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Healthy Individuals With Auditory Verbal Hallucinations; Who Are They? Psychiatric Assessments of a Selected Sample of 103 Subjects
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Epidemiological studies suggest that auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) occur in approximately 10%-15% of the general population, of whom only a small proportion has a clinically relevant psychotic disorder. It is unclear whether these hallucinations occur as an isolated phenomenon or if AVH in nonclinical individuals are part of a more general susceptibility to schizophrenia. For this study, 103 healthy individuals with frequent AVH were compared with 60 controls matched for sex, age, and education. All participants were examined by a psychiatrist using standardized diagnostic interviews and questionnaires. The individuals with AVH did not have clinically defined delusions, disorganization, or negative or catatonic symptoms, nor did they meet criteria for cluster A personality disorder. However, their global level of functioning was lower than in the controls and there was a pronounced increase on all subclusters of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and the Peters Delusion Inventory, indicating a general increased schizotypal and delusional tendency in the hallucinating subjects. History of childhood trauma and family history of axis I disorders were also more prevalent in these individuals. We showed that higher SPQ scores, lower education, and higher family loading for psychiatric disorders, but not presence of AVH, were associated with lower global functioning. Our data suggest that AVH in otherwise healthy individuals are not an isolated phenomenon but part of a general vulnerability for schizophrenia.
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“Non-clinical individuals are more likely to appraise their hearing voice’s experience as benign, positive, and controllable [15], less hallucination-related distress [16], and with lower levels of negative beliefs about AVHs than people with psychiatric disorders [9, 17, 18].”
From The “common” experience of voice-hearing and its relationship with shame and guilt: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Even in the case of voices related to negative emotional experiences, the content of the message is usually characterized by a contained level of hostility and negativity not to elicit severe states of impairment [9].”
From The “common” experience of voice-hearing and its relationship with shame and guilt: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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“replicating other studies that typically show a childhood or adolescent onset of PEs in these individuals 18,19,33”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
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“consistent with data from healthy voice-hearers 33”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
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Comparison of auditory hallucinations across different disorders and syndromes
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Self-citationNeuroimaging auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia patient and healthy populations
Biase, M. A. D., Zhang, F., Lyall, A. E., Kubicki, M. R., Mandl, R. C. W., Sommer, I. E., & Pasternak, O. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000205 · Cited by 34
Self-citationFunctional brain networks in the schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorder with psychosis
van Dellen, E., Börner, C., Schutte, M. J. L., van Montfort, S. J. T., Abramovic, L., Boks, M. P., Cahn, W., van Haren, N. E. M., Mandl, R. C. W., Stam, C. J., et al. (2020) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-020-00111-6 · Cited by 33
Self-citationMcCarthy‐Jones, S., & Resnick, P. J. (2013) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.11.004 · Cited by 32
Catalan, A., Simons, C. J. P., Bustamante, S., Drukker, M., Madrazo, A., de Artaza, M. G., Gorostiza, I., van Os, J., & Gonzalez-Torres, M. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102520 · Cited by 32
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Schizotypal traits and N400 in healthy subjects
Prévost, M., Rodier, M., Renoult, L., Kwann, Y., Dionne-Dostie, E., Chapleau, I., Brodeur, M. B., Lionnet, C., & Debruille, J. B. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01016.x · Cited by 29
Daalman, K., Diederen, K. M. J., Hoekema, L., van Lutterveld, R., & Sommer, I. E. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716000386 · Cited by 29
Self-citationThe emerging biology of delusions
Murray, G. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000413 · Cited by 29
Statucka, M., & Walder, D. J. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.040 · Cited by 29
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Moving from risk to resilience in psychosis research
Thakkar, K. N., McCleery, A., Minor, K. S., Lee, J., Humpston, C. S., Chopik, W. J., Burt, S. A., Pearson, A. L., Ungar, M. T., & Park, S. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00205-9 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Sommer, I. E., Daalman, K., Rietkerk, T., Diederen, K. M., Bakker, S., Wijkstra, J., & Boks, M. P. M.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-10-09
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 633-641
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC2879692
- OpenAlex
- W2096067736
- Cited by
- 282
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 7.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- auditory verbal hallucinations
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Delusions, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Risk Factors, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, Social Adjustment, Linear Models, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
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