Caloric restriction improves health and survival of rhesus monkeys
Open accessAbstract
Caloric restriction (CR) without malnutrition extends lifespan and delays the onset of age-related disorders in most species but its impact in nonhuman primates has been controversial. In the late 1980s two parallel studies were initiated to determine the effect of CR in rhesus monkeys. The University of Wisconsin study reported a significant positive impact of CR on survival, but the National Institute on Aging study detected no significant survival effect. Here we present a direct comparison of longitudinal data from both studies including survival, bodyweight, food intake, fasting glucose levels and age-related morbidity. We describe differences in study design that could contribute to differences in outcomes, and we report species specificity in the impact of CR in terms of optimal onset and diet. Taken together these data confirm that health benefits of CR are conserved in monkeys and suggest that CR mechanisms are likely translatable to human health.
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Calorie restriction has an established beneficial effect on health and life span in laboratory animal models from yeast to rhesus monkeys.
“It has an established beneficial effect on health and life span in laboratory animal models from yeast to rhesus monkeys [78,79].”
From Molecular Targets of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Mammals, Mechanism of Action: Is It a Calorie Restriction Mimetic and Anti-Aging Compound? (2025) · cites this paper as [79]
The Abstract reports lifespan extension in yeast and other short-lived species and health benefits in rhesus monkeys. It also says monkey survival findings differed between the two studies. The Results (‘Impact of CR on survival’; page unavailable) state that neither monkey study reports longevity data, so an established lifespan benefit across the full range is stronger than this source supports. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn ad libitum-fed male monkeys, a higher-GL/high-sugar diet compared with a lower-GL/low-sugar diet increased adiposity without increasing total energy intake through age 20 y.
“In ad libitum–fed male monkeys, a higher-GL/high-sugar diet compared with a lower-GL/low-sugar diet increased adiposity without increasing total energy intake through age 20 y (111).”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [111]
The same phenomenon of caloric restriction prolonging lifespan was found in primates.
“Some follow-up studies also found the same phenomenon in primates [168, 169].”
From Immunosenescence: a key player in cancer development (2020) · cites this paper as [168]
FOXO transcription factors are downstream effectors of the IIS pathway, are involved in cancer, and mediate many positive effects of caloric restriction on healthy aging.
“Among the downstream effectors of the IIS pathway are the FOXO family of transcription factors, which are also involved in cancer and mediate many of the positive effects of caloric restriction (CR) on healthy aging.211,212”
From Meta-hallmarks of aging and cancer (2023) · cites this paper as [211]
Caloric restriction without hunger- or disease-related malnutrition in animals and humans results in healthier aging through improved metabolic health, reduced obesity, and reduced risk of T2DM, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
“CR without hunger- or disease-related malnutrition in animals and humans results in healthier aging through improved metabolic health, reduced obesity, and the risk of T2DM, cancer, and cardiovascular disease (236).”
From Metabolic Flexibility as an Adaptation to Energy Resources and Requirements in Health and Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [236]
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BackgroundThe Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Brain and Cognitive Function
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“This turned out to be the case (Mattison et al., 2017).”
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ResultThe neurovascular unit and systemic biology in stroke — implications for translation and treatment
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“Despite the widespread promotion of CR, some show its beneficial effects vary substantially (de Cabo and Mattson, 2019; Mattison et al., 2017).”
BackgroundTowards natural mimetics of metformin and rapamycin
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“Caloric restriction is a well-known intervention for extending lifespan across species [13], but has limited practical value in humans [14].”
BackgroundEffects of anti-aging interventions on intestinal microbiota
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“For a long time, CR has been recognized as one of the most effective nongenetic dietary interventions that can increase lifespan and prevent age-related diseases.(32,33) CR/DR can also result in changes in the intestinal microbiota and metabolome.”
BackgroundWahl, D., Coogan, S. C. P., Solon‐Biet, S. M., de Cabo, R., Haran, J. B., Raubenheimer, D., Cogger, V. C., Mattson, M. P., Simpson, S. J., & Couteur, D. G. L. (2017) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s145247 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Aspirin Recapitulates Features of Caloric Restriction
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“…restriction-based strategies or periodic fasting have a favorable impact on health and longevity, both in non-human primates (Colman et al., 2009; Mattison et al., 2017) and in human studies (Longo and Mattson, 2014), although studies carried out in different research centers yielded…”
ResultVerkhratsky, A., Augusto‐Oliveira, M., Pivoriūnas, A., Popov, A., Brazhe, A., & Semyanov, A. V. (2020) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-020-02465-3 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase targets the gut barrier to prevent aging
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“Regarding the prevention of chronic inflammation and metabolic syndrome, IAP shows effects similar to caloric restriction (47).”
