Neuron-specific ELAV/Hu proteins suppress HuR mRNA during neuronal differentiation by alternative polyadenylation
Open accessAbstract
The ubiquitously expressed RNA-binding protein HuR increases the stability and translation of mRNAs encoding growth regulatory proteins that promote proliferation in a variety of cell types. However, the three neuron-specific ELAV/Hu proteins, HuB, HuC and HuD, while binding to the same types of mRNAs, are required instead for neuronal differentiation, and it becomes difficult to reconcile these contrary functions when all four Hu proteins are expressed in the same neuron. HuR mRNA exists as three alternatively polyadenylated variants, a 1.5-kb testes-specific mRNA isoform, a ubiquitous 2.4-kb isoform and a 6.0-kb isoform that we now show is induced during neuronal differentiation and appears to be neuron-specific. This 6.0-kb neuron-specific mRNA isoform is inherently less stable and produces less HuR protein than the ubiquitous 2.4-kb mRNA. Furthermore, we show that neuronal HuB, HuC and HuD, as well as HuR itself, can bind at the 2.4-kb mRNA polyadenylation site, and when overexpressed can affect alternative polyadenylation to generate an extended HuR 3'-UTR that is translationally suppressed. We propose that the regulation of HuR protein expression by alternative polyadenylation allows neurons to post-transcriptionally regulate mRNAs-encoding factors required for proliferation versus differentiation to facilitate neuronal differentiation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
All four Hu members bind and block U-rich sequences near the 2.4-kb polyadenylation site and thereby promote expression of the 6.0-kb HuR transcript.
“All four Hu members were found to bind and block U-rich sequences near the 2.4-kb polyadenylation site and thereby promote expression of the 6.0-kb transcript.”
From Emerging complexity of the HuD/ELAVl4 gene; implications for neuronal development, function, and dysfunction (2013) · cites this paper as Mansfield and Keene 2011
The Results report that all four Hu proteins bind near the 2.4-kb polyadenylation site and that Hu-protein overexpression increases the 6.0-kb HuR transcript. But the Results describe interference with polyadenylation as potential and say they could not definitively prove a direct effect. The claim overstates the evidence by saying all four were found to block the site and thereby promote the longer transcript. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAll four Hu proteins differentially regulate alternative polyadenylation of HuR in neurons.
“Moreover, all four Hu proteins were recently demonstrated to differentially regulate alternative polyadenylation of HuR in neurons (Mansfield and Keene 2011; also see Dai et al. 2012).”
From Emerging complexity of the HuD/ELAVl4 gene; implications for neuronal development, function, and dysfunction (2013) · cites this paper as Mansfield and Keene 2011
The Introduction (page unavailable) says all four Hu proteins can drive alternative polyadenylation of HuR mRNA to produce a neuron-specific isoform. However, the regulation experiments were conducted in HEK293T cells, not neurons, and the Discussion describes the proteins’ differing efficiencies as an observation that remains to be rigorously tested. The source therefore does not establish that all four differentially regulate HuR polyadenylation in neurons. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHuR mRNA has three polyadenylation variants (1.5, 2.4, and 6.0 kb) that differ in 3′ UTR length.
“Mansfield and Keene showed that there are three different HuR mRNA polyadenylation variants (1.5, 2.4, and 6.0 kb), which differ in 3′ UTR length.”
From Emerging complexity of the HuD/ELAVl4 gene; implications for neuronal development, function, and dysfunction (2013) · cites this paper as Mansfield and Keene 2011
The 6.0-kb HuR variant is less stable and not as efficiently translated as the 2.4-kb transcript.
“Since the 6.0-kb variant is less stable and not as efficiently translated as the 2.4-kb transcript, the authors postulated that the reduction of HuR expression prevents HuR’s ability to promote proliferation and thereby permits neurons to terminally differentiate (Mansfield and Keene 2011).”
