Retinal prosthesis phosphene shape analysis
Abstract
A retinal prosthesis system to restore sight for the blind is under development. The system is analogous to cochlear implants, in which photoreceptor input is bypassed and replaced by direct electrical stimulation of the retinal ganglion cells. Currently, six test subjects have been implanted with a 4x4 electrode array and stimulator. We report here psychophysical clinical data examining how stimulation amplitude affects phosphene shape and repeatability on a single electrode. Phosphene shape data was quantified by a set of numerical descriptors calculated from image moments. Comparison of phosphene descriptors for a single electrode across repeated trials and amplitude levels measured the repeatability within an amplitude group. Our experimental findings show that stimulation of the retina creates repeatable percept shapes and that an increase in stimulation amplitude causes a significant change in size and shape of phosphenes.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Phosphene shape greatly varied across participants and electrodes, but was relatively consistent across trials of a single electrode.
“Consistent with the literature on single-electrode phosphene drawings (Nanduri et al 2008, Luo et al 2016, Beyeler et al 2019b), phosphene shape greatly varied across participants and electrodes, but was relatively consistent across trials of a single electrode.”
From Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users (2024) · cites this paper as Nanduri et al 2008
Single-electrode phosphenes elicited by stimulating a single Argus II electrode have a distinctive shape that is relatively consistent over time.
“A series of papers demonstrated that phosphenes elicited by stimulating a single Argus II electrode have a distinctive shape that is relatively consistent over time (Nanduri et al 2008, Luo et al 2016, Beyeler et al 2019b).”
From Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users (2024) · cites this paper as Nanduri et al 2008
Phosphene appearance varied greatly across electrodes and participants.
“The appearance of phosphenes was highly variable across electrodes and participants, which is consistent with prior studies (D. Nanduri et al. 2008; Beyeler et al. 2019; Luo et al. 2016).”
From Sequential epiretinal stimulation improves discrimination in simple shape discrimination tasks only (2022) · cites this paper as D. Nanduri et al. 2008
Phosphene shapes and sizes differ between electrodes and across participants.
“Since phosphene shapes and sizes differ between electrodes and across participants (D. Nanduri et al. 2008; Beyeler et al. 2019; Luo et al. 2016), which could influence the overall image produced by multi-electrode stimulation, we performed a systematic mapping experiment.”
From Sequential epiretinal stimulation improves discrimination in simple shape discrimination tasks only (2022) · cites this paper as D. Nanduri et al. 2008
Cites
Visual pattern recognition by moment invariants
Hu, M.-K. (1962) · IRE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.1962.1057692 · Cited by 7,594 · see citing works
Neural remodeling in retinal degeneration
Marc, R. E., Jones, B. W., Watt, C. B., & Strettoi, E. (2003) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/s1350-9462(03)00039-9 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Pattern electrical stimulation of the human retina
Humayun, M. S., de Juan, E., Weiland, J. D., Dagnelie, G., Katona, S., Greenberg, R. J., & Suzuki, S. (1999) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00052-8 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Self-citationGargini, C., Tozzini, E. T., Mazzoni, F., & Strettoi, E. (2006) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21144 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Retinal Prosthesis for the Blind
Margalit, E., Maia, M., Weiland, J. D., Greenberg, R. J., Fujii, G. Y., Torres, G. F., Piyathaisere, D. V., O’Hearn, T. M., Liu, W., Lazzi, G., et al. (2002) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00311-9 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors affecting perceptual thresholds in epiretinal prostheses
de Balthasar, C., Patel, S., Roy, A., Freda, R., Greenwald, S., Horsager, A., Mahadevappa, M., Yanai, D., McMahon, M. J., Humayun, M. S., et al. (2008) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0696 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceptual thresholds and electrode impedance in three retinal prosthesis subjects
Mahadevappa, M., Weiland, J. D., Yanai, D., Fine, I., Greenberg, R. J., & Humayun, M. S. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2005.848687 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Argus® II Retinal Prosthesis System
Luo, Y. H.-L., & da Cruz, L. (2016) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.003 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Retinal stimulation strategies to restore vision: fundamentals and systems
Yue, L., Weiland, J. D., Roska, B., & Humayun, M. S. (2016) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.05.002 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Self-citationAn update on retinal prostheses
Ayton, L. N., Barnes, N., Dagnelie, G., Fujikado, T., Goetz, G., Hornig, R., Jones, B. W., Muqit, M. M. K., Rathbun, D. L., Stingl, K., et al. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.029 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationThe functional performance of the Argus II retinal prosthesis
