Cited by 1,574Child Abuse and TraumaChild Welfare and AdoptionChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an Adolescent Psychiatric Population

BERNSTEIN, DAVID P., AHLUVALIA, TARUNA, POGGE, DAVID, HANDELSMAN, LEONARD·1997·Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

DOI 10.1097/00004583-199703000-00012

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Abstract

Objective To present initial findings on the validity of a recently developed maltreatment inventory, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), in a sample of adolescent psychiatric patients.Method Three hundred ninety-eight male and female adolescents (aged 12 to 17 years) admitted to the inpatient service of a private psychiatric hospital were given the CTQ as part of a larger test battery. Structured interviews were also conducted with the primary therapists of 190 of the patients to obtain ratings of abuse and neglect based on all available data, including clinical interviews with patients and their relatives and information from referring clinicians and agencies.Results Principal-components analysis of the CTQ items yielded five rotated factors-emotional abuse, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, physical abuse, and physical neglect-closely replicating the factor structure in an earlier study of adult patients. The internal consistency of the CTQ factors was extremely high both in the entire sample and in every subgroup examined. When CTQ factor scores were compared with therapists' ratings in a series of logistic regression analyses, relationships between the two sets of variables were highly specific, supporting the convergent and discriminant validity of the CTQ. Finally, when therapists' ratings were used as the validity criterion, the CTQ exhibited good sensitivity for all forms of maltreatment, and satisfactory or better levels of specificity.Conclusions These initial findings suggest that the CTQ is a sensitive and valid screening questionnaire for childhood trauma in an adolescent psychiatric inpatient setting.