From Emerging complexity of the HuD/ELAVl4 gene; implications for neuronal development, function, and dysfunction (2013) · cites this paper as Mansfield and Keene 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
BioGPS: an extensible and customizable portal for querying and organizing gene annotation resources
Wu, C., Orozco, C., Boyer, J., Leglise, M., Goodale, J., Batalov, S., Hodge, C. L., Haase, J., Janes, J. O., Huss, J. W., et al. (2009) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2009-10-11-r130 · Cited by 1,374 · see citing works
An extensive network of coupling among gene expression machines
Maniatis, T., & Reed, R. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/416499a · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works
Brennan, C. M., & Steitz*, J. A. (2001) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/pl00000854 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
A large-scale analysis of mRNA polyadenylation of human and mouse genes
Tian, B. (2005) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gki158 · Cited by 944 · see citing works
RNA stabilization by the AU‐rich element binding protein, HuR, an ELAV protein
Peng, S., Chen, C. A., Xu, N., & Shyu, A. (1998) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/17.12.3461 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Transcriptome-wide Analysis of Regulatory Interactions of the RNA-Binding Protein HuR
Lebedeva, S., Jens, M., Theil, K., Schwanhäusser, B., Selbach, M., Landthaler, M., & Rajewsky, N. (2011) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.008 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Mukherjee, N., Corcoran, D. L., Nusbaum, J. D., Reid, D. W., Georgiev, S., Hafner, M., Ascano, M., Tuschl, T., Ohler, U., & Keene, J. D. (2011) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.007 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Self-citationJi, Z., Lee, J. Y., Pan, Z., Jiang, B., & Tian, B. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0900028106 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Diverse molecular functions of Hu proteins
Hinman, M. N., & Lou, H. (2008) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-008-8252-6 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
HuR recruits let-7/RISC to repress c-Myc expressionPreprint
Kim, H. H., Kuwano, Y., Srikantan, S., Lee, E. K., Martindale, J. L., & Gorospe, M. (2009) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1812509 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
HNS, a nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling sequence in HuR
Fan, X. C., & STEITZ, J. A. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15293 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
A quantitative analysis of CLIP methods for identifying binding sites of RNA-binding proteins
Kishore, S., Jaśkiewicz, Ł., Burger, L., Hausser, J., Khorshid, M., & Zavolan, M. (2011) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1608 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Eukaryotic mRNPs May Represent Posttranscriptional Operons
Keene, J. D., & Tenenbaum, S. A. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00559-2 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Self-citationHuR regulates cyclin A and cyclin B1 mRNA stability during cell proliferation
Wang, W., Caldwell, M. C., Lin, S., Furneaux, H., & Gorospe, M. (2000) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/19.10.2340 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
RNA-binding protein HuR enhances p53 translation in response to ultraviolet light irradiation
Mazan-Mamczarz, K., Galbán, S., de Silanes, I. L., Martindale, J. L., Atasoy, U., Keene, J. D., & Gorospe, M. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1432104100 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Self-citationExpression analysis of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in mouse macrophages
Lattin, J. E., Schroder, K., Su, A. I., Walker, J. R., Zhang, J., Wiltshire, T., Saijo, K., Glass, C. K., Hume, D. A., Kellie, S., et al. (2008) · Immunome Research · doi:10.1186/1745-7580-4-5 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Complex and dynamic landscape of RNA polyadenylation revealed by PAS-Seq
Shepard, P. J., Choi, E., Lu, J., Flanagan, L. A., Hertel, K. J., & Shi, Y. (2011) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.2581711 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Identifying mRNA subsets in messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes by using cDNA arrays
Tenenbaum, S. A., Carson, C. C., Lager, P. J., & Keene, J. D. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.26.14085 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Self-citationA Hierarchy of Hu RNA Binding Proteins in Developing and Adult Neurons
Okano, H. J., & Darnell, R. B. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-09-03024.1997 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Levine, T., Gao, F., King, P. H., Andrews, L. G., & Keene, J. D. (1993) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.13.6.3494 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Self-citationA conserved family of elav-like genes in vertebrates.
