PU.1 regulates the commitment of adult hematopoietic progenitors and restricts granulopoiesis
Open accessAbstract
Although the transcription factor PU.1 is essential for fetal lymphomyelopoiesis, we unexpectedly found that elimination of the gene in adult mice allowed disturbed hematopoiesis, dominated by granulocyte production. Impaired production of lymphocytes was evident in PU.1-deficient bone marrow (BM), but myelocytes and clonogenic granulocytic progenitors that are responsive to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or interleukin-3 increased dramatically. No identifiable common lymphoid or myeloid progenitor populations were discernable by flow cytometry; however, clonogenic assays suggested an overall increased frequency of blast colony-forming cells and BM chimeras revealed existence of long-term self-renewing PU.1-deficient cells that required PU.1 for lymphoid, but not granulocyte, generation. PU.1 deletion in granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, but not in common myeloid progenitors, resulted in excess granulocyte production; this suggested specific roles of PU.1 at different stages of myeloid development. These findings emphasize the distinct nature of adult hematopoiesis and reveal that PU.1 regulates the specification of the multipotent lymphoid and myeloid compartments and restrains, rather than promotes, granulopoiesis.
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PU.1 is pivotal for normal hematopoiesis and directs differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors to macrophage, granulocyte, or B cell lineages.
“Ets family transcription factor PU.1 is pivotal for normal hematopoiesis as it directs differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors to different cell lineages such as macrophage, granulocyte or B cell (1).”
From FBW7 Inhibits Myeloid Differentiation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia via GSK3-Dependent Ubiquitination of PU.1 (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
The Abstract and Discussion (page not provided) support PU.1’s importance in hematopoiesis and its role in progenitor commitment, including pathways leading to B cells and macrophages. But the paper does not describe PU.1 as simply directing progenitors toward all three listed lineages: it reports that loss of PU.1 enhances granulocyte production in adults, while PU.1 helps restrict that production and supports later granulocyte maturation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn preleukemic states (e.g., MDS), PU.1 downregulation permits clonal expansion.
“In preleukemic states (e.g., MDS), where PU.1 downregulation permits clonal expansion 33-35”
From USP7 sustains hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis partially via PU.1 stabilization (2026) · cites this paper as [35]
The Results and Discussion (page not provided) show that PU.1 loss in mice expanded granulocytic progenitors, and the Discussion describes a related preleukemic mouse model with reduced PU.1 expression. The paper does not establish that PU.1 downregulation permits clonal expansion in MDS; its observed progenitor expansion is not identified as clonal expansion. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPU.1 is indispensable for HSC function and the differentiation of cells within the myeloid and lymphoid lineages.
“One such master regulator is the Ets-family transcription factor PU.1, which is indispensable for HSC function and the differentiation of cells within the myeloid as well as lymphoid lineages3–5.”
From Minimal PU.1 reduction induces a preleukemic state and promotes development of acute myeloid leukemia (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports loss of long-term self-renewing hematopoietic activity and de novo lymphopoiesis after PU.1 deletion, supporting its importance for HSC function and lymphoid development. But the Results report enhanced granulocyte differentiation without PU.1, so the paper does not support an unqualified claim that PU.1 is indispensable for differentiation throughout the myeloid lineage. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPU.1 action is important or indispensable for sustained generation of all known hematopoietic precursors with lymphoid developmental potentials.
“its action is also important or indispensable for sustained generation of all known hematopoietic precursors that have lymphoid developmental potentials (1–9).”
From Mechanisms of Action of Hematopoietic Transcription Factor PU.1 in Initiation of T-Cell Development (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
The Results section (‘PU.1 is required for the balanced production of multipotent bone marrow progenitors’; page unavailable) reports a dramatic loss of readily identifiable lymphoid progenitors after PU.1 deletion in adult mice. The Results section (‘PU.1-deficient stem cells do not generate lymphoid progeny’; page unavailable) also reports that deficient progenitors essentially could not contribute to B- or T-cell production. These findings support PU.1’s importance in the studied adult setting, but do not establish a requirement for the sustained generation of every known hematopoietic precursor with lymphoid potential. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAll hematopoietic progenitors that generate B or T cells appear to originate from PU.1-expressing, PU.1-dependent prethymic cells.
“All the hematopoietic progenitors that generate either B or T cells appear to originate from PU.1-expressing, PU.1-dependent prethymic cells (2, 27)”
From Mechanisms of Action of Hematopoietic Transcription Factor PU.1 in Initiation of T-Cell Development (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
The expression passage provided (p. unavailable) says PU.1 is expressed in adult hematopoietic stem cells and the earliest lymphoid progenitors. The Results section, “PU.1-deficient stem cells do not generate lymphoid progeny” (p. unavailable), reports that PU.1-deficient progenitors essentially could not contribute to B- or T-cell production, supporting an early PU.1-dependent origin. The paper studies adult mice and does not establish that *all* B- or T-cell-generating progenitors, across settings, pass through such cells. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
PU.1 activity probably extends for over 10 days for thymocytes in young adult mice, where it is crucial for successful T-cell generation.
“It probably extends for over 10 days for the thymocytes in young adult mice (153), where it is crucial for successful T-cell generation (2, 147).”
