Frequency and amplitude modulation have different effects on the percepts elicited by retinal stimulation
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: In an effort to restore functional form vision, epiretinal prostheses that elicit percepts by directly stimulating remaining retinal circuitry were implanted in human subjects with advanced retinitis pigmentosa RP). In this study, manipulating pulse train frequency and amplitude had different effects on the size and brightness of phosphene appearance. METHODS: Experiments were performed on a single subject with severe RP (implanted with a 16-channel epiretinal prosthesis in 2004) on nine individual electrodes. Psychophysical techniques were used to measure both the brightness and size of phosphenes when the biphasic pulse train was varied by either modulating the current amplitude (with constant frequency) or the stimulating frequency (with constant current amplitude). RESULTS: Increasing stimulation frequency always increased brightness, while having a smaller effect on the size of elicited phosphenes. In contrast, increasing stimulation amplitude generally increased both the size and brightness of phosphenes. These experimental findings can be explained by using a simple computational model based on previous psychophysical work and the expected spatial spread of current from a disc electrode. CONCLUSIONS: Given that amplitude and frequency have separable effects on percept size, these findings suggest that frequency modulation improves the encoding of a wide range of brightness levels without a loss of spatial resolution. Future retinal prosthesis designs could benefit from having the flexibility to manipulate pulse train amplitude and frequency independently (clinicaltrials.gov number, NCT00279500).
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Stimulus amplitude strongly affected phosphene area in two out of three participants (p < .001) and minor axis length (p < .001), suggesting that phosphenes tended to get larger with increasing amplitude.
“Consistent with Nanduri et al (2012), we found that stimulus amplitude strongly affected phosphene area in two out of three participants (p < .001) and minor axis length (p < .001), suggesting that phosphenes tended to get larger with increasing amplitude.”
From Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users (2024) · cites this paper as Nanduri et al 2012
Phosphene appearance varies systematically with stimulus amplitude and frequency.
“In addition, phosphene appearance varies systematically with stimulus amplitude and frequency (Horsager et al 2009, Nanduri et al 2012, Sinclair et al 2016) to the extent that a simple computational model can predict phosphene shape across a wide range of stimulus parameters (Granley and Beyeler 2021).”
From Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users (2024) · cites this paper as Nanduri et al 2012
Pulse frequency seemed to affect phosphene shape differently than amplitude.
“First reported by Nanduri et al (2012), pulse frequency seemed to affect phosphene shape differently than amplitude (figure 6).”
From Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users (2024) · cites this paper as Nanduri et al 2012
Stimulus frequency affected phosphene size.
“However, in contrast to Nanduri et al (2012), we found that stimulus frequency also affected phosphene size (table 4 and figure 6).”
From Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users (2024) · cites this paper as Nanduri et al (2012)
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The appearance of phosphenes elicited using a suprachoroidal retinal prosthesis
Sinclair, N. C., Shivdasani, M. N., Perera, T., Gillespie, L. N., McDermott, H. J., Ayton, L. N., Blamey, P. J., & for the Bionic Vision Australia Consortium (2016) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.15-18991 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The drawings produced by P1 and P2 were found to cover large areas of the visual field, suggesting that the phosphenes from suprachoroidal stimulation are larger in comparison to those reported for other implantation sites.(11,13,16,18,19) While this may be true, due to the increased distance between the electrodes an…”
ResultFine, I., & Boynton, G. M. (2015) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0208 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Spatiotemporal characteristics of retinal response to network-mediated photovoltaic stimulation
Ho, E., Smith, R., Goetz, G. A., Lei, X., Galambos, L., Kamins, T. I., Harris, J. S., Mathieson, K., Palanker, D., & Sher, A. (2017) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00872.2016 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“A major difficulty with this approach is that bundles of axons from distant RGCs passing under the epiretinal electrodes are also stimulated, which results in arcuate percepts distorting the retinotopic map of the image (Nanduri et al. 2012).”
BackgroundOptimization of pillar electrodes in subretinal prosthesis for enhanced proximity to target neurons
Flores, T., Lei, X., Huang, T., Lorach, H., Dalal, R., Galambos, L., Kamins, T., Mathieson, K., & Palanker, D. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aaac39 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Such axonal stimulation causes arcuate percepts that strongly distort the retinotopic map [11].”