Good, P. J. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.10.4557 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Why is Hu where? Shuttling of early-response-gene messenger RNA subsets
Keene, J. D. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.1.5 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of the RNA-binding protein HuR in colon carcinogenesis
de Silanes, I. L., Fan, J., Yang, X., Zonderman, A. B., Potapova, O., Pizer, E. S., & Gorospe, M. (2003) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206862 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Akamatsu, W., Okano, H. J., Osumi, N., Inoue, T., Nakamura, S., Sakakibara, S., Miura, M., Matsuo, N., Darnell, R. B., & Okano, H. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.17.9885 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Sequential expression and role of Hu RNA-binding proteins during neurogenesis
Wakamatsu, Y., & Weston, J. A. (1997) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.124.17.3449 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Antic, D., & Keene, J. D. (1997) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/514866 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationKeene, J. D. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.111145598 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationAtasoy, U., Watson, J., Patel, D. D., & Keene, J. D. (1998) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.111.21.3145 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationThe RNA-binding protein HuD regulates neuronal cell identity and maturation
Akamatsu, W., Fujihara, H., Mitsuhashi, T., Yano, M., Shibata, S., Hayakawa, Y., Okano, H. J., Sakakibara, S.-I., Takano, H., Takano, T., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0407523102 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Cytoplasmic HuR Expression Is a Prognostic Factor in Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma
Heinonen, M., Bono, P., Narko, K., Chang, S.-H., Lundin, J. E., Joensuu, H., Furneaux, H., Hla, T., Haglund, C. H., & Ristimäki, A. (2005) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3765 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
From embryonal carcinoma cells to neurons: The P19 pathway
Bain, G., Ray, W. J., Yao, M., & Gottlieb, D. I. (1994) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.950160509 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Katsanou, V., Milatos, S., Yiakouvaki, A., Sgantzis, N., Kotsoni, A., Alexiou, M. V., Harokopos, V., Aidinis, V., Hemberger, M., & Kontoyiannis, D. L. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.01393-08 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Antic, D., Lu, N., & Keene, J. D. (1999) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.13.4.449 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationPullmann, R., Kim, H. H., Abdelmohsen, K., Lal, A., Martindale, J. L., Yang, X., & Gorospe, M. (2007) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.00500-07 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Jain, R. G., Andrews, L. G., McGowan, K. M., Pekala, P. H., & Keene, J. D. (1997) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.17.2.954 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationEssential role of the RNA-binding protein HuR in progenitor cell survival in mice
Ghosh, M., Aguila, H. L., Michaud, J. E., Ai, Y., Wu, M.-T., Hemmes, A., Ristimaki, A. P., Guo, C., Furneaux, H., & Hla, T. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci38263 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Pascale, A., Gusev, P. A., Amadio, M., Dottorini, T., Govoni, S., Alkon, D. L., & Quattrone, A. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0307674100 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
King, P. H., Levine, T., Fremeau, R. T., & Keene, J. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-04-01943.1994 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationDefining a neuron: neuronal ELAV proteins
Pascale, A., Amadio, M., & Quattrone, A. (2008) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-007-7017-y · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Gao, F., Carson, C. C., Levine, T., & Keene, J. D. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.23.11207 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationDai, W., Zhang, G., & Makeyev, E. V. (2011) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkr783 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Alternative mRNA polyadenylation in eukaryotes: an effective regulator of gene expression
Lutz, C. S., & Moreira, A. (2010) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.47 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Neural-specific elongation of 3′ UTRs during Drosophila development
Hilgers, V., Perry, M., Hendrix, D. A., Stark, A., Levine, M., & Haley, B. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1112672108 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Aranda-Abreu, G. E., Behar, L., Chung, S., Furneaux, H., & Ginzburg, I. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-16-06907.1999 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Zhou, H.-L., Hinman, M. N., Barron, V. A., Geng, C., Zhou, G., Luo, G., Siegel, R. E., & Lou, H. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1103344108 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Hu Proteins Regulate Polyadenylation by Blocking Sites Containing U-rich Sequences
Zhu, H., Zhou, H.-L., Hasman, R. A., & Lou, H. J. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m609349200 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Gao, F., & Keene, J. D. (1996) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.109.3.579 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationYan, J., & Marr, T. G. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.3109605 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
