation and post-Covid-19 illness may be rooted in mast cell activation syndrome
Afrin, L. B., Weinstock, L. B., & Molderings, G. J. (2020) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.016 · Cited by 319
A Proposed Framework and Timeline of the Spectrum of Disease Due to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Datta, S., Talwar, A., & Lee, J. T. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.22717 · Cited by 316
Clinical and Autoimmune Characteristics of Severe and Critical Cases of COVID‐19
Zhou, Y., Han, T., Chen, J., Hou, C., Hua, L., He, S., Guo, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, Y., Yuan, J., et al. (2020) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/cts.12805 · Cited by 303
COVID-19 cardiac injury: Implications for long-term surveillance and outcomes in survivors
Mitrani, R. D., Dabas, N., & Goldberger, J. J. (2020) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.06.026 · Cited by 303
Townsend, L., Dowds, J., O’Brien, K., Sheill, G., Dyer, A. H., O’Kelly, B., Hynes, J. P., Mooney, A., Dunne, J., Cheallaigh, C. N., et al. (2021) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.202009-1175oc · Cited by 296
Rehabilitation of patients post-COVID-19 infection: a literature review
Demeco, A., Marotta, N., Barletta, M., Pino, I., Marinaro, C., Petraroli, A., Moggio, L., & Ammendolia, A. (2020) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060520948382 · Cited by 290
Lui, D. T. W., Lee, C., Chow, W. S., Lee, A. C. H., Tam, A. R., Fong, C. H. Y., Law, C. Y., Leung, E. K. H., To, K. K., Tan, K. C. B., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa813 · Cited by 279
Early evidence of pronounced brain involvement in fatal COVID-19 outcomes
von Weyhern, C. H., Kaufmann, I., Neff, F., & Kremer, M. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31282-4 · Cited by 277
Stavem, K., Ghanima, W., Olsen, M. K., Gilboe, H. M., & Einvik, G. (2020) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216377 · Cited by 273
Will COVID-19 Lead to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?
Komaroff, A. L., & Bateman, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.606824 · Cited by 267
Blitshteyn, S., & Whitelaw, S. (2021) · Immunologic research · doi:10.1007/s12026-021-09185-5 · Cited by 267
Manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Cojocaru, M., Cojocaru, I. M., Siloşi, I., & Vrabie, C. D. (2011) · PubMed Central · Cited by 261
Short‐term neuropsychiatric outcomes and quality of life in COVID‐19 survivors
Méndez, R., Balanzá‐Martínez, V., Luperdi, S. C., Estrada, I., Latorre, A., González‐Jiménez, P., Feced, L., Bouzas, L., Yépez, K., Ferrando, A. D. G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13262 · Cited by 259
Into the looking glass: Post-viral syndrome post COVID-19
Perrin, R. N., Riste, L., Hann, M., Walther, A., Mukherjee, A., & Heald, A. H. (2020) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110055 · Cited by 248
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
Bryarly, M., Phillips, L. T., Fu, Q., Vernino, S., & Levine, B. D. (2019) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.059 · Cited by 245
Sivan, M., & Taylor, S. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m4938 · Cited by 244
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Pulmonary Rehabilitation for COVID-19
Wang, T. J., Chau, B., Lui, M., Lam, G.-T., Lin, N., & Humbert, S. (2020) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000001505 · Cited by 243
Persistent Brainstem Dysfunction in Long-COVID: A Hypothesis
Yong, S. J. (2021) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00793 · Cited by 243
Self-citationDelirium and Long-term Cognitive Trajectory Among Persons With Dementia
Gross, A. L., Jones, R. N., Habtemariam, D. A., Fong, T. G., Tommet, D., Quach, L., Schmitt, E. M., Yap, L., & Inouye, S. K. (2012) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3203 · Cited by 233
Long-COVID: An evolving problem with an extensive impact
Mendelson, M., Nel, J. S., Blumberg, L. H., Madhi, S. A., Dryden, M., Stevens, W. S., & Venter, F. (2020) · South African Medical Journal · doi:10.7196/samj.2020.v111i11.15433 · Cited by 228
SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Neurological Targets in the Brain
Lukiw, W. J., Pogue, A. I., & Hill, J. M. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-020-00947-7 · Cited by 226
Lee, S. H., Shin, H., Park, H. Y., Kim, J. L., Lee, J. J., Lee, H., Won, S.-D., & Han, W. (2019) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.10.22.3 · Cited by 224
Antidepressive Mechanisms of Probiotics and Their Therapeutic Potential
Yong, S. J., Tong, T., Chew, J., & Lim, W. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01361 · Cited by 222
Self-citationHyperadrenergic Postural Tachycardia Syndrome in Mast Cell Activation Disorders
Shibao, C., Arzubiaga, C., Roberts, L. J., Raj, S., Black, B., Harris, P., & Biaggioni, I. (2005) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000158259.68614.40 · Cited by 220 · cited 1×
“Reviews have also been implicated mast cell activation in the pathophysiology of POTS [175,194].”
