Project Ice Storm: Prenatal Maternal Stress Affects Cognitive and Linguistic Functioning in 5½-Year-Old Children
Abstract
Objective This was a prospective study designed to determine the extent to which the degree of exposure to prenatal maternal stress due to a natural disaster explains variance in the intellectual and language performance of offspring at age 5(1/2) while controlling for several potential confounding variables.Method Subjects were eighty-nine 5(1/2)-year-old children whose mothers were pregnant during a natural disaster: the January 1998 ice storm crisis in the Canadian province of Québec that resulted in power losses for 3 million people for as long as 40 days. In June 1998, women completed several questionnaires including those about the extent of objective stress (Storm 32) and subjective distress (Impact of Events Scale-Revised) experienced due to the storm. Their children were assessed with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (IQ) and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (language) at 5(1/2) years of age, and mothers completed assessments of recent life events and psychological functioning.Results Children exposed in utero to high levels of objective stress had lower Full Scale IQs, Verbal IQs, and language abilities compared to children exposed to low or moderate levels of objective prenatal maternal stress; there were no effects of subjective stress or objective stress on Performance IQs. Trend analyses show that for all outcome variables except Block Design, there was a significant curvilinear association between objective stress and functioning.Conclusions Prenatal exposure to a moderately severe natural disaster is associated with lower cognitive and language abilities at 5(1/2) years of age.
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Greater exposure severity was associated with lower childhood IQ and language performance.
“Greater exposure severity was associated with lower childhood IQ and language performance (20).”
From Epigenetic changes associated with multi-generational trauma: characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutics (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
Offspring of women pregnant during the January 1998 ice storm in Québec had lower full Scale IQs, verbal IQs, and language abilities compared to children exposed to low or moderate levels of objective prenatal maternal stress.
“The offspring of women who were pregnant during the January 1998 ice storm crisis in Québec, Canada that resulted in power losses for 3 million people for up to 40 days had lower full Scale IQs, verbal IQs, and language abilities compared to children exposed to low or moderate levels of objective prenatal maternal stress [104].”
From Stress and the HPA Axis: Balancing Homeostasis and Fertility. (2017) · cites this paper as [104]
Greater maternal prenatal psychosocial stress is associated with small but statistically significant reductions in IQ scores and less advanced language development.
“Furthermore, greater maternal prenatal psychosocial stress is associated with small but statistically significant reductions in intelligence quotient (IQ) scores and less advanced language development.37”
From The transition to parenthood in obstetrics: enhancing prenatal care for 2-generation impact (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Offspring of women exposed to a natural disaster during pregnancy had poorer general intellectual functioning and language development.
“Furthermore, offspring of women who were exposed to a natural disaster during their pregnancies had poorer general intellectual functioning and language development (Laplante et al., 2004; Laplante et al., 2008)”
From High pregnancy anxiety during mid-gestation is associated with decreased gray matter density in 6-9-year-old children. (2010) · cites this paper as Laplante et al., 2008
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- Authors
- Laplante, D. P., Brunet, A., Schmitz, N., Ciampi, A., & King, S.
- Affiliations
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
- Corresponding author
- King, Suzanne
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1063-1072
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2139258084
- Cited by
- 424
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 16.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Keywords
- prenatal stress, maternal stress, natural disasters, ice storms, IQ, language development, cognitive development, early childhood, subjective distress, curvilinear relationship
- MeSH terms
- Child, Preschool, Disasters, Female, Humans, Ice, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Intelligence, Language Development Disorders, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prospective Studies, Quebec, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Wechsler Scales, Depression, Postpartum
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