A Nuclear Function of Hu Proteins as Neuron-specific Alternative RNA Processing Regulators
Zhu, H., Hasman, R. A., Barron, V. A., Luo, G., & Lou, H. (2006) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e06-02-0099 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Al‐Ahmadi, W., Alghamdi, M. A., Al‐Haj, L., Al‐Saif, M., & Khabar, K. S. A. (2009) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp223 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Post-transcriptional gene regulation by HuR promotes a more tumorigenic phenotype
Mazan-Mamczarz, K., Hagner, P. R., Corl, S., Srikantan, S., Wood, W. H., Becker, K. G., Gorospe, M., Keene, J. D., Levenson, A. S., & Gartenhaus, R. B. (2008) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2008.215 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationPrognostic Role of HuR in Hereditary Breast Cancer
Heinonen, M., Fagerholm, R., Aaltonen, K., Kilpivaara, O., Aittomäki, K., BLOMQVIST, C. P., Heikkilä, P., Haglund, C. H., Nevanlinna, H. A., & Ristimaki, A. P. (2007) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1432 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
The ribonome: a dominant force in co‐ordinating gene expression
Mansfield, K. D., & Keene, J. D. (2009) · Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1042/bc20080055 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationMasuda, K., Marasa, B. S., Martindale, J. L., Halushka, M. K., & Gorospe, M. (2009) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100073 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Good, P. J. (1997) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/scdb.1997.0183 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Gene Expression and Isoform Variation Analysis using Affymetrix Exon Arrays
Bemmo, A., Benovoy, D., Kwan, T., Gaffney, D. J., Jensen, R. V., & Majewski, J. (2008) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-529 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Activity‐dependent expression of ELAV/Hu RBPs and neuronal mRNAs in seizure and cocaine brain
Tiruchinapalli, D. M., Caron, M. G., & Keene, J. D. (2008) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05718.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationPromotion of exon 6 inclusion in HuD pre-mRNA by Hu protein family members
Wang, H., Molfenter, J., Zhu, H., & Lou, H. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkq028 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Datta, K., Mondal, S., Sinha, S., Li, J., Wang, E., Knebelmann, B., Karumanchi, S. A., & Mukhopadhyay, D. (2005) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208912 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Neural cells derived by in vitro differentiation of P19 and embryonic stem cells.
Bain, G., & Gottlieb, D. I. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cho, N. H., Kang, S., Hong, S., An, H. J., Choi, Y. H., Jeong, G., & Choi, H. K. (2005) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.02.026 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Cell-specific regulation of Fas exon 6 splicing mediated by Hu antigen R
Izquierdo, J. M. (2010) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.025 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ha, K., Coulombe‐Huntington, J., & Majewski, J. (2009) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-519 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sommer, S., Cui, Y., Brewer, G., & Fuqua, S. A. W. (2005) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.09.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Posttranscriptional Generation of Macromolecular Complexes
Keene, J. D. (2003) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00496-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationBosio, A., & Gerstmayer, B. (2008) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8334-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Alternative polyadenylation of mRNA precursors
Tian, B., & Manley, J. L. (2017) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm.2016.116 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation: extent, regulation and function
Elkon, R., Ugalde, A. P., & Agami, R. (2013) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3482 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation: the long and short of it
Tian, B., & Manley, J. L. (2013) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2013.03.005 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Wang, J., Guo, Y., Chu, H., Guan, Y., Bi, J., & Wang, B. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms140510015 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Human-Specific Transcriptional Networks in the Brain
Konopka, G., Friedrich, T., Davis‐Turak, J., Winden, K. D., Oldham, M. C., Gao, F., Chen, L., Wang, G.-Z., Luo, R., Preuss, T. M., et al. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.034 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Alternative polyadenylation: New insights from global analyses
Shi, Y. (2012) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.035899.112 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Intron retention and nuclear loss of SFPQ are molecular hallmarks of ALS
Luisier, R., Tyzack, G. E., Hall, C. E., Mitchell, J. S., Devine, H. E., Taha, D. M., Malik, B. A., Meyer, I., Greensmith, L., Newcombe, J., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04373-8 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Mechanisms coordinating ELAV/Hu mRNA regulons