Stronks, H. C., & Dagnelie, G. (2014) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1586/17434440.2014.862494 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Nanduri, D., Fine, I., Horsager, A., Boynton, G. M., Humayun, M. S., Greenberg, R. J., & Weiland, J. D. (2012) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8401 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationWilke, R., Gabel, V.-P., Sachs, H., Bartz Schmidt, K.-U., Gekeler, F., Besch, D., Szurman, P., Stett, A., Wilhelm, B., Peters, T., et al. (2011) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6946 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
A model of ganglion axon pathways accounts for percepts elicited by retinal implants
Beyeler, M., Nanduri, D., Weiland, J. D., Rokem, A., Boynton, G. M., & Fine, I. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45416-4 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatially patterned electrical stimulation to enhance resolution of retinal prostheses
Jepson, L. H., Hottowy, P., Mathieson, K., Gunning, D. E., Dąbrowski, W., Litke, A. M., & Chichilnisky, E. J. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2882-13.2014 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Resolution of the epiretinal prosthesis is not limited by electrode size
Behrend, M. R., Ahuja, A. K., Humayun, M. S., Chow, R. H., & Weiland, J. D. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2011.2140132 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationGetting signals into the brain: visual prosthetics through thalamic microstimulation
Pezaris, J. S., & Eskandar, E. N. (2009) · Neurosurgical FOCUS · doi:10.3171/2009.4.focus0986 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The Argus™ II retinal prosthesis: Factors affecting patient selection for implantation
Ahuja, A., & Behrend, M. R. (2013) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.01.002 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ayton, L. N., Rizzo, J. F., Bailey, I. L., Colenbrander, A., Dagnelie, G., Geruschat, D. R., Hessburg, P. C., McCarthy, C. D., Petoe, M. A., Rubin, G. S., et al. (2020) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.9.8.25 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Visual prosthesis: interfacing stimulating electrodes with retinal neurons to restore vision.
Barriga-Rivera, A., Bareket, L., Goding, J., Aregueta-Robles, U. A., & Suaning, G. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00620 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Encoding visual information in retinal ganglion cells with prosthetic stimulation
Freeman, D. K., Rizzo, J. F., & Fried, S. I. (2011) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/8/3/035005 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Semantic and structural image segmentation for prosthetic vision
Sanchez-Garcia, M., Martinez-Cantin, R., & Guerrero, J. J. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227677 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Tsai, D., Chen, S. C., Protti, D. A., Morley, J. W., Suaning, G. J., & Lovell, N. H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053357 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Humayun, M. S., de Juan, E., & Dagnelie, G. (2016) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.06.044 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationMobility and low contrast trip hazard avoidance using augmented depth
McCarthy, C., Walker, J. G., Lieby, P., Scott, A., & Barnes, N. (2015) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/12/1/016003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Temporal interactions during paired-electrode stimulation in two retinal prosthesis subjects
Horsager, A., Boynton, G. M., Greenberg, R. J., & Fine, I. (2011) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.10-5282 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges
Borda, E., & Ghezzi, D. (2022) · Progress in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1088/2516-1091/ac812c · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Irons, J. L., Gradden, T., Zhang, A., He, X., Barnes, N. M., Scott, A. F., & McKone, E. (2017) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2017.06.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gao, K., Li, G., Liao, L., Cheng, J. P., Zhao, J., & Yuan-sen, X. (2013) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2013.04.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Esler, T. B., Kerr, R. R., Tahayori, B., Grayden, D. B., Meffin, H., & Burkitt, A. N. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193598 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Optimization of visual information presentation for visual prosthesis
Guo, F., Yang, Y., & Gao, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Biomedical Imaging · doi:10.1155/2018/3198342 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effects of Depth-Based Object Isolation in Simulated Retinal Prosthetic Vision
Avraham, D., & Yitzhak Yitzhaky, B. (2021) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym13101763 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Reduction of Edge Effect on Disk Electrodes by Optimized Current Waveform