BackgroundThree-Month Follow-Up Study of Survivors of Coronavirus Disease 2019 after Discharge
Liang, L., Yang, B., Jiang, N., Fu, W., He, X., Zhou, Y., Ma, W., & Wang, X. (2020) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e418 · Cited by 216
Vlachoyiannopoulos, P. G., Magira, E. E., Alexopoulos, H., et al. (2020) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218009 · Cited by 212
Patient-reported outcome measures after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study
Wong, A. W., Shah, A., Johnston, J. C., Carlsten, C., & Ryerson, C. J. (2020) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.03276-2020 · Cited by 207
A prospective study of 12-week respiratory outcomes in COVID-19-related hospitalisations
Shah, A., Wong, A. W., Hague, C. J., Murphy, D. T., Johnston, J. C., Ryerson, C. J., & Carlsten, C. (2020) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216308 · Cited by 202
Postacute COVID-19: An Overview and Approach to Classification
Amenta, E. M., Spallone, A., Rodriguez‐Barradas, M. C., Sahly, H. M. E., Atmar, R. L., & Kulkarni, P. A. (2020) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa509 · Cited by 201
Lacourt, T. E., Vichaya, E. G., Chiu, G. S., Dantzer, R., & Heijnen, C. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00078 · Cited by 199
Johansson, M., Ståhlberg, M., Runold, M., Nygren-Bonnier, M., Nilsson, J., Olshansky, B., Bruchfeld, J., & Fedorowski, A. (2021) · JACC: Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2021.01.009 · Cited by 193
Puchner, B., Sahanic, S., Kirchmair, R., Pizzini, A., Sonnweber, B., Wöll, E., MÜHLBACHER, A., Garimorth, K., DAREB, B., Ehling, R., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.21.06549-7 · Cited by 190
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Fecal Samples From Patients With Asymptomatic and Mild COVID-19 in Korea
Park, S., Lee, C.-W., Park, D. I., Woo, H., Cheong, H. S., Shin, H. C., Ahn, K.-S., Kwon, M., & Joo, E. (2020) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.06.005 · Cited by 189
Higher level of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte is associated with severe COVID-19
Kong, M., Zhang, H., Cao, X., Mao, X., & Lu, Z. (2020) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268820001557 · Cited by 177
Cares-Marambio, K., Montenegro-Jiménez, Y., Torres‐Castro, R., Vera‐Uribe, R., Torralba, Y., Alsina‐Restoy, X., Vasconcello‐Castillo, L., & Vilaró, J. (2021) · Chronic Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1177/14799731211002240 · Cited by 176
Exercise and non-pharmacological treatment of POTS
Fu, Q., & Levine, B. D. (2018) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2018.07.001 · Cited by 174
Long-term COVID-19 symptoms in a large unselected populationPreprint
Cirulli, E. T., Barrett, K. M. S., Riffle, S., Bolze, A., Neveux, I., Dabe, S., Grzymski, J. J., Lu, J. T., & Washington, N. L. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.07.20208702 · Cited by 174
Danwang, C., Endomba, F. T., Nkeck, J. R., Wouna, D. L. A., Robert, A. R., & Noubiap, J. J. (2020) · Biomarker Research · doi:10.1186/s40364-020-00217-0 · Cited by 168
Buonsenso, D., Pujol, F. E., Munblit, D., Pata, D., McFarland, S., & Simpson, F. K. (2022) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb-2021-0285 · Cited by 168
Post-COVID-19 functional status six-months after hospitalization
Taboada, M., Cariñena, A., Moreno, E., Rodríguez, N., Domínguez, M. J., Casal, A., Riveiro, V., Diaz‐Vieito, M., Valdés, L., Álvarez, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.12.022 · Cited by 167
The known unknowns of T cell immunity to COVID-19
Karlsson, A. C., Humbert, M., & Buggert, M. (2020) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abe8063 · Cited by 165
