Cited by 194Visual perception and processing mechanismsTactile and Sensory InteractionsFunctional Brain Connectivity Studies

Functional connectivity of visual cortex in the blind follows retinotopic organization principles

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Striem-Amit, Ella, Ovadia-Caro, Smadar, Caramazza, Alfonso, Margulies, Daniel S., Villringer, Arno, Amedi, Amir·2015·Brain

Abstract

Is visual input during critical periods of development crucial for the emergence of the fundamental topographical mapping of the visual cortex? And would this structure be retained throughout life-long blindness or would it fade as a result of plastic, use-based reorganization? We used functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging based on intrinsic blood oxygen level-dependent fluctuations to investigate whether significant traces of topographical mapping of the visual scene in the form of retinotopic organization, could be found in congenitally blind adults. A group of 11 fully and congenitally blind subjects and 18 sighted controls were studied. The blind demonstrated an intact functional connectivity network structural organization of the three main retinotopic mapping axes: eccentricity (centre-periphery), laterality (left-right), and elevation (upper-lower) throughout the retinotopic cortex extending to high-level ventral and dorsal streams, including characteristic eccentricity biases in face- and house-selective areas. Functional connectivity-based topographic organization in the visual cortex was indistinguishable from the normally sighted retinotopic functional connectivity structure as indicated by clustering analysis, and was found even in participants who did not have a typical retinal development in utero (microphthalmics). While the internal structural organization of the visual cortex was strikingly similar, the blind exhibited profound differences in functional connectivity to other (non-visual) brain regions as compared to the sighted, which were specific to portions of V1. Central V1 was more connected to language areas but peripheral V1 to spatial attention and control networks. These findings suggest that current accounts of critical periods and experience-dependent development should be revisited even for primary sensory areas, in that the connectivity basis for visual cortex large-scale topographical organization can develop without any visual experience and be retained through life-long experience-dependent plasticity. Furthermore, retinotopic divisions of labour, such as that between the visual cortex regions normally representing the fovea and periphery, also form the basis for topographically-unique plastic changes in the blind.

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  1. Wandell BA Dumoulin SO Brewer AA Visual field maps in human cortex Neuron 2007b 56 366 83 17964252

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Authors
Striem-Amit, E., Ovadia-Caro, S., Caramazza, A., Margulies, D. S., Villringer, A., & Amedi, A.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
  • Institut de la Vision (FR)
Corresponding author
  • Striem-Amit, Ella
  • Amedi, Amir
Venue
Brain
Published
2015-04-13
Volume
138
Issue
6
Pages
1679-1695
ISSN
  • 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2156
OpenAlex
W2119322319
Cited by
194
References
118
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 9
FWCI
11.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Brain (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • James S. McDonnell Foundation (220020284)
  • Berlin School of Mind and Brain
  • Gatsby Charitable Foundation
  • Israel Science Foundation (ISF 1684/08, 1684/08)
  • FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (310809)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Keywords
congenital blindness, visual cortex, retinotopic organization, functional connectivity, topographic mapping, critical period, experience-dependent plasticity, primary visual cortex, microphthalmia, face-selective areas, spatial attention
MeSH terms
Adult, Blindness, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Retina, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult, Functional Neuroimaging

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