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How Does MBCT for Depression Work? Studying Cognitive and Affective Mediation Pathways
Batink, T., Peeters, F., Geschwind, N., van Os, J., & Wichers, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072778 · Cited by 105
Child Maltreatment Profiles and Adjustment Problems in High-Risk Adolescents
Hazen, A. L., Connelly, C. D., Roesch, S. C., Hough, R. L., & Landsverk, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260508316476 · Cited by 108
Alterations in neural circuits underlying emotion regulation following child maltreatment: a mechanism underlying trauma-related psychopathology
Jenness, J. L., Peverill, M., Miller, A. B., Heleniak, C. M., Robertson, M. M., Sambrook, K., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000641 · Cited by 121
Experiences of severe childhood maltreatment, depression, anxiety and alcohol abuse among adults in Finland
Rehan, W., Antfolk, J., Johansson, A., Jern, P., & Santtila, P. O. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177252 · Cited by 106
The role of impulsivity in self-mutilators, suicide ideators and suicide attempters — A study of 1265 male incarcerated individuals
Carli, V., Jovanović, N., Podlešek, A., Roy, A., Rihmer, Z., Maggi, S., Marušič, D., Cesaro, C., Marušič†, A., & Sarchiapone, M. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.119 · Cited by 106
Glucocorticoid receptor DNA methylation, childhood maltreatment and major depression
Bustamante, A. C., Aiello, A. E., Galea, S., Ratanatharathorn, A., Noronha, C., Wildman, D. E., & Uddin, M. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.038 · Cited by 104
“CTQ assessed physical and sexual abuse before age 18, rating responses on a 3-point scale.”
Method
Reduced gray matter volume in psychotic disorder patients with a history of childhood sexual abuse
Sheffield, J. M., Williams, L. E., Woodward, N. D., & Heckers, S. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.032 · Cited by 101
Childhood trauma, family history, and their association with mood disorders in early adulthood
Jansen, K., Cardoso, T. A., Fries, G. R., Branco, J. C., Silva, R. A., Kauer‐Sant’Anna, M., Kapczinski, F. P., & Magalhães, P. V. D. S. (2016) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12551 · Cited by 103
“The trauma category included those with moderate or severe trauma in any of the CTQ subscales (emotional abuse or neglect, physical abuse or neglect, and sexual abuse) as originally proposed by the authors (21).”
Method
White Matter Correlates of Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries in Women Subjected to Intimate-Partner Violence: A Preliminary Study
Valera, E. M., Cao, A., Pasternak, O., Shenton, M. E., Kubicki, M. R., Makris, N., & Adra, N. (2018) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2018.5734 · Cited by 106
Distal risk factors for suicidal behavior in alcoholics: replications and new findings
Roy, A. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00173-8 · Cited by 103
Psychosocial Characteristics and Social Networks of Suicidal Prisoners: Towards a Model of Suicidal Behaviour in Detention
Rivlin, A., Hawton, K. E., Marzano, L., & Fazel, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068944 · Cited by 113
Do “central sensitization” questionnaires reflect measures of nociceptive sensitization or psychological constructs? A systematic review and meta-analyses
Adams, G. R., Gandhi, W., Harrison, R. N., van Reekum, C. M., Wood-Anderson, D., Gilron, I., & Salomons, T. V. (2022) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002830 · Cited by 102
“…Questionnaire (SRQ) [10], the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) [13], the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) [24], the Pain Anxiety Sensitivity Scale (PASS) [75], the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) [11] and the Child Abuse and Trauma questionnaire (CATS) [111].”
Method
Detained Male Adolescent Offender’s Emotional, Physical and Sexual Maltreatment Profiles and Their Associations to Psychiatric Disorders and Criminal Behaviors
Aebi, M., Linhart, S., Thun‐Hohenstein, L., Bessler, C., Steinhausen, H., & Plattner, B. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9961-y · Cited by 102
Efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Daily Life (ACT-DL) in early psychosis: study protocol for a multi-centre randomized controlled trial
Reininghaus, U., Klippel, A., Steinhart, H., Vaessen, T., van Nierop, M. M., Viechtbauer, W., Batink, T., Kasanova, Z., van Aubel, E., van Winkel, R., et al. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3912-4 · Cited by 106
Childhood trauma and suicide attempts in patients with unipolar depression
Sarchiapone, M., Carli, V., Cuomo, C., & Roy, A. (2007) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20243 · Cited by 100
Peer victimization and its impact on adolescent brain development and psychopathology
Quinlan, E. B., Barker, E. D., Luo, Q., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Desrivières, S., Flor, H., Frouin, V., et al. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0297-9 · Cited by 118
Adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: Examining the role of child abuse, comorbidity, and disinhibition
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The Adverse Effect of Negative Comments About Weight and Shape From Family and Siblings on Women at High Risk for Eating Disorders
Taylor, C. B., Bryson, S. W., Doyle, A. C., Luce, K. H., Cunning, D., Abascal, L. B., Rockwell, R. E., Field, A. E., Striegel‐Moore, R. H., Winzelberg, A. J., et al. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1806 · Cited by 97
Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in the USA: Specificity of effects and the impact of gender
Waxman, R., Fenton, M. C., Skodol, A. E., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. (2014) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1239 · Cited by 98
Early Intervention Following Trauma May Mitigate Genetic Risk for PTSD in Civilians
ROTHBAUM, B. O., Kearns, M. C., Reiser, E., Davis, J. S., Kerley, K. A., Rothbaum, A. O., Mercer, K. B., Price, M., Houry, D., & Ressler, K. J. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.13m08715 · Cited by 105
Psychological Trauma and Schizotypal Symptoms
Berenbaum, H., Valera, E. M., & Kerns, J. G. (2003) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006985 · Cited by 96
Predictors of Attributional Style Change in Children
Gibb, B. E., Alloy, L. B., Walshaw, P. D., Comer, J. S., Shen, G. H. C., & Villari, A. G. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9022-2 · Cited by 98
A shared neural basis underlying psychiatric comorbidity
Xie, C., Xiang, S., Shen, C., Peng, X.-R., Kang, J., Li, Y., Cheng, W., He, S., Bobou, M., Broulidakis, J., et al. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02317-4 · Cited by 104
Characteristics of drug addicts who attempt suicide.
Roy, A. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00206-3 · Cited by 109
Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation and Adolescent Suicidal Ideation
Miller, A. B., McLaughlin, K. A., Busso, D. S., Brueck, S., Peverill, M., & Sheridan, M. A. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.08.008 · Cited by 96
“Table 1 presents comparisons between those with and without SI histories including gender, race, parental education, age, scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and major depression symptoms.”

Authors: BERNSTEIN, D. P., AHLUVALIA, T., POGGE, D., & HANDELSMAN, L.
Affiliations: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
Fairleigh Dickinson University (US)
Corresponding author: BERNSTEIN, DAVID P.
ORCID: BERNSTEIN, DAVID P.
Venue: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1997-03
Volume: 36
Issue: 3
Pages: 340-348
ISSN: 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199703000-00012
OpenAlex: W2009780891
Cited by: 1,574
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 66 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 112 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 97 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 15.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, child abuse, adolescent psychiatric inpatients, factor structure, convergent and discriminant validity, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, abuse screening, therapist ratings
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Logistic Models

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Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an Adolescent Psychiatric Population

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