A case report of postural tachycardia syndrome after COVID-19
Miglis, M. G., Prieto, T. E., Shaik, R., Muppidi, S., Sinn, D.-I., & Jaradeh, S. S. (2020) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/s10286-020-00727-9 · Cited by 164
Nath, A. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000010640 · Cited by 158
Post–COVID-19 chronic symptoms: a postinfectious entity?
Davido, B., Seang, S., Tubiana, R., & TRUCHIS, P. D. (2020) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.028 · Cited by 156
Simani, L., Ramezani, M., Darazam, I. A., Sagharichi, M., Aalipour, M. A., Ghorbani, F., & Pakdaman, H. (2021) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-021-00949-1 · Cited by 156
Li, H., Zhao, X., Wang, Y., Lou, X., Chen, S., Deng, H., Shi, L., Xie, J., Tang, D., Zhao, J., et al. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc8180 · Cited by 153
Molderings, G. J., Brettner, S., Homann, J., & Afrin, L. B. (2011) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/1756-8722-4-10 · Cited by 149 · cited 1×
“H1 and H2 antihistamines Cromolyn (mast cell stabilizer) Leukotriene antagonists [176,177]”
BackgroundThe pulmonary sequalae in discharged patients with COVID-19: a short-term observational study
Liu, D., Zhang, W., Pan, F., et al. (2020) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-020-01385-1 · Cited by 149
Rando, H. M., Bennett, T. D., Byrd, J. B., Bramante, C. T., Callahan, T. J., Chute, C. G., Davis, H., Deer, R., Gagnier, J. J., Koraishy, F. M., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.20.21253896 · Cited by 149
Baig, A. M. (2020) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00725 · Cited by 147
Psychiatric morbidity and protracted symptoms after COVID-19
Poyraz, B., Poyraz, C., Olğun, Y., Gürel, Ö., Alkan, S., Özdemir, Y., Balkan, I., & Karaali, R. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113604 · Cited by 147
Delirium: a missing piece in the COVID-19 pandemic puzzle
O’Hanlon, S., & Inouye, S. K. (2020) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afaa094 · Cited by 146
Risk factors of severe cases with COVID-19: a meta-analysis
Ou, M., Zhu, J., Ji, P., Li, H., Zhong, Z., Li, B., Pang, J., Zhang, J., & Zheng, X. (2020) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s095026882000179x · Cited by 145
SARS-CoV-2 persistence is associated with antigen-specific CD8 T-cell responses
Vibholm, L. K., Nielsen, S. S. F., Pahus, M. H., Frattari, G. S., Olesen, R., Andersen, R., Monrad, I., Andersen, A. H. F., Thomsen, M. M., Konrad, C. V., et al. (2021) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103230 · Cited by 142
Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome
Larun, L., Brurberg, K. G., Odgaard‐Jensen, J., & Price, J. R. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003200.pub8 · Cited by 139
Prolonged and Late-Onset Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Miyazato, Y., Morioka, S., Tsuzuki, S., Akashi, M., Osanai, Y., Tanaka, K., Terada, M., Suzuki, M., Kutsuna, S., Saito, S., et al. (2020) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa507 · Cited by 138
New-onset Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Following Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection
Kanjwal, K., Jamal, S. M., Kichloo, A., & Grubb, B. P. (2020) · Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management · doi:10.19102/icrm.2020.111102 · Cited by 133
Vasculitis changes in COVID-19 survivors with persistent symptoms: an [18F]FDG-PET/CT study
Sollini, M., Ciccarelli, M., Cecconi, M., Aghemo, A., Morelli, P., Gelardi, F., & Chiti, A. (2020) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-020-05084-3 · Cited by 130