BackgroundPerformance of visually guided tasks using simulated prosthetic vision and saliency-based cues
Parikh, N., Itti, L., Humayun, M., & Weiland, J. (2013) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/10/2/026017 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Simulations use phosphenes that are very regular in their appearance, whereas the appearance of phosphenes in visual prosthesis subjects can be irregular [33, 34].”
Chang, Y.-C., Ghaffari, D. H., Chow, R. H.-P., & Weiland, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aaf92b · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Interphase gap as a means to reduce electrical stimulation thresholds for epiretinal prostheses
Weitz, A. C., Behrend, M. R., Ahuja, A., Christopher, P., Wei, J., Wuyyuru, V., Patel, U. K., Greenberg, R. J., Humayun, M. S., Chow, R. H.-P., et al. (2014) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/11/1/016007 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Clinical testing has shown that phosphenes tend to get larger and brighter as stimulus amplitude increases [14, 15, 33, 34].”
BackgroundGuo, T., Yang, C. Y., Tsai, D., Muralidharan, M., Suaning, G. J., Morley, J. W., Dokos, S., & Lovell, N. H. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00168 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The last six iterations (blue numbers) before the search was terminated were within the optimal parameter space defined by Table 2. while frequency contributes only to the brightness (Nanduri et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSubretinal Photovoltaic Implant to Restore Vision in Geographic Atrophy Due to AMD
Holz, F. G., Mer, Y. L., Muqit, M. M. K., Kuhli-Hattenbach, C., Cusumano, A., Grisanti, S., Kodjikian, L., Pileri, M., Matonti, F., Souied, E. H., et al. (2025) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2501396 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“32,33 Suprachoroidal implants are relatively far from the retinal neurons, and therefore provide comparatively low resolution in the range of logMAR 3.0.”
Influentialpulse2percept: A Python-based simulation framework for bionic vision
Beyeler, M., Boynton, G., Fine, I., & Rokem, A. (2017) · Proceedings of the 16th Python in Science Conference · doi:10.25080/shinma-7f4c6e7-00c · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Flexible Microinterventional Sensors for Advanced Biosignal Monitoring
Liu, Y., Fan, P., Pan, Y., & Ping, J. F. (2025) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00115 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Prosthetic vision: devices, patient outcomes and retinal research
Hadjinicolaou, A. E., Hamish Meffin, A., Maturana, M. I., Cloherty, S. L., & Ibbotson, M. R. (2015) · Clinical and Experimental Optometry · doi:10.1111/cxo.12342 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Nanduri et al.103 reported that in one epiretinial patient, increasing the frequency of stimulation increased phosphene brightness.”
BackgroundRetinotopic to spatiotopic mapping in blind patients implanted with the Argus II retinal prosthesis
Caspi, A., Roy, A., Dorn, J. D., & Greenberg, R. J. (2017) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.16-20398 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The activation of the fiber tracts might create an elongated percept along the axon.(23) Thus, the percept can be moved along the direction of the axons underneath the electrode causing relocation of the location of the percept.”
BackgroundRetinal Prosthetic Approaches to Enhance Visual Perception for Blind Patients
Shim, S., Eom, K., Jeong, J., & Kim, S. J. (2020) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi11050535 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In the test on a human subject implanted with a 16-channel retinal electrode array, frequency-modulated stimulation produced phosphenes of higher contrast and smaller size [125].”
BackgroundMuralidharan, M., Guo, T., Shivdasani, M. N., Tsai, D., Fried, S. I., Li, L., Dokos, S., Morley, J. W., & Lovell, N. H. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab9a97 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The subsequent study byNanduri et al [69] additionally found that perceptual brightness increased with frequency (<120 Hz), while amplitude (<7 μA) altered both the brightness and shape of the percept.”
