The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Fear and Anger on Perceived Risks of Terrorism: A National Field Experiment
Abstract
The aftermath of September 11th highlights the need to understand how emotion affects citizens' responses to risk. It also provides an opportunity to test current theories of such effects. On the basis of appraisal-tendency theory, we predicted opposite effects for anger and fear on risk judgments and policy preferences. In a nationally representative sample of Americans (N = 973, ages 13–88), fear increased risk estimates and plans for precautionary measures; anger did the opposite. These patterns emerged with both experimentally induced emotions and naturally occurring ones. Males had less pessimistic risk estimates than did females, emotion differences explaining 60 to 80% of the gender difference. Emotions also predicted diverging public policy preferences. Discussion focuses on theoretical, methodological, and policy implications.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
Slovic, P. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3563507 · Cited by 9,271
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
(1982) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511809477 · Cited by 8,240
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
Mellers, B., Schwartz, A., & Ritov, I. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.332 · Cited by 839
Cited by
Gender Differences in Preferences
Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.47.2.448 · Cited by 5,694
Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.2.93 · Cited by 2,932
Lerner, J. S., Li, Y., Valdesolo, P., & Kassam, K. S. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043 · Cited by 2,913
Self-citationThe trouble with overconfidence.
Moore, D. A., & Healy, P. J. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.115.2.502 · Cited by 2,358
Barrett, L. F. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00003.x · Cited by 1,859
Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1232491 · Cited by 1,638
Slovic, P., & Peters, E. (2006) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00461.x · Cited by 1,443
Basic Emotions, Natural Kinds, Emotion Schemas, and a New Paradigm
Izard, C. E. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00044.x · Cited by 1,110
Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder.
Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183 · Cited by 1,058
Heart Strings and Purse Strings: Carryover Effects of Emotions on Economic Decisions
Lerner, J. S., Small, D. A., & Loewenstein, G. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00679.x · Cited by 959
Self-citationThreat, Anxiety, and Support of Antiterrorism Policies
Huddy, L., Feldman, S., Taber, C., & Lahav, G. (2005) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00144.x · Cited by 948
How emotions inform judgment and regulate thought
Clore, G. L., & Huntsinger, J. R. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.005 · Cited by 881
Lodge, M., & Taber, C. S. (2005) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00426.x · Cited by 588
The role of emotion in global warming policy support and opposition
Smith, N., & Leiserowitz, A. (2014) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.12140 · Cited by 580
A Bottom‐Up Theory of Public Opinion about Foreign Policy
Kertzer, J. D., & Zeitzoff, T. (2017) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12314 · Cited by 443
Horberg, E. J., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073911402384 · Cited by 339
Measuring Emotions in Real Time: Implications for Tourism Experience Design
Kim, J. (., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2015) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287514550100 · Cited by 335
Emotion and persuasion: Cognitive and meta-cognitive processes impact attitudes
Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2015) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.967183 · Cited by 336
Obesity Metaphors: How Beliefs about the Causes of Obesity Affect Support for Public Policy
BARRY, C. L., BRESCOLL, V. L., BROWNELL, K. D., & SCHLESINGER, M. (2009) · The Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00546.x · Cited by 278
Cross-Cultural Differences in Risk Perceptions of Disasters
Gierlach, E., Belsher, B. E., & Beutler, L. E. (2010) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01451.x · Cited by 237
Statistical Numeracy for Health: A Cross-cultural Comparison With Probabilistic National Samples
Galesic, M. (2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.481 · Cited by 221
Emotional climate, human security, and cultures of peace
De Rivera, J., & Páez, D. (2007) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00506.x · Cited by 193
Emotional Responses to the Charlie Hebdo Attacks: Addressing the Authoritarianism Puzzle
Vasilopoulos, P., Marcus, G. E., & Foucault, M. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12439 · Cited by 137
Fischer-Preßler, D., Schwemmer, C., & Fischbach, K. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.012 · Cited by 133
Bad News or Mad News? Sentiment Scoring of Negativity, Fear, and Anger in News Content
Soroka, S., Young, L., & Balmas, M. (2015) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716215569217 · Cited by 128
How fear-arousing news messages affect risk perceptions and intention to talk about risk
Paek, H.-J., Oh, S.-H., & Hove, T. (2016) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2015.1037419 · Cited by 115
Emotional arousal may increase susceptibility to fraud in older and younger adults.
Kircanski, K., Notthoff, N., DeLiema, M., Samanez-Larkin, G. R., Shadel, D., Mottola, G., Carstensen, L. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000228 · Cited by 120
Hopwood, T. L., & Schutte, N. S. (2017) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000056 · Cited by 106
Lu, Y., & Lee, J. K. (2019) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1077699018811295 · Cited by 86
Zeitzoff, T. (2014) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12065 · Cited by 78
Flashbulb memory for 11 September 2001
Conway, A. R. A., Skitka, L. J., Hemmerich, J. A., & Kershaw, T. C. (2009) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1497 · Cited by 77
The ripple of fear, sympathy and solidarity during the Boston bombings
Lin, Y.-R., & Margolin, D. (2014) · EPJ Data Science · doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-014-0031-z · Cited by 72
DeCelles, K. A., Sonenshein, S., & King, B. G. (2020) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001839219879646 · Cited by 70
Ferrer, R. A., Green, P. A., & Barrett, L. F. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615576755 · Cited by 58
Porat, R., Tamir, M., Wohl, M. J. A., Gur, T., & Halperin, E. (2019) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1460321 · Cited by 53
Adolescents' Perceived Risk of Dying
Fischhoff, B., Bruine de Bruin, W., Parker, A. M., Millstein, S. G., & Halpern-Felsher, B. L. (2010) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.026 · Cited by 50
Self-citationShandler, R., Gross, M. L., & Canetti, D. (2021) · Contemporary Security Policy · doi:10.1080/13523260.2020.1868836 · Cited by 45
A Cyberterrorism Effect? Emotional Reactions to Lethal Attacks on Critical Infrastructure
Backhaus, S., Gross, M. L., Waismel-Manor, I., Cohen, H., & Canetti, D. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0692 · Cited by 38
Effects of self-affirmation on implementation intentions and the moderating role of affect
Ferrer, R. A., Shmueli, D., Bergman, H. E., Harris, P. R., & Klein, W. M. P. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611419265 · Cited by 38
DeCelles, K. A., DeVoe, S. E., Rafaeli, A., & Agasi, S. (2019) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12292 · Cited by 35
Huber, M., Van Boven, L., Park, B., & Pizzi, W. T. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139193 · Cited by 31
Kobayashi, T., & Katagiri, A. (2018) · Journal of East Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/jea.2018.21 · Cited by 27
Effects of emotion on medical decisions involving tradeoffs.
Ellis, E. M., Klein, W. M. P., Orehek, E., & Ferrer, R. A. (2018) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x18806493 · Cited by 19
Kazemi, N., Badri, S. A., Adinehvand, E., & Rostami, K. (2022) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-022-00567-6 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Lerner, J. S., Gonzalez, R. M., Small, D. A., & Fischhoff, B.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-03
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 144-150
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2155465530
- Cited by
- 1,331
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 132.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.