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Potential and costs of carbon dioxide removal by enhanced weathering of rocks
Open accessAbstract
The chemical weathering of rocks currently absorbs about 1.1 Gt CO 2 a −1 being mainly stored as bicarbonate in the ocean. An enhancement of this slow natural process could remove substantial amounts of CO 2 from the atmosphere, aiming to offset some unavoidable anthropogenic emissions in order to comply with the Paris Agreement, while at the same time it may decrease ocean acidification. We provide the first comprehensive assessment of economic costs, energy requirements, technical parameterization, and global and regional carbon removal potential. The crucial parameters defining this potential are the grain size and weathering rates. The main uncertainties about the potential relate to weathering rates and rock mass that can be integrated into the soil. The discussed results do not specifically address the enhancement of weathering through microbial processes, feedback of geogenic nutrient release, and bioturbation. We do not only assess dunite rock, predominantly bearing olivine (in the form of forsterite) as the mineral that has been previously proposed to be best suited for carbon removal, but focus also on basaltic rock to minimize potential negative side effects. Our results show that enhanced weathering is an option for carbon dioxide removal that could be competitive already at 60 US $ t −1 CO 2 removed for dunite, but only at 200 US $ t −1 CO 2 removed for basalt. The potential carbon removal on cropland areas could be as large as 95 Gt CO 2 a −1 for dunite and 4.9 Gt CO 2 a −1 for basalt. The best suited locations are warm and humid areas, particularly in India, Brazil, South-East Asia and China, where almost 75% of the global potential can be realized. This work presents a techno-economic assessment framework, which also allows for the incorporation of further processes.
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“Rock grinding to reduce particle size and maximise CDR is the primary energy consuming operation in ERW 22,23,73 .”
From Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands (2020) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the investigation highlighted the dimensions that influence removal potential and cost, mainly being rock grain size and weathering rates.”
From Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review (2020) · cites this paper as Strefler et al. 2018
In the citing paper
“The results are inline and support the estimates presented by Fuss et al. in terms of removal potential as well as costs.”
From Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review (2020) · cites this paper as Strefler et al. 2018
In the citing paper
“Finally, the study indicated that climates that are warm and humid with lands that lack sufficient nutrients are the most appropriate areas for enhanced weathering activities (Strefler et al. 2018).”
From Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review (2020) · cites this paper as Strefler et al. 2018
In the citing paper
“For the USA, mining cost is 6.99 $ t -1 as obtained from prior analysis 22 .”
From Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands (2020) · cites this paper as [22]
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“, 2014), which could enable the use of smaller grain sizes for EW, enhancing its potential, which strongly depends on the grain size (Strefler et al., 2018).”
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Public perception and acceptance of negative emission technologies – framing effects in Switzerland
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“improved crop yields (from additional nutrient supply from rock feedstock), and (c) mitigation of ocean acidification (from addition of alkalinity), that make ERW socially desirable (Beerling et al., 2018; Strefler et al., 2018; Taylor et al., 2016).”
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“Such events can alter the soil’s pH and affect the availability of cations necessary for weathering reactions (Strefler et al. 2018).”
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“Currently, novel CO2 utilization resembles solar industry, with multiple organizations and governments interested in its deployment (Strefler et al., 2018).”
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“Many studies have shown that CCSs can further reduce the intensity of the greenhouse effect, thereby depleting atmospheric and soil CO 2 (Zeng et al., 2017; Romero-Mujalli et al., 2018b; Strefler et al., 2018).”
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“Published by IOP Publishing Ltd potential of rock-based NETs is often reported (Strefler et al 2018), but the lack of country-level detail provides little guidance to the governments and companies who could implement them.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Strefler, J., Amann, T., Bauer, N., Kriegler, E., & Hartmann, J.
- Affiliations
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (DE)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Strefler, Jessica
- Amann, Thorben
- Venue
- Environmental Research Letters
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2018-03-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 034010
- ISSN
- 1748-9326 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2786586833
- Semantic Scholar
- 8ec3fc510d4553891bf8b6995cb1a7fbf850862e
- Cited by
- 372
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 10.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Research Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RENATE (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RENATE (cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (EXC177, SPP 1689 (CEMICS))
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Filtration and Separation › Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
- Keywords
- enhanced weathering, carbon dioxide removal, chemical weathering, dunite, basalt, olivine, forsterite, weathering rates, grain size, techno-economic analysis, energy requirements, cropland, ocean acidification, Paris Agreement
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