BackgroundMethodPaknahad, J., Loizos, K., Lan, Y., Humayun, M. S., & Lazzi, G. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84437-w · Cited by 33 · see citing works
STEM CELL THERAPIES, GENE-BASED THERAPIES, OPTOGENETICS, AND RETINAL PROSTHETICS:
Wood, E. H., Tang, P. H., la Huerta, I. D., Korot, E., Muscat, S. P., Palanker, D., & Williams, G. A. (2019) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000002449 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Eickenscheidt, M., & Zeck, G. M. (2014) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/11/3/036006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Nguyen, H. T., Tangutooru, S. M., Rountree, C. M., Kantzos, A., Tarlochan, F., Yoon, W. J., & Troy, J. B. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2016.2567300 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“evoked by retinal stimulation include large dots or rings [31], and phosphene size grows with stimulation amplitude [31], [32].”
BackgroundChenais, N. A. L., Leccardi, M. J. I. A., & Ghezzi, D. (2019) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab3913 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“With epiretinal prostheses, the low visual acuity reported in patients is often associated with the perception of amplitude-dependent elongated phosphenes [18, 19], attributed to the direct depolarization of several axons of passage located between the epiretinal device and the RGC layer [6, 20, 21].”
BackgroundDirect measurement of bipolar cell responses to electrical stimulation in wholemount mouse retina
Walston, S. T., Chow, R. H.-P., & Weiland, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aab4ed · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Axonal stimulation leads to the perception of elongated shapes since the peripheral RGCs represent peripheral visual fields (Nanduri 2011; Nanduri et al. 2012).”
BackgroundA computational model of phosphene appearance for epiretinal prostheses
Granley, J., & Beyeler, M. (2021) · 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629663 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Yue, L., Wuyyuru, V., Gonzalez-Calle, A., Dorn, J. D., & Humayun, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab7c8f · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Palanker, D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.24123-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
pulse2percept: A Python-based simulation framework for bionic visionPreprint
Beyeler, M., Boynton, G. M., Fine, I., & Rokem, A. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/148015 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effects of Depth-Based Object Isolation in Simulated Retinal Prosthetic Vision
Avraham, D., & Yitzhak Yitzhaky, B. (2021) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym13101763 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Restoring sight with retinal prostheses
Palanker, D., & Goetz, G. A. (2018) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/pt.3.3970 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Inayat, S., Rountree, C. M., Troy, J. B., & Saggere, L. (2014) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/12/1/016010 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Duvan, F. T., Cunquero, M., Masvidal‐Codina, E., Walston, S. T., Marsal, M., de la Cruz, J. M., Viana, D., Nguyen, D., Dégardin, J., Illa, X., et al. (2024) · Nanoscale Horizons · doi:10.1039/d4nh00282b · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Paknahad, J., Loizos, K., Humayun, M. S., & Lazzi, G. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2020.3027560 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Clinical studies on Argus II patients have revealed that a single electrode stimulation resulted in activation of RGCs axonal pathways and therefore the elongated phosphenes perceived by subjects [11], [12].”
BackgroundOptical Coherence Tomography Imaging in the Management of the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System
Parmeggiani, F., Nadai, K. D., Piovan, A., Binotto, A., Zamengo, S., & Chizzolini, M. (2016) · European Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.5301/ejo.5000852 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“retinal cells and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) are relatively spared from tissue degeneration (4-6), allowing vision-related benefits secondary to the surgical implant of the Argus II device.”
BackgroundLyu, Q., Lu, Z., Li, H., Qiu, S., Guo, J., Sui, X., Sun, P., Li, L., Chai, X., & Lovell, N. H. (2019) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065720500069 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Spike-triggered average electrical stimuli as input filters for bionic vision—a perspective
Rathbun, D. L., Ghorbani, N., Shabani, H., Zrenner, E., & Hosseinzadeh, Z. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aae493 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Immersive Virtual Reality Simulations of Bionic Vision
Kasowski, J., & Beyeler, M. (2022) · Augmented Humans 2022 · doi:10.1145/3519391.3522752 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Fine, I., & Boynton, G. M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65337-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Im, M., & Kim, S. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab8ca9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Short pulses delivered fromepiretinal side is known to distort artificial visual percepts (Nanduri et al 2012, Beyeler et al 2017, 2019) due to unintended activation of axon bundles (Jensen et al 2003, Behrend et al 2009, Grosberg et al 2017).”
