Defining the boundaries of early adolescence: a user's guide to assessing pubertal status and pubertal timing in research with adolescents

Dorn, Lorah D.; Dahl, Ronald E.; Woodward, Hermi Rojahn; Biro, Frank

doi:10.1207/s1532480xads1001_3

Cited by 477Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesAdolescent Sexual and Reproductive HealthChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Defining the boundaries of early adolescence: a user's guide to assessing pubertal status and pubertal timing in research with adolescents

Dorn, Lorah D., Dahl, Ronald E., Woodward, Hermi Rojahn, Biro, Frank·2006·Applied Developmental Science

DOI 10.1207/s1532480xads1001_3

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Abstract

This article addresses pragmatic issues regarding the assessment of puberty in research on adolescent health and development. Because pubertal processes have a major effect on physical, psychological, and social development, we posit that the assessment of pubertal status is at least as important as the specification of age for characterizing adolescent participants in research studies. Yet, a sampling of recent literature shows that the majority of publications addressing health and developmental issues in adolescence lack any measure of puberty. A more comprehensive review of 447 articles reporting to have assessed puberty reveals considerable inconsistencies in methods, definitions, and conceptualizations of puberty and its stages, which highlights the need for better standardization. This article provides an in-depth review of existing methods to assess pubertal status and timing and enumerates the relative merits and shortcomings of several approaches. Conceptual and practical guidelines are provided for selecting specific measures to assess puberty with an emphasis placed on the need for these choices to be driven by the specific goals of the research.

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Maternal report of pubertal development is more closely associated with physical examination results than child self-report.
“Maternal report of pubertal development in comparison with child self-report has been shown to be more closely associated with results from a physical examination.33”
From Subthreshold Symptoms of Depression in Preadolescent Girls Are Stable and Predictive of Depressive Disorders (2008) · cites this paper as [33]
Because the time-course, physiology, hormones, and component physical changes of pubertal maturation differ markedly for boys and girls, all analyses were performed separately for each sex.
“Because the time-course, physiology, hormones, and component physical changes of pubertal maturation differ markedly for boys and girls (Dorn et al., 2006), all analyses were performed separately for each sex”
From Testosterone levels correspond with increased ventral striatum activation in response to monetary rewards in adolescents (2011) · cites this paper as Dorn et al., 2006
Inclusion of younger subjects is supported by hormonal evidence that puberty begins at an early age.
“Inclusion of younger subjects is supported by hormonal evidence that puberty begins at an early age (Dorn et al., 2006; Forbes and Dahl, 2010).”
From Neural networks involved in adolescent reward processing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies (2015) · cites this paper as Dorn et al., 2006

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Neuroendocrine Response to L-5-Hydroxytryptophan Challenge in Prepubertal Major Depression
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Osteoporosis in Childhood: Bone Density of Children in Health and Disease
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The effects of pubertal development on achievement during adolescence
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Postmenarchal evolution of endocrine pattern and ovarian aspects in adolescents with menstrual irregularities
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Menstrual Irregularities in Adolescents: Hormonal Pattern and Ovarian Morphology
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Puberty, Sexuality, and Health
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Have the Onset and Tempo of Puberty Changed?
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Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist.
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The Pattern and Tempo of the Pubertal Reaugmentation of Open-Loop Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Release Assessed Indirectly in the Male Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)1
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Stimulatory Tests of Growth Hormone Secretion in Prepubertal Major Depression: Depressed versus Normal Children
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Sex hormone effects on personality at puberty.
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A Clinically Useful Method for Detecting Gonadotropins in Children: Assessment of Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone from Urine as an Alternative to Serum by Ultrasensitive Time-Resolved Immunofluorometric Assays
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Measurement of gonadotropins in dried blood spots
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Individual growth in stature: A comparison of four growth studies in the U.S.A.
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The Contribution of Level of Cognitive Complexity and Pubertal Timing to Behavioral Risk in Young Adolescents
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“Pubertal development can influence numerous aspects of physiology, behavior, drug metabolism, motivation, emotion, and some aspects of cognitive development— in ways that are relevant to medical and psychiatric conditions (Dahl, 2004; Davison & Susman, 2001; Hein, 1994; Orr & Ingersoll, 1995).”
Background
The Pubertal Development Scale
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Mathematical models for the study of individual growth patterns.
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Hormonal Changes during Puberty
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Weight and Body Mass Index at Menarche are Associated with Premenopausal Bone Mass
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Measurement of Gonadal Hormones in Dried Blood Spots versus Serum: Verification of Menstrual Cycle Phase
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Areolar and breast staging in adolescent girls
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The epidemiology and endocrinology of the menarche in relation to breast cancer.
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The California Adolescent Growth Study
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The male experience of pubertal change
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Impact of pubertal development on body fat distribution among white, hispanic, and asian female adolescents
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The Midgrowth Spurt in Healthy Children Is Not Caused by Adrenarche
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Urinary Excretion of Gonadotrophins with Particular Reference to Children
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Total Gonadotropin Activity in the Urine of Prepubertal Children
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Insulin-like growth factor-I is related to glycemic control in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes.
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Neurophysiology of puberty
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Adrenarche is associated with decreased 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression in the adrenal reticularis
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Variability in Hormone Concentrations and Self-Reported Menstrual Histories in Young Adolescents: Menarche as an Integral Part of a Developmental Process
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Lipoprotein and Apolipoprotein Differences in Black and White Girls
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Authors: Dorn, L. D., Dahl, R. E., Woodward, H. R., & Biro, F.
Affiliations: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID: Dorn, Lorah D.
Dahl, Ronald E.
Biro, Frank
Venue: Applied Developmental Science
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2006-01
Volume: 10
Issue: 1
Pages: 30-56
ISSN: 1088-8691 (ISSN-L)
1532-480X
DOI: 10.1207/s1532480xads1001_3
OpenAlex: W2085507456
Cited by: 477
References: 194
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 12.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Applied Developmental Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: pubertal stage, pubertal timing, early adolescence, adolescent development, measurement standardization, adolescent health research

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Defining the boundaries of early adolescence: a user's guide to assessing pubertal status and pubertal timing in research with adolescents

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