van Gassel, R. J. J., Bels, J. L. M., Raafs, A. G., van der Horst, I. C. C., van der Horst, I. C. C., Simons, S. O., van der Meer, L. W. L., Gietema, H. A., Posthuma, R., & van Santen, S. (2020) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202010-3823le · Cited by 127
Li, Q., Wang, B., Mu, K., & Zhang, J. (2018) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.27180 · Cited by 126
Long COVID in the skin: a registry analysis of COVID-19 dermatological duration
McMahon, D. E., Gallman, A. E., Hruza, G. J., Rosenbach, M. A., Lipoff, J. B., Desai, S. R., French, L. E., Lim, H. W., Cyster, J. G., Fox, L. P., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30986-5 · Cited by 123
Twisk, F., & Maes, M. H. J. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 121
Siddiq, M. A. B. (2020) · Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.5606/tftrd.2020.6889 · Cited by 117
Analysis of thin-section CT in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) after hospital discharge
Wei, J., Yang, H., Lei, P., Fan, B., Qiu, Y., Zeng, B., Yu, P. C., Lv, J., Jian, Y., & Wan, C. (2020) · Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology · doi:10.3233/xst-200685 · Cited by 111
Gebremeskel, S., Schanin, J., Coyle, K. M., Butuci, M., Luu, T. T., Brock, E. C., Xu, A., Wong, A., Leung, J., Korver, W., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.650331 · Cited by 111
Gandhi, S., Srivastava, A. K., Ray, U., & Tripathi, P. P. (2020) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00217 · Cited by 110
Clearance and persistence of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in patients with COVID‐19
do Carmo, A., Pereira‐Vaz, J., Mota, V., Mendes, A., Morais, C., da Silva, A. C., Camilo, E., Pinto, C. S., Cunha, E., Pereira, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.26103 · Cited by 103
Salmon, D., Slama, D., de Broucker, T., Karmochkine, M., Pavie, J., Sorbets, E., Etienne, N., Batisse, D., Spiridon, G., Baut, V. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.12.002 · Cited by 91
Hu, F., Chen, F., Ou, Z., Fan, Q., Tan, X., Wang, Y., Pan, Y., Ke, B., Li, L., Guan, Y., et al. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-020-00550-2 · Cited by 87
Truffaut, L., Demey, L., Bruyneel, A.-V., Roman, A., Alard, S., Vos, N. D., & Bruyneel, M. (2021) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-021-01625-y · Cited by 86
Moody, W. E., Liu, B., Mahmoud-Elsayed, H. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2021.01.020 · Cited by 86
Can COVID-19 cause myalgia with a completely different mechanism? A hypothesis
Küçük, A., Cüre, M. C., & Cüre, E. (2020) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-020-05178-1 · Cited by 85
Kim, D.-Y., Lee, J., Park, S.-Y., Kim, S., & Son, C. (2020) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-019-02196-9 · Cited by 83
Reduced maximal aerobic capacity after COVID-19 in young adult recruits, Switzerland, May 2020
Crameri, G. A. G., Bielecki, M., Züst, R., Buehrer, T. W., Stanga, Z. G., & Deuel, J. (2020) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.36.2001542 · Cited by 78
COVID‐19 related fatigue: Which role for rehabilitation in post‐COVID‐19 patients? A case series
Ferraro, F., Calafiore, D., Dambruoso, F., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.26717 · Cited by 77
Raman, B., Cassar, M. P., Tunnicliffe, E. M., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.15.20205054 · Cited by 75
Prolonged shedding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in patients with COVID-19
Li, Q., Zheng, X.-S., Shen, X.-R., Si, H.-R., Wang, X., Wang, Q., Li, B., Zhang, W., Zhu, Y., Jiang, R.-D., et al. (2020) · Emerging Microbes and Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1852058 · Cited by 71