Simone, L. E., & Keene, J. D. (2013) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2012.12.006 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationHandshakes and Fights: The Regulatory Interplay of RNA-Binding Proteins
Dassi, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2017.00067 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Bronicki, L. M., & Jasmin, B. J. (2013) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.039164.113 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Advancing the functional utility of PAR-CLIP by quantifying background binding to mRNAs and lncRNAs
Friedersdorf, M. B., & Keene, J. D. (2014) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2014-15-1-r2 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationAlternative pre-mRNA splicing in neurons: growing up and extending its reach
Zheng, S., & Black, D. L. (2013) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2013.04.003 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The fate of the messenger is pre-determined: A new model for regulation of gene expression
Haimovich, G., Choder, M., Singer, R. H., & Trcek, T. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms · doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.01.004 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
ELAV mediates 3′ UTR extension in the Drosophila nervous systemPreprint
Hilgers, V., Lemke, S. B., & Levine, M. (2012) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.199653.112 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Emerging Evidence of Translational Control by AU-Rich Element-Binding Proteins
Otsuka, H., Fukao, A., Funakami, Y., Duncan, K. E., & Fujiwara, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00332 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Alternative Polyadenylation: a new frontier in post transcriptional regulation
Ren, F., Zhang, N., Zhang, L., Miller, E. W., & Pu, J. J. (2020) · Biomarker Research · doi:10.1186/s40364-020-00249-6 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
ELAV Links Paused Pol II to Alternative Polyadenylation in the Drosophila Nervous System
Oktaba, K., Zhang, W., Lotz, T. S., Jun, D. J., Lemke, S. B., Ng, S., Esposito, E., Levine, M., & Hilgers, V. (2014) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2014.11.024 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Hitti, E., Bakheet, T. M., Al‐Souhibani, N., Moghrabi, W. N., Al‐Yahya, S., Alghamdi, M. A., Al‐Saif, M., Shoukri, M. M., Lánczky, A., Grépin, R., et al. (2016) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3110 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Neve, J., Burger, K., Li, W., Hoque, M., Patel, R. J., Tian, B., Gullerová, M., & Furger, A. (2015) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.193995.115 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Alternative polyadenylation in the regulation and dysregulation of gene expression
Turner, R. E., Pattison, A., & Beilharz, T. H. (2017) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.056 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Yap, K., & Makeyev, E. V. (2013) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2013.01.003 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Dorrity, T. J., Shin, H., Wiegand, K. A., Aruda, J., Closser, M., Jung, E., Gertie, J. A., Leone, A., Polfer, R., Culbertson, B., et al. (2023) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.adg2979 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Post‐transcriptional regulation in corticogenesis: how RNA‐binding proteins help build the brain
Pilaz, L., & Silver, D. L. (2015) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1289 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
ELAV proteins along evolution: Back to the nucleus?
Colombrita, C., Silani, V., & Ratti, A. (2013) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2013.02.003 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
RNA-Binding Proteins in Regulation of Alternative Cleavage and Polyadenylation
Zheng, D., & Tian, B. (2014) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1221-6_3 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The landscape of alternative polyadenylation in single cells of the developing mouse embryo
Agarwal, V., Lopez-Darwin, S. L., Kelley, D. R., & Shendure, J. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25388-8 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Targeting the Multifaceted HuR Protein, Benefits and Caveats
Zucal, C., D’Agostino, V., Loffredo, R., Mantelli, B., Thongon, N., Lal, P., Latorre, E., & Provenzani, A. (2015) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1389450116666150223163632 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Deciphering human ribonucleoprotein regulatory networks
Mukherjee, N., Wessels, H., Lebedeva, S., Sajek, M. P., Ghanbari, M., Garzia, A., Munteanu, A., Yusuf, D., Farazi, T. A., Hoell, J. I., et al. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gky1185 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Talman, V., Pascale, A., Jäntti, M., Amadio, M., & Tuominen, R. (2016) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.12581 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Tissue‐specific mechanisms of alternative polyadenylation: Testis, brain, and beyond (2018 update)
MacDonald, C. C. (2019) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1526 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Neuroprotection requires the functions of the RNA-binding protein HuR
Skliris, A., Papadaki, O., Kafasla, P., Karakasiliοtis, I., Hazapis, O. G., Reczko, M., Grammenoudi, S., Bauer, J., & Kontoyiannis, D. L. (2014) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2014.158 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Alternative polyadenylation in the nervous system: To what lengths will 3′ UTR extensions take us?
