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The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test Revised Version: A Study with Normal Adults, and Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High‐functioning Autism
Abstract
In 1997 in this Journal we published the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test, as a measure of adult “mentalising”. Whilst that test succeeded in discriminating a group of adults with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high‐functioning autism (HFA) from controls, it suffered from several psychometric problems. In this paper these limitations are rectified by revising the test. The Revised Eyes Test was administered to a group of adults with AS or HFA ( N = 15) and again discriminated these from a large number of normal controls ( N = 239) drawn from different samples. In both the clinical and control groups the Eyes Test was inversely correlated with the Autism Spectrum Quotient (the AQ), a measure of autistic traits in adults of normal intelligence. The Revised Eyes Test has improved power to detect subtle individual differences in social sensitivity.
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In the citing paper
“Likewise, scores in the RMET are similar to those seen in other publications with autistic participants [41, 71].”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“deficits in the popular ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ task (RMET) [41] were unrelated to the presence of self-injury, its range or frequency or its use for the functional purpose of communicating with others”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Another study also reported that 8 weeks of cognitive-based compassion training could significantly enhance the accuracy in inferring others' mental states in the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test [39] and increased the neural activation in the inferior frontal gyrus and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, which are important for the theory of mind [40].”
From Potential therapeutic effects of meditation for treating affective dysregulation (2014) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“These ToM tasks measure the ability to employ mental states in explanations and predictions of behavior and as such can be distinguished from tasks that may only require emotion recognition (e.g., Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Oakley et al., 2016), or only require empathic sharing of mental states (e.g., Quesque et al., 2024; Reniers et al., 2011).”
From Longitudinal development of theory of mind in adolescence and its associations with fiction reading experience. (2025) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“While the Eyes Test is proposed to measure a single construct (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), as noted previously others have suggested that there might be subscales composed of those items that represent positive, negative, and neutral affect (Harkness et al., 2005; Maurage et al., 2011; Konrath et al., 2014).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The Eyes Test was designed to measure the first stage of ToM attribution, which is identifying the relevant mental state of the stimulus (as opposed to the second stage; inferring the content of that mental state; see Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Of note, this version of the Eyes Test is considered superior to earlier versions, largely on the grounds of reliability and validity evidence (see Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test is a popular measure of individual differences in Theory of Mind capabilities (ToM; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The test distinguishes many clinical populations (most often individuals on the autistic spectrum) from unimpaired control participants in their ToM capabilities.”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“With the exception of item 17, the most frequently chosen response option was the correct response option (see Table A1 in Supplementary Materials), which is supported by prior studies of normal populations (e.g., Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Harkness et al., 2005).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“First, Baron-Cohen and colleagues did not discuss purposely including items with different affects and they never proposed that the affect of the target word could be used to create subscales or should bias performance on the test, so in our analyses we operated under the assumption that there was no preference in terms of which items were the most appropriate for the measure of ToM.”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“First, Baron-Cohen and colleagues did not discuss purposely including items with different affects and they never proposed that the affect of the target word could be used to create subscales or should bias performance on the test, so in our analyses we operated under the assumption that there was no preference in terms of which items were the most appropriate for the measure of ToM.”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Based on the effect size (d = 1.27) between ASD and control participants on the RMET reported in Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al. (2001), we determined that a sample size of 19 participants per group would provide a power of 0.8 to detect group differences using an independent t test and α < .05.”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Its validity is supported by the poor performance of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on the task (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al., 2001), a group that has known ToM impairments (Castelli, Frith, Happé, & Frith, 2002).”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The alexithymic group also performed significantly worse than the control participants reported in Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al. (2001): N = 225, M = 27.02, SD = 3.67; independent samples t test: t(237) = 2.31, p = .021, d = 0.638, 95% CI for d [0.094, 1.180]”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“the original set of 36 items was split into two equally difficult halves (as in Samur et al., 2018, Experiment 3), based on the item accuracy reported for university students (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001)”
From The effects of reading narrative fiction on social and moral cognition (2021) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The present score after placebo administration is also slightly higher than ASD norms for RMET performance (61%).49”
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Adenzato, M., Todisco, P., & Ardito, R. B. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044414 · Cited by 85
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Brüne, M., Walden, S., Edel, M., & Dimaggio, G. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.08.003 · Cited by 91
“Other studies utilized the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task” (RMET) [18], which requires individuals to make inferences about mental states derived from the eye regions of photographed faces.”
MethodGeorgescu, A. L., Kuzmanovic, B., Schilbach, L., Tepest, R., Kulbida, R., Bente, G., & Vogeley, K. T. (2013) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.08.014 · Cited by 83
“In order to avoid clinically significant autistic traits in the control sample, control participants were included only if scoring less than 22 on the Autism Quotient (AQ) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001b).”
