Intestinal flora and endogenous vitamin synthesis
Abstract
It is well established that the rumen microbial flora are a rich source of vitamins to the ruminant, and that the faecal bacterial flora are a major vitamin source for coprophagic rodents. There is also good evidence that the gut bacterial flora are a significant source of a range of vitamins to the human. In this paper evidence is presented that gut bacteria are a significant source of a range of vitamins, particularly those of the B group and vitamin K.
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The gut microbiota can synthesize certain vitamins, most notably vitamin K and B-group vitamins, some of which might be directly absorbed.
“It is well appreciated that the gut microbiota can synthesize certain vitamins, most notably vitamin K and B-group vitamins [e.g., cobalamin (B 12 ), folate, and riboflavin (144, 145)], some of which might be directly absorbed.”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [144]
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BackgroundMicrobiome and Breast Cancer: New Role for an Ancient Population
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Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in the gut: Molecular aspects of their interaction
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Belda, E., Voland, L., Tremaroli, V., Falony, G., Adriouch, S., Assmann, K. E., Prifti, E., Aron-Wisnewsky, J., Debédat, J., Le Roy, T., et al. (2022) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325753 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Finally, supplementing high-fat diet-fed mice with fructo-oligosaccharides and biotin improves not only the microbiome diversity, but also the potential of bacterial production of biotin and B vitamins, while limiting weight gain and glycaemic deterioration.”
BackgroundSmall talk: microbial metabolites involved in the signaling from microbiota to brain
Caspani, G., & Swann, J. R. (2019) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2019.08.001 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Bailey, M., Naik, N. C., Wild, L. E., Patterson, W. B., & Alderete, T. L. (2020) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1749754 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“dietary carbohydrates,(28) and synthesis of essential vitamins.(29) Within a healthy gut, the intestinal mucosal barrier limits the translocation of microbes and microbial products from the lumen into systemic circulation.”
BackgroundLactobacillus: Host–Microbe Relationships
O’Callaghan, J., & O’Toole, P. W. (2011) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/82_2011_187 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Hayashi, A., Mikami, Y., Miyamoto, K., Kamada, N., Sato, T., Mizuno, S., Naganuma, M., Teratani, T., Aoki, R., Fukuda, S., et al. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.057 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Resilience to Developing Anxiety or Depression under Stress
Bear, T., Dalziel, J. E., Coad, J., Roy, N. C., Butts, C. A., & Gopal, P. K. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9040723 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Frame, L. A., Costa, E., & Jackson, S. A. (2019) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz106 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“This is the case for vitamin K(141,142) and many of the water soluble B vitamins: Thiamine (vitamin B1),(143) riboflavin (vitamin B2),(144) niacin (vitamin B3),(145) pyridoxine (vitamin B6),(145,146) biotin (vitamin B7),(147) and folate (vitamin B9).(28,36,55,72,145,148,149)”
BackgroundIncorporating the gut microbiota into models of human and non‐human primate ecology and evolution
Amato, K. R. (2016) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.22908 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Toxicological significance of azo dye metabolism by human intestinal microbiota
Feng, J. (2011) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite · doi:10.2741/400 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Germ-free mice need additional vitamin K and certain B vitamins (137), because the intestinal bacteria produce these vitamins in conventional animals (66).”
BackgroundRudzki, L., Stone, T. W., Maes, M. H. J., Misiak, B., Samochowiec, J., & Szulc, A. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110240 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The ecosystem services of animal microbiomes
McKenney, E. A., Koelle, K., Dunn, R. R., & Yoder, A. D. (2018) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.14532 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
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Vitamins for the Gut Microbiome
Steinert, R. E., Lee, Y. K., & Sybesma, W. (2019) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2019.11.005 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Carotenoids and Their Health Benefits as Derived via Their Interactions with Gut Microbiota
Eroglu, A., Al’Abri, I. S., Kopec, R. E., Crook, N., & Bohn, T. (2022) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2022.10.007 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“One major symbiotic advantage of hosting microbial communities is obtaining essential amino acids and vitamins such as isoforms of all B vitamins as well as vitamin K—nutrients that the human body cannot synthesize [103].”
BackgroundNielsen, D. S. G., Jensen, B. B., Theil, P. K., Nielsen, T. S., Knudsen, K. E. B., & Purup, S. (2018) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.023 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The Microbiota-Gut-Immune-Glia (MGIG) Axis in Major Depression
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Role of Gut Microbiota in Early Infant Development
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“However, it has been shown that bacteria can synthesize 399 certain vitamins (Bechdel et al., 1928; Dryden et al., 1962b; Hill, 1997; LeBlanc et al., 2013; Scott and 400 Dehority, 1965; Ye et al., 1996).”
BackgroundA role for the endometrial microbiome in dysfunctional menstrual bleeding
Pelzer, E., Willner, D. L., Buttini, M., & Huygens, F. (2018) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/s10482-017-0992-6 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“and X) of the coagulation cascade (Hill 1997; Lusher 1999; Greer 2010).”
BackgroundAnalyzing the molecular foundations of commensalism in the mouse intestine
Hooper, L. V. (2000) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s1369-5274(99)00055-7 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Arena, M. P., Russo, P., Capozzi, V., López, P., Fiocco, D., & Spano, G. (2014) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-014-5837-x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“However , a relevant source of vitamin B 2 can arise from the anabolic activity of members of the gut microbiota ( Hill 1997 ) .”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Hill, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Wexham Park Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hill, M J
- ORCID
- Hill, M J
- Venue
- European Journal of Cancer Prevention
- Published
- 1997-03
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- S43-S45
- ISSN
- 0959-8278 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1994684051
- Cited by
- 551
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 0.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Cancer Prevention (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, B vitamins, vitamin K, vitamin sources, ruminant nutrition, coprophagy, human nutrition
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biotin, Folic Acid, Humans, Intestines, Riboflavin, Vitamin B 12, Vitamin K, Vitamins
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