Inferring mental states from neuroimaging data: from reverse inference to large-scale decoding
Open accessAbstract
A common goal of neuroimaging research is to use imaging data to identify the mental processes that are engaged when a subject performs a mental task. The use of reasoning from activation to mental functions, known as "reverse inference," has been previously criticized on the basis that it does not take into account how selectively the area is activated by the mental process in question. In this Perspective, I outline the critique of informal reverse inference and describe a number of new developments that provide the ability to more formally test the predictive power of neuroimaging data.
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Mental processes rarely map one-to-one onto single brain regions; instead, distributed networks jointly support a function.
“simple one-to-one mappings between mental processes and brain regions are rare – instead, entire networks of regions interactively support a given function [75].”
From Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [75]
The literature lacks selective mappings between brain structure and function and between brain and behavior.
“the lack of selective structure-function mappings and brain-behavior mappings [18,56,75]”
From Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [75]
An important limitation of the interpretation of the ventral striatum as coding reward is the problem of reverse inference (i.e., inferring cognitive states solely from the activation of a particular brain area).
“However, an important limitation of the interpretation of the ventral striatum as coding reward is the problem of reverse inference (i.e., inferring cognitive states solely from the activation of a particular brain area; Poldrack, 2011).”
From Dopaminergic reward sensitivity can promote adolescent health: a new perspective on the mechanism of ventral striatum activation (2016) · cites this paper as Poldrack, 2011
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“These interpretations frequently rest on correlational evidence (O’Reilly et al. 2012; Poldrack 2011).”
- Authors
- Poldrack, R. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Poldrack, Russell A.
- ORCID
- Poldrack, Russell A.
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 692-697
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3240863
- OpenAlex
- W2162381025
- Cited by
- 821
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 118 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 13.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 594 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (OCI-1131441)
- National Institutes of Health (RO1MH082795)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- reverse inference, mental state inference, brain decoding, selective activation, predictive validity, neuroimaging interpretation
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Humans, Mental Processes, Neuroimaging
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