Wang, B., Petrossians, A., & Weiland, J. D. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2014.2300860 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationChenais, N. A. L., Leccardi, M. J. I. A., & Ghezzi, D. (2019) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab3913 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cao, X., Sui, X., Lyu, Q., Li, L., & Chai, X. (2015) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-015-0065-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lyu, Q., Lu, Z., Li, H., Qiu, S., Guo, J., Sui, X., Sun, P., Li, L., Chai, X., & Lovell, N. H. (2019) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065720500069 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Eggenberger, S. C., James, N. L., Ho, C., Eamegdool, S. S., Tatarinoff, V., Craig, N. A., Gow, B. S., Wan, S., Dodds, C. W. D., La Hood, D., et al. (2021) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121191 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Spike-triggered average electrical stimuli as input filters for bionic vision—a perspective
Rathbun, D. L., Ghorbani, N., Shabani, H., Zrenner, E., & Hosseinzadeh, Z. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aae493 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bittner, A. K., Diener‐West, M., & Dagnelie, G. (2011) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7195 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Diamond penetrating electrode array for Epi-Retinal Prosthesis
Ganesan, K., Stacey, A. D., Hamish Meffin, A., Lichter, S. G., Greferath, U., Fletcher, E. L., & Prawer, S. (2010) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2010.5626003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Artificial Retina: A Future Cellular-Resolution Brain-Machine Interface
Muratore, D. G., & Chichilnisky, E. J. (2020) · The frontiers collection · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18338-7_24 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Laube, T., Brockmann, C., Roessler, G. F., Walter, P., Krueger, C. E., Goertz, M., Klauke, S., & Bornfeld, N. (2011) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-011-1756-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Italiano, M. L., Guo, T., Lovell, N. H., & Tsai, D. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac72c2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users
Hou, Y., Nanduri, D., Granley, J., Weiland, J. D., & Beyeler, M. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad31c4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of synchronous versus asynchronous electrical stimulation in artificial vision
Moleirinho, S., Whalen, A. J., Fried, S. I., & Pezaris, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abecf1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A model of ganglion axon pathways accounts for percepts elicited by retinal implants
Beyeler, M., Nanduri, D., Weiland, J. D., Rokem, A., Boynton, G. M., & Fine, I. (2018) · doi:10.1101/453035 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationRay, A., Lee, E.-J., Humayun, M. S., & Weiland, J. D. (2011) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/8/4/045003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, H., Zeng, Y., Lu, Z., Cao, X., Su, X., Sui, X., Wang, J., & Chai, X. (2017) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aa966d · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sequential epiretinal stimulation improves discrimination in simple shape discrimination tasks only
Christie, B., Sadeghi, R., Kartha, A., Caspi, A., Tenore, F. V., Klatzky, R. L., Dagnelie, G., & Billings, S. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac7326 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Simulating the perceptual effects of electrode–retina distance in prosthetic vision
Avraham, D., & Yitzhak Yitzhaky, B. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac6f82 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Augmenting intensity to enhance scene structure in prosthetic vision
McCarthy, C. D., Feng, D. D., & Barnes, N. M. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo workshops · doi:10.1109/icmew.2013.6618430 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mimicking natural neural encoding through retinal electrostimulation
Guo, T., Barriga‐Rivera, A., Suaning, G. J., Tsai, D., Dokos, S., Morley, J. W., & Lovell, N. H. (2017) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2017.8008346 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Embracing the irregular: A patient-specific image processing strategy for visual prostheses
Kiral-Kornek, F. I., Savage, C. O., O'Sullivan-Greene, E., Burkitt, A. N., & Grayden, D. B. (2013) · 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2013.6610312 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Velikay‐Parel, M., Ivastinović, D., Georgi, T., Richard, G. W., & Hornig, R. (2013) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.12179 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Simultaneous vs. sequential and unipolar vs. multipolar stimulation in retinal prostheses
Schmid, E. W., Fink, W., & Wilke, R. G. H. (2013) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2013.6695904 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Importance weighted image enhancement for prosthetic vision: An augmentation framework