An individual task meta-analysis of social cognition in euthymic bipolar disorders
Samamé, C., Martino, D. J., & Strejilevich, S. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.055 · Cited by 84
“, 1998), and Eyes tests based on Baron-Cohen et al. (2001). As for emotion processing, we calculated an emotional intelligence overall effect size by combining the results obtained from research studies including the Managing Emotions component of the Mayer– Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test—MSCEIT—(Mayer et…”
MethodTheory of mind and central coherence in adults with high-functioning autism or Asperger syndrome
Beaumont, R. B., & Newcombe, P. A. (2006) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361306064416 · Cited by 89
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Callenmark, B., Kjellin, L., Rönnqvist, L., & Bölte, S. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313492393 · Cited by 85
“This study has several limitations, including a rather small sample size and a lack of inclusion of a more established social cognition measure to explore convergent validity of the Dewey Story Test measures (e.g. Reading Mind in the Eyes (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) or Strange Stories (Happé, 1994)).”
BackgroundTella, M. D., Castelli, L., Colonna, F., Fusaro, E., Torta, R., Ardito, R. B., & Adenzato, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116542 · Cited by 89
“The RME was employed to assess the ability to represent other people’s affective mental states [94].”
MethodMore than words: social cognition across variants of primary progressive aphasia
Fittipaldi, S., Ibanez, A., Baez, S., Manes, F., Sedeno, L., & Garcia, A. M. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.020 · Cited by 82
“Moreover, this fundamental difference between ToM and empathy is formally captured by validated measures which are often used to test each domain separately (Baron-Cohen et al., 1999; Baron‐Cohen et al., 2001; Davis, 1983).”
BackgroundSchlegel, K., Boone, R. T., & Hall, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-017-0249-0 · Cited by 84
“…faces 18 Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, Faces only (Mayer et al. 2003) RMET (all forms) 9 Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001; also non-standard forms) POFA 2 Pictures of Facial Affect (Ekman and Friesen 1976) SETT 2 Subtle Expression Training Tool…”
MethodKim, K., Rosenthal, M. Z., Gwaltney, M., Jarrold, W., Hatt, N. V., McIntyre, N. S., Swain, L. A., Solomon, M., & Mundy, P. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2036-7 · Cited by 89
“The RME is an objective measure that requires participants to examine 36 different black and white pictures of eyes, and then pick from four emotion words the one that best describes the emotional and mental states expressed in each picture (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTheory of mind and empathy in patients at an early stage of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
Kraemer, M., Herold, M., UEKERMANN, J., Kis, B., Wiltfang, J., Daum, I., Dziobek, I., Berlit, P., Diehl, R. R., & Abdel‐Hamid, M. (2012) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.10.027 · Cited by 87
“Moreover, in line with Ouellet and colleagues [23] we wanted to assess ToM with a modern, more naturalistic test related to everyday interactions [25–27], instead of formerly often used instruments like Faux Pas test and Baron-Cohen’s the mind in the eyes and adult faces [15,28].”
Autistic traits predict performance on the block design
Stewart, M. E., Watson, J., Allcock, A.-J., & Yaqoob, T. (2009) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361308098515 · Cited by 93
Impaired perception of facial emotion in developmental prosopagnosia
Biotti, F., & Cook, R. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.008 · Cited by 82
“The original Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test requires observers to recognise complex ‘social emotions’ (e.g., concerned vs. unconcerned, sympathetic vs. unsympathetic), and may therefore tax both mentalizing and perceptual processes.”
InfluentialBarnes, J. L., Lombardo, M. V., Wheelwright, S. J., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2009) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.79 · Cited by 87
Self-citationCottenceau, H., Roux, S., Blanc, R., Lenoir, P., Bonnet‐Brilhault, F., & Barthélémy, C. (2012) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0263-z · Cited by 89
Taş, C., Danacı, A. E., Çubukçuoğlu, Z., & Brüne, M. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.031 · Cited by 82
“Reading-the-Mind-in-the-Eyes Test-Revised (RMET; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) is a task comprising 36 photographs that examines the social-perceptual dimension of ToM.”
Actors are Skilled in Theory of Mind but Not Empathy
Goldstein, T. R., Wu, K. S., & Winner, E. (2009) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/ic.29.2.c · Cited by 94
“…adulthood, with the two measures described above that we believe get closest to the heart of what it means to be advanced in theory of mind—the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Study 1) and the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (Dziobek et al., 2006; Study 2).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMeta-Analysis of Social Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Bora, E., & Yener, G. (2017) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988717710337 · Cited by 88
“Other than standard false belief stories and cartoons, several other type of ToM tasks have been utilized across studies, including Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET), verbal irony recognition, and Happe stories.(18) In RMET, individuals are instructed to look at a series of photographs of just the eye region of…”
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Cassidy, A. R., Ilardi, D. L., Bowen, S. R., Hampton, L., Heinrich, K. P., Loman, M. M., Sanz, J. H., & Wolfe, K. R. (2017) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2017.1373758 · Cited by 88
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“The Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RME) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Serafin and Surian, 2004) was used to assess the automatic lower-level processes of emotion and mental state attribution based on immediate perceptions of the eye-region expression and regardless of the context.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKittel, A. F. D., Olderbak, S. G., & Wilhelm, O. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191121996469 · Cited by 90
“Additionally, we found the MASC-test, which uses a video of people having emotional interactions, had stronger relations with RMET, relative to the other ToM test.”