BackgroundVision research special issue: Sight restoration: Prosthetics, optogenetics and gene therapy
Fine, I., Cepko, C. L., & Landy, M. S. (2015) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2015.04.012 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“While models describing the percepts elicited by electrical stimulation based on behavioral performance have been developed (de Balthasar et al., 2008; Greenwald et al., 2009; Horsager et al., 2009, 2011; Horsager, Greenberg, & Fine, 2010; Nanduri et al., 2012), and it has been shown that these models show remarkable…”
BackgroundProbing the functional impact of sub-retinal prosthesis
Roux, S., Matonti, F., Dupont, F., Hoffart, L., Takerkart, S., Picaud, S. A., Pham, P., & Chavane, F. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.12687 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…or current mode injection, are of common use in human (Ahuja and Behrend, 2013; Fujikado et al., 2007; Humayun et al., 2012; Klauke et al., 2011; Nanduri et al., 2012; Rizzo, 2003; Shepherd et al., 2013; Stingl et al., 2013; Wilke et al., 2011; Zrenner, 2013; Zrenner et al., 2010) or animal…”
BackgroundInfluentialUpper stimulation threshold for retinal ganglion cell activation
Meng, K., Fellner, A., Rattay, F., Ghezzi, D., Hamish Meffin, A., Ibbotson, M. R., & Kameneva, T. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aabb7d · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Spatially patterned bi-electrode epiretinal stimulation for axon avoidance at cellular resolution
Vilkhu, R. S., Madugula, S. S., Grosberg, L. E., Gogliettino, A. R., Hottowy, P., Dąbrowski, W., Sher, A., Litke, A. M., Mitra, S., & Chichilnisky, E. J. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac3450 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“One major problem limiting the visual acuity from existing epiretinal devices is the inadvertent activation of RGC axons [8, 9].”
Ahn, K. N., Ahn, J. Y., Kim, J.-H., Cho, K.-R., Koo, K.-I., Senok, S. S., & Goo, Y. S. (2015) · Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.2.167 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Comparing the amplitude modulation and frequency modulation on percept size in RP patients with retinal prosthesis implanted, frequency modulation improves the encoding of a wide range of brightness levels without a loss of spatial resolution [46].”
BackgroundHöfling, L., Oesterle, J., Berens, P., & Zeck, G. M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61899-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wang, C., Fang, C., Zou, Y., Yang, J., & Sawan, M. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acb295 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cicione, R., Fallon, J. B., Rathbone, G. D., Williams, C. E., & Shivdasani, M. N. (2014) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-14754 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“and the phosphenes evoked in such situations have been described as brighter.(45,47,48) However, these perceptual”
BackgroundElectrical receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells: Influence of presynaptic neurons
Maturana, M. I., Apollo, N. V., Garrett, D. J., Kameneva, T., Cloherty, S. L., Grayden, D. B., Burkitt, A. N., Ibbotson, M. R., & Hamish Meffin, A. (2018) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005997 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Direct responses tend to generate elongated percepts due to simultaneous activation of passing axons [45].”
BackgroundAxonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users
Hou, Y., Nanduri, D., Granley, J., Weiland, J. D., & Beyeler, M. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad31c4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“First reported by Nanduri et al (2012), pulse frequency seemed to affect phosphene shape differently than amplitude (figure 6).”
InfluentialItaliano, M. L., Guo, T., Lovell, N. H., & Tsai, D. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac72c2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“These percept shapes included trivial axon-oriented streaks (figures 4(c(iii)), 5(c(i, ii)) and 6(c)) (Rizzo et al 2003, Nanduri et al 2012, Beyeler et al 2019), in addition to previously unreproducible shapes such as misaligned streaks (figure 4(c(iv))), and distorted oblongs/wedges (figures…”
The effect of waveform asymmetry on perception with epiretinal prostheses
Ghaffari, D. H., Finn, K. E., Jeganathan, V. S. E., Patel, U. K., Wuyyuru, V., Roy, A., & Weiland, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aba07e · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Each trial began with a control experiment using tactile targets to calculate the participant’s drawing bias and variability (Nanduri et al 2012).”
