Signaling Pathways and Molecular Mechanisms through which Branched-Chain Amino Acids Mediate Translational Control of Protein Synthesis

TSC2 is phosphorylated and inhibited by Akt and suppresses mTOR signalling

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Rheb GTPase is a direct target of TSC2 GAP activity and regulates mTOR signaling

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Tuberous sclerosis complex-1 and -2 gene products function together to inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated downstream signaling

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Rheb Binds Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 (TSC2) and Promotes S6 Kinase Activation in a Rapamycin- and Farnesylation-dependent Manner

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Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men

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The mTOR Signalling Pathway in Human Cancer

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The mTOR pathway in the control of protein synthesis

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International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: protein and exercise

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Glucocorticoid-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy

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Skeletal Muscle Regulates Metabolism via Interorgan Crosstalk: Roles in Health and Disease

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Dietary protein for athletes: From requirements to optimum adaptation

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Signalling to translation: How signal transduction pathways control the protein synthetic machinery

Proud, C. G. (2007) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20070024 · Cited by 520

Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy

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Effects of leucine and its metabolite β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle protein metabolism

Wilkinson, D. J., Hossain, T., Hill, D. S., Phillips, B. E., Crossland, H., Williams, J., Loughna, P., Churchward‐Venne, T. A., Breen, L., Phillips, S. M., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253203 · Cited by 484

mTOR Complex1–S6K1 signaling: at the crossroads of obesity, diabetes and cancer

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Arginine Metabolism Revisited

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Immobilization induces anabolic resistance in human myofibrillar protein synthesis with low and high dose amino acid infusion

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Exercise training and protein metabolism: influences of contraction, protein intake, and sex-based differences

Burd, N. A., Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91351.2008 · Cited by 390

Nutrient signalling in the regulation of human muscle protein synthesis

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Leucine-enriched nutrients and the regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin signalling and human skeletal muscle protein synthesis

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Rapid aminoacidemia enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic intramuscular signaling responses after resistance exercise

West, D. W., Burd, N. A., Coffey, V. G., Baker, S. K., Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Moore, D. R., Stellingwerff, T., & Phillips, S. M. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.013722 · Cited by 264

The Role of Milk- and Soy-Based Protein in Support of Muscle Protein Synthesis and Muscle Protein Accretion in Young and Elderly Persons

Phillips, S. M., Tang, J. E., & Moore, D. R. (2009) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10718096 · Cited by 243

Branched-chain amino acids and brain metabolism

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Protein kinase B/Akt: a nexus of growth factor and cytokine signaling in determining muscle mass

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Regulation of cyclin D1 expression by mTORC1 signaling requires eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1

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The response of muscle protein synthesis following whole-body resistance exercise is greater following 40 g than 20 g of ingested whey protein.

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Whey and casein labeled with l-[1-13C]leucine and muscle protein synthesis: effect of resistance exercise and protein ingestion

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Amino acids inhibit Agrp gene expression via an mTOR-dependent mechanism

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The Integrative Role of CNS Fuel-Sensing Mechanisms in Energy Balance and Glucose Regulation

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Acute energy deprivation affects skeletal muscle protein synthesis and associated intracellular signaling proteins in physically active adults

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The impact of protein quality on the promotion of resistance exercise-induced changes in muscle mass

Phillips, S. M. (2016) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0124-8 · Cited by 168

Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation Before Squat Exercise and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness

Shimomura, Y., Inaguma, A., Watanabe, S., Yamamoto, Y., Muramatsu, Y., Bajotto, G., Sato, J., Shimomura, N., Kobayashi, H., & Mawatari, K. (2010) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.236 · Cited by 166

Leucine partially protects muscle mass and function during bed rest in middle-aged adults

English, K. L., Mettler, J. A., Ellison, J. B., Mamerow, M. M., Arentson-Lantz, E., Pattarini, J. M., Ploutz-Snyder, R., Sheffield-Moore, M., & Paddon-Jones, D. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.112359 · Cited by 162

Branched-Chain Amino Acid Ingestion Stimulates Muscle Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis following Resistance Exercise in Humans