From Mechanisms of Action of Hematopoietic Transcription Factor PU.1 in Initiation of T-Cell Development (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
The Results (‘PU.1-deficient stem cells do not generate lymphoid progeny’; page unavailable) report that PU.1-deficient progenitors were essentially unable to contribute to T-cell production, supporting its importance for T-cell generation. The paper does not establish that PU.1 remains active in thymocytes for over 10 days; the Results (‘Generation and validation of a PU.1 conditional allele’) instead state that most thymocytes do not express it. Its 10–14-day interval refers to when mice were analyzed after induced deletion, not a duration of thymocyte activity. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDysregulation of the PU.1 transcriptional network is a common phenotype associated with hematological malignancy, particularly diseases of the myeloid lineage.
“Dysregulation of the PU.1 transcriptional network is a common phenotype associated with hematological malignancy, particularly diseases of the myeloid lineage (Cook et al., 2004; Dakic et al., 2005; Koschmieder et al., 2005; Will et al., 2015; Sive et al., 2016; Aivalioti et al., 2022).”
From PU.1 is required to restrain myelopoiesis during chronic inflammatory stress (2023) · cites this paper as Dakic et al., 2005
The Abstract describes PU.1 as a possible tumor suppressor in AML. The Discussion reports that PU.1-deficient mice developed myeloid leukemia at high frequency, but it does not establish that PU.1-network dysregulation is a common phenotype across hematological malignancies generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPU.1 is a hematopoietic-specific ETS family transcription factor essential for lymphoid and myeloid development.
“PU.1 is a hematopoietic-specific and ETS family transcription factor that is essential for lymphoid and myeloid development25–28.”
From HIV-1 Vpr combats the PU.1-driven antiviral response in primary human macrophages (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
In postnatal mice, T cell development is much more severely affected by PU.1 deletion than neutrophil development.
“in postnatal mice, although T cell development is much more severely affected by PU.1 deletion than neutrophil development (2)”
From Mechanisms of Action of Hematopoietic Transcription Factor PU.1 in Initiation of T-Cell Development (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
PU.1 can constrain myelopoietic activity.
“These findings are consistent with prior work indicating PU.1 can constrain myelopoietic activity (DeKoter et al., 1998; Dakic et al., 2005)”
From PU.1 is required to restrain myelopoiesis during chronic inflammatory stress (2023) · cites this paper as Dakic et al., 2005
PU.1 binds to purine-rich PU-box sequences and activates gene expression during immune cell development.
“PU.1 binds to purine-rich sequence (PU-box) and activates gene expression during immune cell development [24, 25].”
From Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
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Langerhans cells are generated by two distinct PU.1-dependent transcriptional networks
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Self-citationC/EBPα binds and activates the PU.1 distal enhancer to induce monocyte lineage commitment
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Notch/Delta signaling constrains reengineering of pro-T cells by PU.1
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Environmental sensing by mature B cells is controlled by the transcription factors PU.1 and SpiB
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PU.1: A crucial and versatile player in hematopoiesis and leukemia
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The Transcription Factor PU.1 is a Critical Regulator of Cellular Communication in the Immune System
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Mechanisms of Action of Hematopoietic Transcription Factor PU.1 in Initiation of T-Cell Development
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“It probably extends for over 10 days for the thymocytes in young adult mice (153), where it is crucial for successful T-cell generation (2, 147).”
BackgroundThe miR-155–PU.1 axis acts on Pax5 to enable efficient terminal B cell differentiation
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Gcn5 Is Required for PU.1-Dependent IL-9 Induction in Th9 Cells
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“1 gene deletion (Sfpi1) on C57BL/6 background were previously described (24) and were mated to mice expressing Cre transgene under the control of Lck promoter.”
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Inactivation of PU.1 in adult mice leads to the development of myeloid leukemia
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Self-citationImmunomodulatory derivatives induce PU.1 down-regulation, myeloid maturation arrest, and neutropenia
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Self-citationThe MADS transcription factor Mef2c is a pivotal modulator of myeloid cell fate
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- Authors
- Dakic, A., Metcalf, D., Di Rago, L., Mifsud, S., Wu, L., & Nutt, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (AU)
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- Venue
- The Journal of Experimental Medicine
- Publisher
- Rockefeller University Press
- Published
- 2005-05-02
- Volume
- 201
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1487-1502
- ISSN
- 0022-1007 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-9538
- PMC
- PMC2213186
- OpenAlex
- W2136610354
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 10.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- The Journal of Experimental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CA22556)
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Cancer Council Victoria
- National Cancer Institute (R37CA022556, CA22556, R01CA022556)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Acute Myeloid Leukemia Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Blood disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- PU.1, granulopoiesis, hematopoietic progenitor cells, CFU-GM, common myeloid progenitors, lymphocyte production, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-3, bone marrow chimeras, transcription factors, adult hematopoiesis
- MeSH terms
- Proto-Oncogene Protein Spi-1, Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Blood Cell Count, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Colony-Forming Units Assay, Flow Cytometry, Genetic Vectors, Genotype, Granulocytes, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Blotting, Western, Trans-Activators, DNA Primers, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Myeloid Cells, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Mice
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