Skin-resident memory CD4+ T cells enhance protection against Leishmania major infection
Open accessAbstract
Leishmaniasis causes a significant disease burden worldwide. Although Leishmania-infected patients become refractory to reinfection after disease resolution, effective immune protection has not yet been achieved by human vaccines. Although circulating Leishmania-specific T cells are known to play a critical role in immunity, the role of memory T cells present in peripheral tissues has not been explored. Here, we identify a population of skin-resident Leishmania-specific memory CD4+ T cells. These cells produce IFN-γ and remain resident in the skin when transplanted by skin graft onto naive mice. They function to recruit circulating T cells to the skin in a CXCR3-dependent manner, resulting in better control of the parasites. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that CD4+ TRM cells form in response to a parasitic infection, and indicate that optimal protective immunity to Leishmania, and thus the success of a vaccine, may depend on generating both circulating and skin-resident memory T cells.
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Th1 cells protect the host against reinfection from HSV and L. major.
“Th17 cells play a critical role in host defense against C. albicans [30–33,36], whereas Th1 cells protect the host against reinfection from HSV and L. major [34,35].”
From The Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris Induces IFNγ to Colonize the Skin (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
Effector T cells play a critical role in the host's defense during reinfection with C. albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Leishmania major, and HSV.
“Effector T cells play a critical role in the host’s defense during reinfection with C. albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Leishmania major, and HSV [28,30–35].”
From The Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris Induces IFNγ to Colonize the Skin (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
Other cell types, such as keratinocytes and NK cells, also express IL-17A and IFNγ, respectively.
“Furthermore, previous findings from our laboratory [16] and others [35] suggest that other cell types, such as keratinocytes and NK cells, also express IL-17A and IFNγ, respectively.”
From The Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris Induces IFNγ to Colonize the Skin (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
The Results passage on L. major–specific CD4+ T cells reports IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells, not NK cells. The passages on immune-skin transcription describe IFN-responsive genes but do not identify keratinocytes as IL-17A producers. Searches for NK-cell IFN-γ and keratinocyte IL-17A found no passage supporting either attribution; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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- Authors
- Glennie, N. D., Yeramilli, V. A., Beiting, D. P., Volk, S. W., Weaver, C. T., & Scott, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Scott, Phillip
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Medicine
- Publisher
- Rockefeller University Press
- Published
- 2015-07-27
- Volume
- 212
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1405-1414
- ISSN
- 0022-1007 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-9538
- PMC
- PMC4548053
- OpenAlex
- W2162538566
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 26.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- The Journal of Experimental Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21AI110869, T32AI007532)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- Leishmania major, cutaneous leishmaniasis, skin-resident memory T cells, CD4+ T cells, interferon-gamma, CXCR3, skin grafting, protective immunity, leishmaniasis vaccine, parasite control
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Interferon-gamma, Mice, Transgenic, Skin, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous, Leishmania major, Mice, Receptors, CXCR3
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