McCarthy, C., & Barnes, N. M. (2014) · Proceedings - International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, ISMAR · doi:10.1109/ismar.2014.6948408 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Li, X., Khalil, I., Rahman, F., & Khan, M. N. (2026) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics11090649 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kiral-Kornek, F. I., O’Sullivan-Greene, E., Savage, C. O., McCarthy, C. D., Grayden, D. B., & Burkitt, A. N. (2014) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/11/6/066002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Elnabawy, R. H., Abdennadher, S., Hellwich, O., & Eldawlatly, S. (2022) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/s12938-022-01059-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Fast and Flexible Computer Vision System for Implanted Visual Prostheses
Li, W. H. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16199-0_48 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Operational challenges of retinal prostheses
Schmid, E. W., Fink, W., & Wilke, R. G. H. (2014) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2014.09.004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Li, X., & Li, L. (2015) · International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA) · doi:10.1109/icmtma.2015.38 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Weitz, A. C., & Weiland, J. D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8151-5_7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationRetinal prosthesis that incorporates the organization of the nerve fibre layer
FitzGibbon, T. (2017) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.12899 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
RASPV: A Robotics Framework for Augmented Simulated Prosthetic Vision
Pérez-Yus, A., Santos-Villafranca, M., Tomas-Barba, J., Bermúdez-Cameo, J., Montano-Oliván, L., Nicolás, G. L., & Guerrero, J. J. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3357400 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Thakoor, K. A. (2016) · IEEE Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1109/mis.2016.21 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yoon, Y. H., Yue, L., & Humayun, M. S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7644-7_34 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationA Cell-Type Selective Stimulation and Recording System for Retinal Ganglion Cells
Löhler, P., Albert, A., Erbslöh, A., Nruthyathi, Müller, F. W., & Seidl, K. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2023.3342465 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reduced dimensionality, information rich visual representations for scene classification
Thakoor, K. A. (2015) · IEEE Digital Signal Processing Workshop and IEEE Signal Processing Education Workshop (DSP/SPE) · doi:10.1109/dsp-spe.2015.7369525 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Precision Phosphene Control Through Cutaneous Facial Electrical Stimulation
Sadrzadeh-Afsharazar, F. (2023) · doi:10.32920/23296385.v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Text image processing for visual prostheses
Wang, S., Li, Y., & Barnes, N. M. (2012) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2012.6346589
Prosthetic Vision, Perceptual Effects
Dagnelie, G., & Stronks, H. C. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_657-1
Özden, M., & Karagoz, I. (2015) · Journal of Bioengineering and Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.4172/2155-9538.1000169
Prosthetic Vision, Perceptual Effects
Dagnelie, G., & Stronks, H. C. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6675-8_657
Prosthetic Vision, Perceptual Effects
Dagnelie, G., & Stronks, H. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1006-0_657
Simulador inmersivo de visión protésica modelando estímulos espacio-temporales
Santos-Villafranca, M., Tomas-Barba, J., Pérez-Yus, A., Bermúdez-Cameo, J., & Guerrero, J. (2023) · doi:10.17979/spudc.9788497498609.879
Irregular Artificial Vision Optimization Strategies Based on Transformer Saliency Detection
Wang, J., Zhao, R., He, H., Zhou, X., & Han, Y. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2024.3524642
Adaptive vision transformer for enhanced perception in visual prostheses
Tomas-Barba, J., Pérez-Yus, A., Martínez-Cantín, R., Guerrero, J. J., & Bermúdez-Cameo, J. (2025) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc58623.2025.11253400
Bilateral retinal implants for improving visual restoration: a simulated bionic vision study
Rodriguez-Miguez, P., Soria, P. R., & Barriga‐Rivera, A. (2026) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-026-03513-3
- Authors
- Nanduri, D., Humayun, M. S., Greenberg, R. J., McMahon, M. J., & Weiland, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Second Sight Medical Products (US)
- Venue
- 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2008-08
- Volume
- 2008
- Pages
- 1785-1788
- ISSN
- 2375-7477 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2142422810
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 12.16
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Southern California
- National Eye Institute (R24EY12893-01, R24EY012893)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- retinal prosthesis, stimulation amplitude, image moments, electrode arrays, vision restoration, blind patients
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Organs, Biomedical Engineering, Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Humans, Phosphenes, Retina, Retinitis Pigmentosa
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