Jackman, S. R., Witard, O. C., Philp, A., Wallis, G. A., Baar, K., & Tipton, K. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00390 · Cited by 145

Hypoenergetic diet-induced reductions in myofibrillar protein synthesis are restored with resistance training and balanced daily protein ingestion in older men

Murphy, C. H., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Mitchell, C. J., Kolar, N. M., Kassis, A., Karagounis, L. G., Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00550.2014 · Cited by 124

Is Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation an Efficient Nutritional Strategy to Alleviate Skeletal Muscle Damage? A Systematic Review

Fouré, A., & Bendahan, D. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9101047 · Cited by 116

Skeletal muscle protein balance and metabolism in the elderly

S. Fry, C., & B. Rasmussen, B. (2011) · Current Aging Sciencee · doi:10.2174/1874609811104030260 · Cited by 111

Rapid Turnover of the mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) Repressor REDD1 and Activation of mTORC1 Signaling following Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

Kimball, S. R., Do, A. N. D., Kutzler, L., Cavener, D. R., & Jefferson, L. S. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m706643200 · Cited by 106

Branched-Chain Amino Acids Reduce Hindlimb Suspension-Induced Muscle Atrophy and Protein Levels of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in Rats

Maki, T., Yamamoto, D., Nakanishi, S., Iida, K., Iguchi, G., Takahashi, Y., Kaji, H., Chihara, K., & Okimura, Y. (2012) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.07.005 · Cited by 85

Isolated Leucine and Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation for Enhancing Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy: A Narrative Review

Plotkin, D. L., Delcastillo, K., Van Every, D. W., Tipton, K. D., Aragon, A. A., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2021) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0356 · Cited by 80

Enoyl-CoA hydratase-1 regulates mTOR signaling and apoptosis by sensing nutrients

Zhang, Y.-K., Qu, Y.-Y., Lin, Y., Wu, X.-H., Chen, H.-Z., Wang, X., Zhou, K.-Q., Wei, Y., Guo, F., Yao, C.-F., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00489-5 · Cited by 68

Skeletal Muscle Recovery from Disuse Atrophy: Protein Turnover Signaling and Strategies for Accelerating Muscle Regrowth

Mirzoev, T. M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21217940 · Cited by 65

Supplemental dietary leucine and the skeletal muscle anabolic response to essential amino acids: Nutrition Reviews©, Vol. ••, No. ••

Pasiakos, S. M., & McClung, J. P. (2011) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00420.x · Cited by 53

Pharmaconutrition Review: Physiological Mechanisms

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Muscle strength gains during resistance exercise training are attenuated with soy compared with dairy or usual protein intake in older adults: A randomized controlled trial

Thomson, R. L., Brinkworth, G. D., Noakes, M., & Buckley, J. D. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2015.01.018 · Cited by 50

Current opinion on dietary advice in order to preserve fat-free mass during a low-calorie diet

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Effect of Creatine Supplementation Dosing Strategies on Aging Muscle Performance

Chami, J., & Candow, D. G. (2019) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1148-8 · Cited by 27

Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation Ameliorates Angiotensin II-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy

Yamanashi, K., Kinugawa, S., Fukushima, A., Kakutani, N., Takada, S., Obata, Y., Nakano, I., Yokota, T., Kitaura, Y., Shimomura, Y., et al. (2020) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117593 · Cited by 25

Effects of whey protein supplementation on adiposity, body weight, and glycemic parameters: A synthesis of evidence

Giglio, B. M., Lobo, P. C. B., & Pimentel, G. D. (2023) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.014 · Cited by 18

Role of Protein and Hydrolysates before Exercise

Tipton, K. D. (2007) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.s1.s77 · Cited by 16

Functional evaluation of synbiotic combination of Kluyveromyces marxianus and Lentilactobacillus kefiri derived from milk kefir using multi-omics approaches

Lim, S. H., Mun, D., Ryu, S., Kang, M.-G., Kang, A., Lee, D. J., Seo, E., Son, S.-H., Kim, S., Jang, K. B., et al. (2025) · Current Research in Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.crfs.2025.101188 · Cited by 5