The Automaticity of Affect for Political Leaders, Groups, and Issues: An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis
Abstract
We report the results of three experimental tests of the “hot cognition” hypothesis, which posits that all sociopolitical concepts that have been evaluated in the past are affectively charged and that this affective charge is automatically activated within milliseconds on mere exposure to the concept, appreciably faster than conscious appraisal of the object. We find support for the automaticity of affect toward political leaders, groups, and issues; specifically: • Most Ss show significantly faster reaction times to affectively congruent political concepts and significantly slower response times to affectively incongruent concepts; • These facilitation and inhibition effects, which hold for a cross-section of political leaders, groups, and issues, are strongest for those with the strongest prior attitudes, with sophisticates showing the strongest effect on “harder” political issues. • Even semantically unrelated affective concepts (e.g., “sunshine,”“cancer”) have a strong effect on the evaluation of political leaders, groups, and issues. We conclude with a discussion of the “so what?” question—the conceptual, substantive, and normative implications of hot cognition for political judgments, evaluations, and choice. One clear expectation, given that affect appears to be activated automatically on mere exposure to sociopolitical concepts, is that most citizens, but especially those sophisticates with strong political attitudes, will be biased information processors.
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Messages spread with different speed in the network depending on the cognitive congruence or dissonance between users and the content of the published messages.
“The findings indicate that the messages spread with different speed in the network, depending on the congruence or cognitive dissonance between users and of these for the messages published.”
From #Tarifazo. Medios tradicionales y fusión de agenda en redes sociales (2018) · cites this paper as Lodge & Taber, 2005
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Self-citationMotivated Reasoning, Public Opinion, and Presidential Approval
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- Authors
- Lodge, M., & Taber, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Venue
- Political Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 455-482
- ISSN
- 0162-895X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9221
- OpenAlex
- W1978777277
- Cited by
- 588
- References
- 307
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 32.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Political Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Keywords
- hot cognition, political attitudes, political leaders, political groups, political issues, affective priming, reaction time (psychology), political sophistication, biased information processing, political judgment
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