BackgroundMethodSong, X., Qiu, S., Shivdasani, M. N., Zhou, F., Liu, Z., Ma, S., Chai, X., Chen, Y., Cai, X., Guo, T., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac5b18 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“It is well known from clinical studies that larger [58, 74, 75] and brighter [75–77] phosphenes can be obtained through increasing stimulation intensities.”
Factors affecting two-point discrimination in argus II patients
Yücel, E. I., Sadeghi, R., Kartha, A., Montezuma, S. R., Dagnelie, G., Rokem, A., Boynton, G. M., Fine, I., & Beyeler, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.901337 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Human-in-the-loop optimization of visual prosthetic stimulation
Fauvel, T., & Chalk, M. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac7615 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“First, we used a biologically constrained model, describing how patterns of electrical stimulation are converted to a visual percept, to reduce the number of parameters of the encoder and simplify the optimization (Nanduri et al 2012, Beyeler et al 2019).”
A model of ganglion axon pathways accounts for percepts elicited by retinal implants
Beyeler, M., Nanduri, D., Weiland, J. D., Rokem, A., Boynton, G. M., & Fine, I. (2018) · doi:10.1101/453035 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The impact of synchronous versus asynchronous electrical stimulation in artificial vision
Moleirinho, S., Whalen, A. J., Fried, S. I., & Pezaris, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abecf1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…generally allow trading one parameter off for another (e.g. Brindley and Lewin 1968b, Dobelle and Mladejovsky 1974, Schmidt et al 1996, Delbeke et al 2003, Rizzo et al 2003, Horsager et al 2009, Klauke et al 2011, Nanduri et al 2012, Shivdasani et al 2012, Lee et al 2013, Najarpour et al 2018).”
High Resolution Photovoltaic Subretinal Prosthesis for Restoration of Sight
Lorach, H., & Palanker, D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41876-6_9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Haji Ghaffari, D., Akwaboah, A. D., Mirzakhalili, E., & Weiland, J. D. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2021.3138297 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Studies have shown less elongated percept shapes happen near the fovea [16], [19].”
BackgroundGhaffari, D. H., Chang, Y.-C., Mirzakhalili, E., & Weiland, J. D. (2021) · 2021 10th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER) · doi:10.1109/ner49283.2021.9441437 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Human subject testing has also shown that a single electrode activation results in perception of elongated phosphenes in subjects, confirming the in vitro results with respect to off-target activation of RGCs [10], [11].”
ResultElectrical stimulation of different retinal components and the effect of asymmetric pulses
Raz-Prag, D., Beit-Yaakov, G., & Hanein, Y. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.07.028 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Biophysical model of axonal stimulation in epiretinal visual prostheses
Beyeler, M. (2019) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2019.8716969 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Retinal Prosthesis Using Thin-Film Devices on a Transparent Substrate and Wireless Power Transfer
Tomioka, K., Toyoda, K., Ishizaki, T., Noda, T., Ohta, J., & Kimura, M. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices · doi:10.1109/ted.2019.2960295 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“stimulating current is roughly 3 μA and the oscillating frequency is dependent on the light illumination, which is roughly within the range described in the prior articles [23]–[25], where the stimulating current is in the order of several μA, and the stimulating frequency is in the order of several tens or hundreds H…”
BackgroundSequential epiretinal stimulation improves discrimination in simple shape discrimination tasks only
Christie, B., Sadeghi, R., Kartha, A., Caspi, A., Tenore, F. V., Klatzky, R. L., Dagnelie, G., & Billings, S. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac7326 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In future work, it could be worthwhile to implement a control task to quantify the ability of human subjects to draw phosphenes accurately and consistently across trials (Nanduri et al 2012).”
BackgroundSimulating the perceptual effects of electrode–retina distance in prosthetic vision
Avraham, D., & Yitzhak Yitzhaky, B. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac6f82 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“It has been found that decreasing the stimulation amplitude results in the elicitation of smaller phos-phenes [48], and, because the stimulation amplitude decreases as the ERD increases, it could be associated with decreasing the phosphene size.”