Autoantibodies in COVID-19: frequency and function
Gao, Z., Zhang, H., Liu, C., & Dong, K. (2021) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102754 · Cited by 71
Decoding the unknowns in long covid
Altmann, D. M., & Boyton, R. J. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n132 · Cited by 71
Maksoud, R., Preez, S. D., Eaton-Fitch, N., Thapaliya, K., Barnden, L. R., Cabanas, H., Staines, D., & Marshall‐Gradisnik, S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232475 · Cited by 67
Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome
Larun, L., Brurberg, K. G., Odgaard‐Jensen, J., et al. (2017) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/apt.23.3.144 · Cited by 65
Dynamic changes of lymphocyte counts in adult patients with severe pandemic H1N1 influenza A
Cheng, Y., Zhao, H. L., Song, P., Zhang, Z., Chen, J., & Zhou, Y. (2019) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2019.05.017 · Cited by 63
Marvisi, M., Ferrozzi, F., Balzarini, L., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.054 · Cited by 63
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head in SARS patients: seven years later
Zhao, F.-C., Guo, K., & Li, Z.-R. (2012) · European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology · doi:10.1007/s00590-012-1054-4 · Cited by 62
Valent, A., Dudoignon, E., Ressaire, Q., et al. (2020) · Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.accpm.2020.10.001 · Cited by 61
Negrini, F., Alessandro de, S. I. R. E., Andrenelli, E., Lazzarini, S. G., Patrini, M., & Ceravolo, M. G. (2020) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.20.06539-9 · Cited by 57
Fresh evidence of the scale and scope of long covid
Sivan, M., Rayner, C. R., & Delaney, B. C. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n853 · Cited by 57
Liu, B., Han, J., Cheng, X., Yu, L., Zhang, L., Wang, W., Ni, L., Wei, C., Huang, Y., & Cheng, Z. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73955-8 · Cited by 52
Buonsenso, D., Pujol, F. E., Munblit, D., et al. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0271.v1 · Cited by 49
Validation of new biomarkers in systemic autoimmune diseases
Tektonidou, M. G., & Ward, M. M. (2011) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2011.157 · Cited by 47
Do graded activity therapies cause harm in chronic fatigue syndrome?
Kindlon, T. (2017) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317697323 · Cited by 47
Negrini, F., Alessandro de, S. I. R. E., Andrenelli, E., Lazzarini, S. G., Patrini, M., & Ceravolo, M. G. (2021) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.20.06723-4 · Cited by 47
Hirotsu, Y., Maejima, M., Shibusawa, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2020.10.026 · Cited by 42
Strayer, D. R., Young, D. C., & Mitchell, W. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240403 · Cited by 40
Zhou, M., Yin, Z., Xu, J., Wang, S., Liao, T., Wang, K., Li, Y., Yang, F., Wang, Z., Yang, G., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab181 · Cited by 39
Pharmaceutical Interventions in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Literature-based Commentary
Richman, S., Morris, M. C., Broderick, G., Craddock, T. J. A., Klimas, N. G., & FLETCHER, M. A. (2019) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.02.011 · Cited by 37
Liao, B., Liu, Z.-P., Tang, L.-B., Li, L., Gan, Q., Shi, H., Jiao, Q., Guan, Y., Xie, M., He, X., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.49728 · Cited by 37
Kazama, I. (2020) · Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics · doi:10.5582/ddt.2020.03095 · Cited by 34
Long COVID: A Primer for Family Physicians.
