Hippocampal sclerosis in advanced age: clinical and pathological features

Nelson, Peter T.; Schmitt, Frederick A.; Lin, Yushun; Abner, Erin L.; Jicha, Gregory A.; Patel, Ela; Thomason, Paula C.; Neltner, Janna H.; Smith, Charles D.; Santacruz, Karen S.; Sonnen, Joshua A.; Poon, Leonard W.; Gearing, Marla; Green, Robert C.; Woodard, John L.; Van Eldik, Linda J.; Kryscio, Richard J.

doi:10.1093/brain/awr053

Cited by 279Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research

Hippocampal sclerosis in advanced age: clinical and pathological features

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Nelson, Peter T., Schmitt, Frederick A., Lin, Yushun, Abner, Erin L., Jicha, Gregory A., Patel, Ela, Thomason, Paula C., Neltner, Janna H. +9 more·2011·Brain

DOI 10.1093/brain/awr053PMC PMC3097889

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Abstract

Hippocampal sclerosis is a relatively common neuropathological finding (∼10% of individuals over the age of 85 years) characterized by cell loss and gliosis in the hippocampus that is not explained by Alzheimer's disease. Hippocampal sclerosis pathology can be associated with different underlying causes, and we refer to hippocampal sclerosis in the aged brain as hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing. Much remains unknown about hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing. We combined three different large autopsy cohorts: University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Centre, the Nun Study and the Georgia Centenarian Study to obtain a pool of 1110 patients, all of whom were evaluated neuropathologically at the University of Kentucky. We focused on the subset of cases with neuropathology-confirmed hippocampal sclerosis (n=106). For individuals aged≥95 years at death (n=179 in our sample), each year of life beyond the age of 95 years correlated with increased prevalence of hippocampal sclerosis pathology and decreased prevalence of 'definite' Alzheimer's disease pathology. Aberrant TAR DNA protein 43 immunohistochemistry was seen in 89.9% of hippocampal sclerosis positive patients compared with 9.7% of hippocampal sclerosis negative patients. TAR DNA protein 43 immunohistochemistry can be used to demonstrate that the disease is usually bilateral even when hippocampal sclerosis pathology is not obvious by haematoxylin and eosin stains. TAR DNA protein 43 immunohistochemistry was negative on brain sections from younger individuals (n=10) after hippocampectomy due to seizures, who had pathologically confirmed hippocampal sclerosis. There was no association between cases with hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing and apolipoprotein E genotype. Age of death and clinical features of hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing (with or without aberrant TAR DNA protein 43) were distinct from previously published cases of frontotemporal lobar degeneration TAR DNA protein 43. To help sharpen our ability to discriminate patients with hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing clinically, the longitudinal cognitive profile of 43 patients with hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing was compared with the profiles of 75 controls matched for age, gender, education level and apolipoprotein E genotype. These individuals were followed from intake assessment, with 8.2 (average) longitudinal cognitive assessments. A neuropsychological profile with relatively high-verbal fluency but low word list recall distinguished the hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing group at intake (P<0.015) and also 5.5-6.5 years before death (P<0.005). This may provide a first step in clinical differentiation of hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing versus pure Alzheimer's disease in their earliest stages. In summary, in the largest series of autopsy-verified patients with hippocampal sclerosis to date, we characterized the clinical and pathological features associated with hippocampal sclerosis associated with ageing.

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Relatively isolated HS in very old individuals is associated with TDP-43-immunoreactive inclusions and with cognitive impairment.
“Relatively isolated HS may occur in very old individuals, and in this context it is associated with TDP-43-immunoreactive inclusions and with cognitive impairment [45,47].”
From National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease: a practical approach (2012) · cites this paper as [47]
Relatively isolated HS may occur in very old individuals.
“Relatively isolated HS may occur in very old individuals, and in this context it is associated with TDP-43-immunoreactive inclusions and with cognitive impairment [45,47].”
From National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease: a practical approach (2012) · cites this paper as [47]

