The response of retinal neurons to high-frequency stimulation
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: High-rate pulse trains have proven to be effective in cochlear prosthetics and, more recently, have been shown to elicit a wide range of interesting response properties in axons of the peripheral nervous system. Surprisingly, the effectiveness of such trains for use in retinal prostheses has not been explored. APPROACH: Using cell-attached patch clamp methods, we measured the in vitro response of two rabbit retinal ganglion cell types, OFF-brisk transient (OFF-BT) and ON-OFF directionally selective (DS), to trains of biphasic pulses delivered at 2000 pulses per second (PPS). MAIN RESULTS: For OFF-BT cells, response onset occurred at ~20 µA, and maximum response occurred at ~40 µA. Interestingly, spiking levels decreased for further increases in amplitude. In contrast, DS cells had a spiking onset at ~25 µA and maintained strong spiking as stimulus amplitude was increased, even at the highest levels tested. Thus, a low-amplitude stimulus train at 2000 PPS (~25 µA) will activate OFF-BT cells strongly, while simultaneously activating DS cells only weakly. In contrast, a high amplitude train (~75 µA) will activate DS cells strongly while suppressing responses in OFF-BT cells. SIGNIFICANCE: The response differences between cell types suggest some forms of preferential activation may be possible, and further testing is warranted. Further, the scope of the response differences found here suggests activation mechanisms that are more complex than those described in previous studies.
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High stimulation frequency allows discrimination among RGC types.
“Also, high stimulation frequency allows discrimination among RGC types [138].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [138]
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Self-citationGuo, T., Tsai, D., Muralidharan, M., Li, M., Suaning, G. J., Morley, J. W., Dokos, S., & Lovell, N. H. (2018) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8512748 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lee, J.-I., Werginz, P., & Fried, S. I. (2023) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123855 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationComparison of modulation efficiency between normal and degenerated primate retina
Yoo, Y., Cha, S., & Goo, Y. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2024.1419007
High-Frequency Electrical Stimulation Elicits Distinct Response Modes Via Synaptic Interplay
Lee, J.-I., Seo, J. M., & Fried, S. I. (2025) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc58623.2025.11253184
Self-citationClosed-Loop Co-Adaptive Retinal Coding with Joint Topological-Spectral Feature Learning
Qin, C., Li, J., Wu, J., Li, P., Wang, J., Yang, Y., Zheng, F., Chen, L., & Shao, W. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp55912.2026.11465148
- Authors
- Cai, C., Twyford, P., & Fried, S.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cai, Changsi
- Twyford, Perry
- Fried, Shelley
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Engineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2013-04-18
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 036009
- ISSN
- 1741-2552 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2560
- PMC
- PMC3712762
- OpenAlex
- W1965445573
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 1.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01 RX000350)
- National Eye Institute (R01EY019967)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- retinal prosthesis, retinal ganglion cells, biphasic pulses, stimulus amplitude, neuronal spiking
- MeSH terms
- Action Potentials, Animals, Cells, Cultured, Electric Stimulation, Light, Models, Neurological, Photic Stimulation, Rabbits, Retinal Ganglion Cells, Long-Term Potentiation
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