Miura, P., Sanfilippo, P., Shenker, S., & Lai, E. C. (2014) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201300174 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Alternative Polyadenylation: Another Foe in Cancer
Erson-Bensan, A. E., & Can, T. (2016) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0489 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Tan, S. H., Ding, K., Chong, Q.-Y., Zhao, J., Liu, Y., Shao, Y., Zhang, Y., Yu, Q., Xiong, Z., Zhang, W., et al. (2017) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m117.780973 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Regulation and function of alternative polyadenylation in development and differentiation
Gallicchio, L., Olivares, G. H., Berry, C. W., & Fuller, M. T. (2023) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2023.2275109 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lü, W., Lee, S., Majumdar, S., Zhang, B., Sanfilippo, P., Joseph, B. J., Miura, P., Soller, M., & Lai, E. C. (2020) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.09.007 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
ELAV/Hu RNA binding proteins determine multiple programs of neural alternative splicing
Lee, S., Wei, L., Zhang, B., Goering, R., Majumdar, S., Wen, J., Taliaferro, J. M., & Lai, E. C. (2021) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009439 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Borgonetti, V., López, V., & Galeotti, N. (2022) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115362 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., So, K., Peterson, R., Bauer, M. J., Ng, H., Zhang, Y., Kim, J. H., Kidd, T., & Miura, P. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.083 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Alternative polyadenylation: An enigma of transcript length variation in health and disease
Mohanan, N. K., Shaji, F., Koshre, G. R., & Laishram, R. S. (2021) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1692 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Bae, B., Dredge, W. H., & Miura, P. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41207-8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Emerging role of HuR in inflammatory response in kidney diseases
Shang, J., & Zhao, Z. (2017) · Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica · doi:10.1093/abbs/gmx071 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
RNA binding proteins: a common denominator of neuronal function and dysfunction
Doxakis, E. (2014) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-014-1443-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
RNA–Binding Protein HuD as a Versatile Factor in Neuronal and Non–Neuronal Systems
Jung, M., & Lee, E. K. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10050361 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Alternative Polyadenylation in Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Differentiation
Sommerkamp, P., Cabezas‐Wallscheid, N., & Trumpp, A. (2021) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2021.04.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Neuronal RNA ‐binding proteins in health and disease
Lenzken, S. C., Achsel, T., Carrı̀, M. T., & Barabino, S. M. L. (2014) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1231 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dai, W., Li, W., Hoque, M., Li, Z., Tian, B., & Makeyev, E. V. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8576 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The ELAV family of RNA-binding proteins in synaptic plasticity and long-term memory
Mirisis, A. A., & Carew, T. J. (2019) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2019.04.007 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Bhargava, S., Patil, V. S., Mahalingam, K., & Somasundaram, K. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.14287 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
ELAV and FNE Determine Neuronal Transcript Signatures through EXon-Activated Rescue
Carrasco, J., Rauer, M., Hummel, B., Grzejda, D., Alfonso-Gonzalez, C., Lee, Y. J., Wang, Q., Puchalska, M., Mittler, G., & Hilgers, V. (2020) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.09.011 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
HuR and TIA1/TIAL1 Are Involved in Regulation of Alternative Splicing of SIRT1 Pre-mRNA
Zhao, W., Zhao, J., Hou, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, X., Zhang, C., & Guo, D. (2014) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms15022946 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
All's well that ends well: alternative polyadenylation and its implications for stem cell biology
Mueller, A. A., Cheung, T. H., & Rando, T. A. (2013) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2012.12.008 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Li, Y.-J., Wang, C., Zhou, Y., Liao, Z.-Y., Zhu, S.-F., Hu, Y., Chen, C., Luo, J., Wen, Z., & Xu, L. (2013) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/1475-2867-13-90 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wutikeli, H., Xie, T., Xiong, W., & Shen, Y. (2025) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2025.2471133 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A Positive Feedback Mechanism That Regulates Expression of miR-9 during Neurogenesis