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National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease
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“Relatively isolated HS may occur in very old individuals, and in this context it is associated with TDP-43–immunoreactive inclusions and with cognitive impairment [45, 47].”
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Correlation of Alzheimer Disease Neuropathologic Changes With Cognitive Status: A Review of the Literature
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“Examples of these include hippocampal sclerosis (a prevalent disease that plays a strong deleterious role in extreme old age and is distinct from the disease linked to epilepsy in younger individuals [211]), α-synucleinopathies, hematomas, argyrophilic grain disease, neuropsychiatric disorders and their therapies, fai…”
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Alzheimer's disease
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Neuropathologically defined subtypes of Alzheimer's disease with distinct clinical characteristics: a retrospective study
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TDP-43 is a key player in the clinical features associated with Alzheimer’s disease
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TDP-43 Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease
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Molecular pathology of neurodegenerative diseases: principles and practice
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Review: An update on clinical, genetic and pathological aspects of frontotemporal lobar degenerations
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Combined neuropathological pathways account for age‐related risk of dementia
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Hippocampal sclerosis of aging, a prevalent and high-morbidity brain disease
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University of Kentucky Sanders-Brown Healthy Brain Aging Volunteers: Donor Characteristics, Procedures and Neuropathology
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Brain injury biomarkers are not dependent on β‐amyloid in normal elderly
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Neuropathologic comorbidity and cognitive impairment in the Nun and Honolulu-Asia Aging Studies
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The Contribution of Tau, Amyloid-Beta and Alpha-Synuclein Pathology to Dementia in Lewy Body Disorders
Irwin, D. J., & Hurtig, H. I. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Parkinsonism · doi:10.4172/2161-0460.1000444 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“New Old Pathologies”: AD, PART, and Cerebral Age-Related TDP-43 With Sclerosis (CARTS)
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Perforant path synaptic loss correlates with cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease in the oldest-old
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TDP-43 pathological changes in early onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, late onset Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s Syndrome: association with age, hippocampal sclerosis and clinical phenotype
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Recent update on the heterogeneity of the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum
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TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 and pathological subtype of Alzheimer's disease impact clinical features
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Neuropathological diagnoses and clinical correlates in older adults in Brazil: A cross-sectional study
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Differential clinicopathologic and Genetic features of late-onset amnestic dementias
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Evaluation of TDP-43 proteinopathy and hippocampal sclerosis in relation to APOE ε4 haplotype status: a community-based cohort study
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The Amygdala as a Locus of Pathologic Misfolding in Neurodegenerative Diseases
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The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association Research Framework for Alzheimer's disease: Perspectives from the Research Roundtable
Knopman, D. S., Haeberlein, S. B., Carrillo, M. C., Hendrix, J. A., Kerchner, G., Margolin, R. A., Maruff, P. T., Miller, D. S., Tong, G., Tome, M. B., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.03.002 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
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Review: Neurodegenerative processes in temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: Clinical, pathological and neuroimaging evidence
Tai, X. Y., Bernhardt, B. C., Thom, M., Thompson, P. J., Baxendale, S., Koepp, M. J., & Bernasconi, N. (2017) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12458 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
CDC7 inhibition blocks pathological TDP‐43 phosphorylation and neurodegeneration
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The basis of clinicopathological heterogeneity in TDP-43 proteinopathy
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Arteriolosclerosis that affects multiple brain regions is linked to hippocampal sclerosis of ageing
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Varied effects of age-related neuropathologies on the trajectory of late life cognitive decline
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Epigenomics of Alzheimer's disease
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Is synaptic loss a unique hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease?
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Early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: new definitions and challenges
Pais, M. V., Martinez, L. D., Ribeiro, O. G., Loureiro, J. C., Fernandez, R., Valiengo, L. D. C. L., Canineu, P. R., Stella, F., Talib, L. L., Radanovic, M., et al. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0735 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
TDP-43 proteinopathies: pathological identification of brain regions differentiating clinical phenotypes
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FDG-PET in tau-negative amnestic dementia resembles that of autopsy-proven hippocampal sclerosis
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Neuropathologic, genetic, and longitudinal cognitive profiles in primary age-related tauopathy (PART) and Alzheimer's disease
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FUS regulates genes coding for RNA-binding proteins in neurons by binding to their highly conserved introns
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Examination of the Clinicopathologic Continuum of Alzheimer Disease in the Autopsy Cohort of the National Alzheimer Coordinating Center
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Dementia in the oldest old: a multi-factorial and growing public health issue
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Outcomes after diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment in a large autopsy series
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Identification of genes associated with dissociation of cognitive performance and neuropathological burden: Multistep analysis of genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional data
White, C. C., Yang, H., Yu, L., Chibnik, L. B., Dawe, R. J., Yang, J., Klein, H., Felsky, D., Ramos‐Miguel, A., Arfanakis, K., et al. (2017) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002287 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Limbic Predominant Age-Related TDP-43 Encephalopathy (LATE): Clinical and Neuropathological Associations
Besser, L. M., Teylan, M., & Nelson, P. T. (2019) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlz126 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
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Authors: Nelson, P. T., Schmitt, F. A., Lin, Y., Abner, E. L., Jicha, G. A., Patel, E., Thomason, P. C., Neltner, J. H., Smith, C. D., Santacruz, K. S., Sonnen, J. A., Poon, L. W., Gearing, M., Green, R. C., Woodard, J. L., Van Eldik, L. J., & Kryscio, R. J.
Affiliations: University of Kentucky (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
University of Washington (US)
University of Georgia (US)
Emory University (US)
Boston University (US)
Wayne State University (US)
ORCID: Nelson, Peter T.
Schmitt, Frederick A.
Abner, Erin L.
Jicha, Gregory A.
Neltner, Janna H.
Smith, Charles D.
Sonnen, Joshua A.
Gearing, Marla
Green, Robert C.
Woodard, John L.
Kryscio, Richard J.
Venue: Brain
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2011-05
Volume: 134
Issue: 5
Pages: 1506-1518
ISSN: 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
1460-2156
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr053
PMC: PMC3097889
OpenAlex: W2059980851
Cited by: 279
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 12.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Brain (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of Kentucky
National Institute on Aging (R01AG019241, P01-AG17553, R01 AG19241, P30AG028383, U01AG016976, P01AG017553, K24AG027841)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS061933, K08NS050110)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Research
Keywords: hippocampal sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, centenarians, gliosis, APOE genotype, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, cognitive profile, verbal fluency, word list recall, neuropathology, brain aging, differential diagnosis of dementia, Nun Study, Georgia Centenarian Study
MeSH terms: Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, DNA-Binding Proteins, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Male, Mental Status Schedule, Neuropsychological Tests, Sclerosis, Cohort Studies

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Hippocampal sclerosis in advanced age: clinical and pathological features

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