Effects of Sleep on Endotoxin-Induced Host Responses in Healthy Men
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether increased sleep during viral or bacterial infections supports host defense mechanisms. METHODS: To test this assumption in humans, healthy male subjects were assigned either to sleep from 2300 to 0700 hours (n = 10) or to stay awake through the night (n = 10). In the sleeping subjects Salmonella abortus equi endotoxin (0.4 ng/kg) or placebo were intravenously injected in balanced order during the first SWS episode. The age-matched, sleep-deprived subjects were injected at the same time point. RESULTS: As expected, endotoxin significantly increased rectal temperature, the plasma levels of cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), the soluble TNF receptors p55 and p75, Interleukin (IL)-6, the IL-1 receptor antagonist (RA), leukocyte, and granulocyte counts in both sleeping and sleep-deprived subjects, whereas lymphocyte and monocyte counts were transiently reduced. Time courses of endotoxin-induced host responses did not differ between the sleep and sleep deprivation groups. Endotoxin did not affect the amount of nocturnal wakefulness, nonrapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, or rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep across the total night compared with placebo, but significantly increased electroencephalogram-arousals (EEG-arousals) in stage 2 and decreased arousals in SWS. In addition, the amount of SWS, spectral EEG-delta and -theta power was increased at the beginning and at the end of the sleep period, respectively, when the degree of immune activation was relatively low. CONCLUSION: The present results support the notion that short-term sleep deprivation is unlikely to harm the immune system as far as unspecific acute responses are concerned. The effects of endotoxin on sleep in this case support prior observations that in humans, enhanced SWS and intensified NREM sleep occur when host defense activation is subtle.
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In participants with pre- or type 1 hypertension and habitual sleep duration of <7 h per night, extending bedtimes for 60 min every day over 6 wk resulted in an actigraphy-based increase in sleep duration of ~35 min per day.
“In one study, participants with pre- or type 1 hypertension and habitual sleep duration of <7 h per night extended their bedtimes for 60 min every day over 6 wk, which resulted in an actigraphy-based increase in sleep duration of ~35 min per day (225).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [225]
This increase of habitual sleep duration by ~10% per day resulted in a substantial decrease in blood pressure, while inflammatory markers (WBC counts and circulating levels of CRP and IL-6) nonsignificantly decreased from pre- to post-intervention.
“This increase of habitual sleep duration by ~10% per day resulted in a substantial decrease in blood pressure, while inflammatory markers (i.e., WBC counts and circulating levels of CRP and IL-6) nonsignificantly decreased from pre- to post-intervention.”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [225]
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- Authors
- Haack, M., Schuld, A., Kraus, T., & Pollmächer, T.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2001-07
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 568-578
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1992243718
- Semantic Scholar
- d42880db695737783dcbd8a822fd2492db7f7eb8
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep deprivation, endotoxin, Salmonella abortus equi, host defense, sleep-wake cycle, slow-wave sleep, NREM sleep, REM sleep, EEG arousal, cortisol, TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, soluble TNF receptors, immune activation, sleep and immunity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arousal, Bacterial Toxins, Delta Rhythm, Endotoxins, Granulocytes, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Leukocyte Count, Male, Reference Values, Sialoglycoproteins, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Stages, Theta Rhythm, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Antigens, CD, Interleukin-6, Single-Blind Method, Cytokines, Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Lymphocyte Count, Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I, Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II, Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein
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