Davila, J., Goff, L. A., Ricupero, C. L., Camarillo, C., Oni, E. N., Swerdel, M. R., Toro-Ramos, A. J., Li, J., & Hart, R. P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094348 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sanna, M. D., Quattrone, A., & Galeotti, N. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.005 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
miR-410 controls adult SVZ neurogenesis by targeting neurogenic genes
Tsan, Y.-C., Morell, M. H., & O’Shea, K. S. (2016) · Stem Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.scr.2016.07.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Neurogenesis: Regulation by Alternative Splicing and Related Posttranscriptional Processes
Lara‐Pezzi, E., Desco, M., Gatto, A., & Gómez‐Gaviro, M. V. (2016) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858416678604 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Regulation of the Alternative Neural Transcriptome by ELAV/Hu RNA Binding Proteins
Lü, W., & Lai, E. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.848626 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Regulation of neuronal RNA signatures by ELAV /Hu proteins
Hilgers, V. (2022) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1733 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Regulation of gene expression by alternative polyadenylation in health and disease
Tian, B., Yu, S., & Zhang, Q. (2026) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-025-00928-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Protein synthesis as an integral quality control mechanism during ageing
Charmpilas, N., Daskalaki, I., Papandreou, M., & Tavernarakis, N. (2014) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.008 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Saikia, B. J., Bhardwaj, J., Paul, S. C., Sharma, S., Neog, A., Paul, S. R., & Binukumar, B. K. (2023) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2023.111838 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Neuronal RNA‐binding protein HuD regulates addiction‐related gene expression and behavior
Oliver, R. J., Brigman, J. L., Bolognani, F., Allan, A. M., Neisewander, J. L., & Perrone‐Bizzozero, N. I. (2017) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12454 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hilgers, V. (2015) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2015.1060393 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Regulation of alternative splicing and polyadenylation in neurons
Lee, S., Aubee, J. I., & Lai, E. C. (2023) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202302000 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Novel mechanisms for osteogenic differentiation of human aortic valve interstitial cells
Wang, Y., Xiao, X., Zhou, T., Han, D. H., & Dong, N. (2019) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.05.051 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sena, R. M., Twiss, J. L., Gardiner, A. S., Dell’Orco, M., Linsenbardt, D. N., & Perrone‐Bizzozero, N. I. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26102836 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Borgonetti, V., Coppi, E., & Galeotti, N. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms221910394 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kiltschewskij, D. J., Harrison, P. F., Fitzsimmons, C., Beilharz, T. H., & Cairns, M. J. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkad499 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Qiu, F., Fu, Y., Lu, C., Feng, Y., Wang, Q., Huo, Z., Jia, X., Chen, C., Chen, S., & Xu, A. (2017) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601872 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hinman, M. N., Zhou, H.-L., Sharma, A., & Lou, H. J. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt166 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Alternative Polyadenylation and Its Impact on Cellular Processes
Akman, H. B., & Erson-Bensan, A. E. (2014) · MicroRNA · doi:10.2174/2211536602666131210001152 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Borgonetti, V., & Galeotti, N. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03236-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Kelle, D., Kırımtay, K., Selçuk, E., & Karabay, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212518 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Dynamic regulation of alternative polyadenylation by PQBP1 during neurogenesis
Liu, X., Xie, H., Liu, W., Zuo, J. J., Li, S., Tian, Y., Zhao, J., Bai, M., Li, J., Bao, L., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114525 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dergunova, L. V., Rozhkova, A. V., Sudarkina, O. Y., & Limborska, S. A. (2013) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-013-2783-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Asadi, M. R., Talebi, M., Gharesouran, J., Sabaie, H., Jalaiei, A., Arsang‐Jang, S., Taheri, M. N., Sayad, A., & Rezazadeh, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.933019 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bronicki, L., Bélanger, G., & Jasmin, B. J. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2247-12.2012 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
mRNA isoform balance in neuronal development and disease
LaForce, G. R., Philippidou, P., & Schaffer, A. E. (2022) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1762 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Novel LINS1 missense mutation in a family with non‐syndromic intellectual disability