Greenhalgh, T., & Knight, M. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 30
Wang, X., Huang, K. L., Jiang, H., Hua, L., Yu, W., Ding, D., Wang, K., Li, X., Zou, Z., Jin, M., et al. (2020) · Virologica Sinica · doi:10.1007/s12250-020-00308-0 · Cited by 28
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in an Adult
Amato, M.-K., Hennessy, C. L., Shah, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.02.007 · Cited by 25
Assessing exertional dyspnea in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Swigris, J. J., Streiner, D. L., Brown, K. K., Belkin, A., Green, K. E., & Wamboldt, F. S. (2013) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2013.12.009 · Cited by 24
Roe, K. (2020) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-020-00739-x · Cited by 24
Jadhav, K. P., & Jariwala, P. V. (2020) · Indian Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2020.11.092 · Cited by 18
NICE backtracks on graded exercise therapy and CBT in draft revision to CFS guidance
Torjesen, I. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m4356 · Cited by 17
Biomarker Development in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
Katsanos, A. H., Kyriakidi, K., Karassa, F. B., Politis, D., Skamnelos, A., Christodoulou, D. K., & Katsanos, K. H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59856-7_3 · Cited by 15
Sapra, A., & Bhandari, P. (2021) · StatPearls · Cited by 13
Persistence of Positive RT-PCR Results for Over 70 Days in Two Travelers with COVID-19
Kandetu, T.-B., Dziuban, E. J., Sikuvi, K., et al. (2020) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.450 · Cited by 12
Blitshteyn, S., & Whitelaw, S. (2021) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-021-09191-7 · Cited by 11
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic
Sachs, J. D., Karim, S. S. A., Aknin, L., Allen, J., Brosbøl, K., Colombo, F., Barron, G. C., Espinosa, M. F., Gaspar, V., Gaviria, A., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01585-9 · Cited by 842
Notarte, K. I., de Oliveira, M. H. S., Peligro, P. J., Velasco, J. V., Macaranas, I., Ver, A. T., Pangilinan, F. C., Pastrana, A., Goldrich, N., Kavteladze, D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11247314 · Cited by 209
Post-COVID-19 Tachycardia Syndrome: A Distinct Phenotype of Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Ståhlberg, M., Reistam, U., Fedorowski, A., Villacorta, H., Horiuchi, Y., Bax, J., Pitt, B., Matskeplishvili, S., Lüscher, T. F., Weichert, I., et al. (2021) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.07.004 · Cited by 183
Nguyen, N. N., Hoang, V. T., Dao, T. L., Dudouet, P., Eldin, C., & Gautret, P. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-022-04417-4 · Cited by 91
Chudzik, M., Babicki, M., Kapusta, J., Kałuzińska-Kołat, Ż., Kołat, D., Jankowski, P., & Mastalerz-Migas, A. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14081755 · Cited by 65
Metadata
- Authors
- Yong, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Sunway University (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Yong, Shin Jie
- ORCID
- Yong, Shin Jie
- Venue
- Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-05-22
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 737-754
- ISSN
- 0036-5548 (ISSN-L)
- 2374-4235
- 2374-4243
- PMC
- PMC8146298
- OpenAlex
- W3165449608
- Cited by
- 1,339
- References
- 201
- Citations by year
- 2026: 82 · 2025: 175 · 2024: 295 · 2023: 375 · 2022: 347 · 2021: 65
- FWCI
- 34.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatological and COVID-19 studies
- Keywords
- long COVID, pathophysiology, risk factors, treatment, fatigue, dyspnea, cognitive impairment, viral persistence, immune dysregulation, autoimmunity, D-dimer, C-reactive protein, lymphocyte count, rehabilitation, drug repurposing, chronic fatigue syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, mast cell activation syndrome
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Risk Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
