Free competition and the optimal amount of fraud

Darby, Michael R.; Karni, Edi

doi:10.1086/466756

Cited by 3,947Law, Economics, and Judicial SystemsLegal and Constitutional StudiesMerger and Competition Analysis

Free competition and the optimal amount of fraud

Darby, Michael R., Karni, Edi·1973·The Journal of Law and Economics

DOI 10.1086/466756

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Organic foods are credence goods.
“These are especially important for organic foods since they are credence goods (Darby and Karni, 1973).”
From How the interplay between consumer motivations and values influences organic food identity and behavior (2018) · cites this paper as Darby and Karni, 1973

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“Health is a socalled credence attribute (Darby & Karni, 1973) that consumers cannot verify on the basis of personal experience.”
Background
The Effect of Corporate Image in the Formation of Customer Loyalty
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Explaining consumer purchase behavior for organic milk: Including trust and green self-identity within the theory of planned behavior
Carfora, V., Cavallo, C., Caso, D., Giudice, T. D., Devitiis, B. D., Viscecchia, R., Nardone, G., & Cicia, G. (2019) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.03.006 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
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“Darby and Karni [42] added credence qualities, defining them as those qualities that cannot be evaluated in normal use and require additional costly information, such as the lower negative environmental impact of organic apples.”
Background

Authors: Darby, M. R., & Karni, E.
ORCID: Darby, Michael R.
Venue: The Journal of Law and Economics
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Published: 1973-04
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 67-88
ISSN: 0022-2186 (ISSN-L)
1537-5285
DOI: 10.1086/466756
OpenAlex: W2086888884
Cited by: 3,947
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 167 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 101 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 130 · 2021: 133 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 166 · 2015: 166 · 2014: 172 · 2013: 178 · 2012: 203
FWCI: 13.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Law and Economics (publishedVersion)
bepress Legal Repository (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Legal and Constitutional Studies
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
Keywords: fraud, free competition, fraud deterrence, market competition

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