Sheth, J. J., Ranjan, G., Shah, K., Bhavsar, R., & Sheth, F. J. (2017) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.38089 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Microarray Meta-Analysis of RNA-Binding Protein Functions in Alternative Polyadenylation
Hu, W., Liu, Y., & Yan, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090774 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ambrosio, F. A., Coricello, A., Costa, G., Lupia, A., Micaelli, M., Marchesi, N., Sala, F., Pascale, A., Rossi, D., Vasile, F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00191 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Abdelsalam, S. S., Ghanem, S. K., Zahid, M., Abunada, H. H., Bader, L., Raïq, H., Khan, A., Parray, A., Djouhri, L., & Agouni, A. (2024) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.31229 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
McQuarrie, D. W. J., & Soller, M. (2024) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae826 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Carrasco, J., Mateos, F., & Hilgers, V. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111542 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Choudhury, S. D., Ancy, V. S., Mushtaq, Z., & Kumar, V. (2017) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.21969 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Posttranscriptional and translational control of neurogenesis
Alsina, F. C., & Silver, D. L. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814405-3.00028-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Watanabe, T., & Aonuma, H. (2013) · Insect Molecular Biology · doi:10.1111/imb.12057 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gong, Q., Stump, M. R., & Zhou, Z. (2018) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra118.003720 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pastic, A., Negeri, O., Ravel‐Chapuis, A., Savard, A., Trung, M. T., Palidwor, G., Guo, H., Marcogliese, P. C., Taylor, J. A., Okano, H., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.04.24.489327 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Rashad, S., Ando, D., Kobayashi, Y., Tominaga, T., & Niizuma, K. (2024) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.31477 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rotllant, G., Nguyen, T. V., Hurwood, D. A., Sbragaglia, V., Ventura, T., Joly, S., Elizur, A., & Mather, P. B. (2018) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3521-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Neuronal RNA processing: cross-talk between transcriptional regulation and RNA-binding proteins
Ozbulut, H. C., & Hilgers, V. (2024) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2024.1426410 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Noulet, F., & Merat, R. (2022) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.086 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A developmental mechanism to regulate alternative polyadenylation in an adult stem cell lineagePreprint
Gallicchio, L., Matias, N. R., Morales-Polanco, F., Nava, I., Stern, S. R., Zeng, Y., & Fuller, M. T. (2024) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.351649.124 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ray, S., Bhattacharyya, S. N., & Mukherjee, K. (2026) · RNA Biology · doi:10.1080/15476286.2026.2647903 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A nuclear role for ARGONAUTE-2 in regulation of neuronal alternative polyadenylationPreprint
Ravid, R., Siany, A., Rivkin, N., Eitan, C., Marmor-Kollet, H., Yanowski, E., Savidor, A., Levin, Y., Rot, G., Meister, G., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.12.15.422806 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Doxakis, E., Xue, Y. C., & Savulescu, A. F. (2025) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2025.1716825 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sensing the needs: Molecular basis of miRNA regulatory role of ELAVL protein HuR
Mukherjee, K. (2026) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2026.120200 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mansfield, K. D., & Keene, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mansfield, Kyle D.
- ORCID
- Mansfield, Kyle D.
- Venue
- Nucleic Acids Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-12-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2734-2746
- ISSN
- 0305-1048 (ISSN-L)
- 1362-4962
- PMC
- PMC3315332
- OpenAlex
- W2091095457
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nucleic Acids Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0842621)
- National Institutes of Health (5f32ns059100-02)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA157268)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (5F32NS059100-02)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Keywords
- HuR, hubs, HuC, HUD, alternative polyadenylation, neuronal differentiation, mRNA stability, 3' untranslated region, post-transcriptional regulation, RNA-binding proteins, mRNA isoforms, translation suppression
- MeSH terms
- Cell Line, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Neurons, Protein Biosynthesis, 3' Untranslated Regions, RNA Stability, Polyadenylation, ELAV Proteins, Neurogenesis, RNA Isoforms
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
