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Cited by 320RNA Research and SplicingDevelopmental Biology and Gene RegulationNeurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms

A conserved family of elav-like genes in vertebrates.

Open access
Good, P J·1995·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.92.10.4557PMC PMC41983
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Abstract

A large family of genes encodes proteins with RNA recognition motifs that are presumed to bind RNA and to function in posttranscriptional regulation. Neural-specific members of this family include elav, a gene required for correct differentiation and maintenance of neurons in Drosophila melanogaster, and a related gene, HuD, which is expressed in human neuronal cells. I have identified genes related to elav and HuD in Xenopus laevis, zebrafish, and mouse that define a family of four closely related vertebrate elav-like genes (elrA, elrB, elrC, and elrD) in fish, frogs, and mammals. In addition to protein sequence conservation, a segment of the 3'-untranslated sequence of elrD is also conserved, implying a functional role in elrD expression. In adult frogs, elrC and elrD are exclusively expressed in the brain, whereas elrB is expressed in brain, testis, and ovary. During Xenopus development, elrC and elrD RNAs are detected by late gastrula and late neurula stages, respectively, whereas a nervous system-specific elrB RNA species is expressed by early tadpole stage. Additional elrB transcripts are detected in the ovary and early embryo, demonstrating a maternal supply of mRNA and possibly of protein. These expression patterns suggest a role for different elav-like genes in early development and neuronal differentiation. Surprisingly, elrA is expressed in all adult tissues tested and at all times during development. Thus, the widely expressed elrA is expected to have a related function in all cells.

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  • The HuD protein has a molecular weight of approximately 40 kDa and contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) with a linker region separating the second and third RRM.

    “The HuD protein, like all Hu members, has a molecular weight of ∼40 kDa and contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) with a linker region separating the second and third RRM (Fig. 1C; Good 1995; Liu et al. 1995; Okano and Darnell 1997).”

    From Emerging complexity of the HuD/ELAVl4 gene; implications for neuronal development, function, and dysfunction (2013) · cites this paper as Good 1995

  • HuD is one of the earliest markers of the neuronal phenotype.

    “Converging findings suggest that HuD is one of the earliest markers of the neuronal phenotype (Good 1995; Okano and Darnell 1997; Wakamatsu and Weston 1997; Hambardzumyan et al. 2009).”

    From Emerging complexity of the HuD/ELAVl4 gene; implications for neuronal development, function, and dysfunction (2013) · cites this paper as Good 1995

  • The 3′ UTR of Xenopus HuD homolog elrD contains an ∼100-nt stretch with 90% identity to the human HuD 3′ UTR.

    “Analysis of the Xenopus HuD homolog elrD sequence illustrated that the 3′ UTR contains an ∼100-nt stretch of nucleotides with 90% identity to the human HuD 3′ UTR, implying that this fragment encompasses an important evolutionarily conserved regulatory structure and/or cis-element(s) (Good 1995).”

    From Emerging complexity of the HuD/ELAVl4 gene; implications for neuronal development, function, and dysfunction (2013) · cites this paper as Good 1995

  • The ELAVL family consists of four highly homologous members.

    “The ELAVL (also known as Hu) family of proteins consists of four highly homologous members109–111”

    From The neurogenetics of alternative splicing (2016) · cites this paper as [109]

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Authors
Good, P. J.
Affiliations
National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author
Good, P J
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
1995-05-09
Volume
92
Issue
10
Pages
4557-4561
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.92.10.4557
PMC
PMC41983
OpenAlex
W1982369409
Cited by
319
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
FWCI
5.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Keywords
ELRA, HUD, RNA recognition motif, post-transcriptional regulation, RNA-binding proteins, neuronal differentiation, brain expression, maternal mRNA, Xenopus development, zebrafish, mice, frogs, sequence conservation, 3' untranslated region
MeSH terms
Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, Brain, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Female, Gastrula, Multigene Family, Humans, Male, Mammals, Molecular Sequence Data, Nervous System, Ovary, Ranidae, Ribonucleoproteins, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Testis, Vertebrates, Xenopus laevis, Zebrafish, Conserved Sequence, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Mice, ELAV Proteins

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