InfluentialLosing, preserving, and restoring vision from neurodegeneration in the eye
Kerschensteiner, D. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.044 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Axonal stimulation elicits arcuate percepts that severely distort the retinotopic map of the visual field 296 .”
BackgroundPaknahad, J., Kosta, P., Bouteiller, J. C., Humayun, M. S., & Lazzi, G. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac3dd8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“However, challenges such as activation of RGCs axon bundles have limited the spatial resolution of epiretinal prostheses [8].”
Paknahad, J., Humayun, M. S., & Lazzi, G. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2022.3149967 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Restoration of Sight with Electronic Retinal Prostheses
Palanker, D., Weiland, J. D., Rosin, B., & Sahel, J. (2025) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-110323-025244 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Avoidance of axonal stimulation with sinusoidal epiretinal stimulation
Corna, A., Cojocaru, A.-E., Bui, M. T., Werginz, P., & Zeck, G. M. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad38de · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Minimizing axon bundle activation of retinal ganglion cells with oriented rectangular electrodes
Tong, W., Hejazi, M., Garrett, D. J., Esler, T. B., Prawer, S., Hamish Meffin, A., & Ibbotson, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab909e · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Instead, single-electrode stimulation usually leads to the perception of a large, elongated, blurred and distorted patch of light [7, 8].”
BackgroundCross-task perceptual learning of object recognition in simulated retinal implant perception
Wang, L., Sharifian, F., Napp, J., Nath, C., & Pollmann, S. (2018) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/18.13.22 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Muralidharan, M., Guo, T., Tsai, D., Lee, J.-I., Fried, S. I., Dokos, S., Morley, J. W., Lovell, N. H., & Shivdasani, M. N. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad2404 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Moreover, clinical results suggest that frequency of stimulation may allow better control over the brightness of phosphenes [36] as well as evoking coloured phosphenes [37], thus increasing the importance of assessing responses to frequency modulation.”
Roh, H., Otgondemberel, Y., & Im, M. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac8ed7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Some literatures reported the pulse duration of Argus I or II as 450 µs (Nanduri et al 2012, Ahuja and Behrend 2013, Beyeler et al 2019), however, we set the duration as to be 460 µs to follow Argus II Surgeon Manual (Second Sight Medical Products 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSheardown, H. D., Hicks, E. A., Taiyab, A., & Muirhead, B. B. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00072-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Human-in-the-Loop Optimization for Deep Stimulus Encoding in Visual Prostheses
Granley, J., Fauvel, T., Chalk, M., & Beyeler, M. (2023) · PubMed · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2306.13104 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In addition, the exact brightness and shape of these elicited percepts depends on the applied stimulus [19] and differs widely across patients (Fig.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPatient-specific computational models of retinal prostheses
Kish, K. E., Yuan, A., & Weiland, J. D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49580-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“We compared the patient-specific field-cable model predictions of retinal activation to a prior study analyzing the effect of increasing stimulation amplitude on phosphene size 8 .”
MethodWalston, S. T., Chow, R. H.-P., & Weiland, J. D. (2015) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7319113 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jung, R., Kelbsch, C., Wilhelm, H. M., Wilhelm, B., Straßer, T., Peters, T. M., Kempf, M., Kortüm, F. C., Pohl, L., Stingl, K. T., et al. (2022) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2022.109185 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nanduri, D., Fine, I., Horsager, A., Boynton, G. M., Humayun, M. S., Greenberg, R. J., & Weiland, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Doheny Eye Institute (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Second Sight Medical Products (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nanduri, Devyani
- Fine, Ione
- Horsager, Alan
- Boynton, Geoffrey M.
- Humayun, Mark S.
- Greenberg, Robert J.
- Weiland, James D.
- Venue
- Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science
- Published
- 2012-01-20
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 205
- ISSN
- 0146-0404 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5783
- PMC
- PMC3292357
- OpenAlex
- W1976408315
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY014645, R01EY012893, P30EY001730)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- epiretinal prosthesis, retinitis pigmentosa, pulse amplitude, brightness perception, retinal stimulation, spatial resolution
- MeSH terms
- Blindness, Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Microelectrodes, Middle Aged, Retina, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Sensory Thresholds, Visual Perception, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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