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Epigenetic reprogramming in mammals

Morgan, Hugh D., Santos, Fátima, Green, Kelly, Dean, Wendy, Reik, Wolf·2005·Human Molecular Genetics
DOI 10.1093/hmg/ddi114
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Abstract

Epigenetic marking systems confer stability of gene expression during mammalian development. Genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming occurs at stages when developmental potency of cells changes. At fertilization, the paternal genome exchanges protamines for histones, undergoes DNA demethylation, and acquires histone modifications, whereas the maternal genome appears epigenetically more static. During preimplantation development, there is passive DNA demethylation and further reorganization of histone modifications. In blastocysts, embryonic and extraembryonic lineages first show different epigenetic marks. This epigenetic reprogramming is likely to be needed for totipotency, correct initiation of embryonic gene expression, and early lineage development in the embryo. Comparative work demonstrates reprogramming in all mammalian species analysed, but the extent and timing varies, consistent with notable differences between species during preimplantation development. Parental imprinting marks originate in sperm and oocytes and are generally protected from this genome-wide reprogramming. Early primordial germ cells possess imprinting marks similar to those of somatic cells. However, rapid DNA demethylation after midgestation erases these parental imprints, in preparation for sex-specific de novo methylation during gametogenesis. Aberrant reprogramming of somatic epigenetic marks after somatic cell nuclear transfer leads to epigenetic defects in cloned embryos and stem cells. Links between epigenetic marking systems appear to be developmentally regulated contributing to plasticity. A number of activities that confer epigenetic marks are firmly established, while for those that remove marks, particularly methylation, some interesting candidates have emerged recently which need thorough testing in vivo. A mechanistic understanding of reprogramming will be crucial for medical applications of stem cell technology.

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Cited by

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Metadata

Authors
Morgan, H. D., Santos, F., Green, K., Dean, W., & Reik, W.
Venue
Human Molecular Genetics
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2005-04-15
Volume
14
Issue
suppl_1
Pages
R47-R58
ISSN
  • 0964-6906 (ISSN-L)
  • 1460-2083
DOI
10.1093/hmg/ddi114
OpenAlex
W2127431151
Cited by
1,342
References
6
FWCI
28.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Epigenetic reprogramming in mammals. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/hmg/ddi114
The paper
Morgan, H. D., Santos, F., Green, K., Dean, W., & Reik, W. (2005). Epigenetic reprogramming in mammals. Human Molecular Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddi114

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.