BackgroundWhy and how are we living longer?
Kirkwood, T. B. L. (2017) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep086205 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“It is notable that the evidence for dietary restriction delaying intrinsic ageing in non-human primates is at best equivocal, although it is clear that a reduced-calorie diet can be protective against some chronic diseases (Mattison et al. 2017).”
BackgroundQuiescence: Good and Bad of Stem Cell Aging
Tümpel, S., & Rudolph, K. L. (2019) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2019.05.002 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Antiaging agents: safe interventions to slow aging and healthy life span extension
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“Because these studies did not use the same dietary conditions, it is difficult to directly compare these results [218].”
ResultAdipose tissue as a linchpin of organismal ageing
Nguyen, T., & Corvera, S. (2024) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-024-01046-3 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Caloric restriction consists of a decrease in total calorie consumption to the point of avoiding malnutrition, and extends lifespan across numerous species ranging from yeast to primates 168,169 .”
Caloric restriction and cellular senescence
Fontana, L., Nehme, J., & Demaria, M. (2018) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2018.10.005 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Accumulating data indicate that CR extends lifespan also in non-human primates 38 .”
BackgroundLongevity: Lesson from Model Organisms
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“However, data from both studies suggest that many of the beneficial effects of CR reported in rodents also occur in primate models, thus suggesting a possible role also in human aging [131].”
BackgroundThe obesity-breast cancer link: a multidisciplinary perspective
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Principles of the Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Aging
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Key Player in Brain Aging and Diseases
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“To further investigate the ability of CR to improve the human lifespan, several studies have been conducted, specifically in non-human primates, such as the rhesus monkeys [265].”
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“While translation into nonhuman primates has been controversial, there is evidence to suggest that CR also delays the onset of age-related disorders in rhesus monkeys [239].”
Focusing on mitochondria in the brain: from biology to therapeutics
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Astroglia in Alzheimer’s Disease
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Current nutritional and pharmacological anti-aging interventions
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Perspectives on Precision Medicine Approaches to NAFLD Diagnosis and Management
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“Therefore, while female mice respond better to caloric restriction in terms of longevity [129], non-human primates show a male-specific reduction in body weight and increase in insulin sensitivity when subjected to this dietary limitation [130].”
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The Molecular Link from Diet to Cancer Cell Metabolism
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Regulation of metabolic health by essential dietary amino acids
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“Differences in diet and baseline intake of calories likely explains the disparities between the two studies, and analysis of the combined data from both studies suggest that CR promotes both health span and lifespan relative to ad libitum fed non-human primates (Mattison et al., 2017).”
Result
- Authors
- Mattison, J. A., Colman, R. J., Beasley, T. M., Allison, D. B., Kemnitz, J. W., Roth, G. S., Ingram, D. K., Weindruch, R., de Cabo, R., & Anderson, R. M.
- Affiliations
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Anderson, Rozalyn M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2017-01-17
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14063-14063
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5247583
- OpenAlex
- W2577597748
- Cited by
- 838
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 56
- FWCI
- 40.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Wisconsin-Madison (P51OD011106)
- National Institutes of Health (P51RR000167/P51OD011106, P51OD011106)
- National Institute on Aging (R56AG047358, R01AG037000, R01AG040178, P01AG011915)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK056336)
- National Center for Research Resources (P51RR000167/P51OD011106, P51RR000167)
- Office of Research Infrastructure Programs, National Institutes of Health (P51 OD011106, P51RR000167)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Sirtuins and Resveratrol in Medicine
- Keywords
- caloric restriction, rhesus monkeys, lifespan extension, survival, age-related morbidity, fasting blood glucose, body weight, dietary intake, study design comparison, species specificity, non-human primates, aging
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Diet, Female, Longevity, Longitudinal Studies, Macaca mulatta, Male, Caloric Restriction
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