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Tomprou, M., Kim, Y. J., Chikersal, P., Woolley, A. W., & Dabbish, L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247655 · Cited by 87
“At the beginning of the session, each participant completed the Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME) test to assess the participant’s social perceptiveness [65].”
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“Faces test consists of 20 photographs of the same actress portraying different complex mental states (Banati et al., 2010; Baron-Cohen et al., 1997, 2001; Mike et al., 2013).”
BackgroundNeuroimaging studies of social cognition in schizophrenia
Fujiwara, H., Yassin, W., & Murai, T. (2014) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12258 · Cited by 85
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“Our primary aim was to investigate whether the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) is a reliable measure.”
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“Participants who were outliers (±3 SD) on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck et al., 1988) were removed from all analyses (2 participants were removed using these criteria).”
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“In addition, autistic traits were assessed in all participants using the Autism Quotient (AQ) – a self-report screening instrument that measures where an adult with normal intelligence lies on the continuum from autism to normality (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001; Woodbury-Smith et al. 2005).”
Method“Don't give me that look” — Overconfidence in false mental state perception in schizophrenia
Köther, U., Veckenstedt, R., Vitzthum, F., Roesch-Ely, D., Pfueller, U., Scheu, F., & Moritz, S. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.004 · Cited by 78
“The Eyes-test is not a pure emotion recognition task given that it demands further ToM-abilities (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), as the test not only requires the participant to identify basic emotions but also more complex mental states (e.g., “sarcastic” or “jealous”; see Fig.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTheory of Mind in Patients with Epilepsy: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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Does mindfulness meditation increase empathy? An experiment
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“Information missed includes opportunities for knowledge on the social partner’s thoughts, intentions and emotional and mental state (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Peterson and Eckstein, 2012; Schyns et al., 2002).”
BackgroundDress is a Fundamental Component of Person Perception
Hester, N., & Hehman, E. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683231157961 · Cited by 115
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“task [33]), and social cognition (Reading the Mind in the Eyes task [34, 35]).”
BackgroundNeuroendocrine mechanisms of stress and social interaction: Implications for mental disorders
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Weimer, A. A., Parault, S. J., Fabricius, W. V., Schwanenflugel, P. J., & Suh, G. W. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.10.002 · Cited by 92
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“Both theoretical considerations (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) and statistical analyses (Carey & Cassels, 2013; Vellante et al., 2013) support a one-factor model of the Eyes Test.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBürkner, P., Williams, D. R., Simmons, T. C., & Woolley, J. D. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx053 · Cited by 82
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The sequencing process generated by the cerebellum crucially contributes to social interactions
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“All participants were tested on 4 social cognition tasks: the Emotion Attributions task [61], the Faux Pas task [62], the Advanced ToM task [63], and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test [59].”
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“The photographs were balanced for sex (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
MethodLópez, M. J. R., León, I., Quiñones, I., Lage‐Castellanos, A., Byrne, S., & Bobes, M. A. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000714 · Cited by 79
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“[10], who found poor executive functioning in patients with TBI and a correlation between these deficits and scores in an advanced mindreading task (the ‘Eyes Test’) [11].”
BackgroundPinto‐Grau, M., Burke, T., Lonergan, K., McHugh, C., Mays, I., Madden, C., Vajda, A., Heverin, M., Elamin, M., Hardiman, O. M., et al. (2016) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.1080/21678421.2016.1249887 · Cited by 79
“Boston Naming Test (19); Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia (20); Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth version (21); Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (22); Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (23); Wechsler Memory Scale, Third version (24); Rey Complex Figure Test (25).”
Darwin revisited: The vagus nerve is a causal element in controlling recognition of other's emotions
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Ibáñez, A. M., Urquina, H., Petroni, A., Báez, S., López, V., do Nascimento, M., Herrera, E., Guex, R., Hurtado, E., Blenkmann, A. O., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046877 · Cited by 79
Interacting and dissociable effects of alexithymia and depression on empathy
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Interoception is Impaired in Children, But Not Adults, with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Nicholson, T., Williams, D., Carpenter, K., & Kallitsounaki, A. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04079-w · Cited by 78
Zimmerman, D., Ownsworth, T., O’Donovan, A., Roberts, J., & Gullo, M. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00024 · Cited by 104
“There is mixed evidence of impairments on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET; Baron-Cohen et al., 1997, 2001; Couture et al., 2010; Baez et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMontgomery, C. B., Allison, C. L., Lai, M., Cassidy, S., Langdon, P. E., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2698-4 · Cited by 88
“Participants were also compared on the ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ Test: Revised Edition (Eyes Test; Baron-Cohen et al. 2001), a 36 item advanced test of emotional recognition requiring theory of mind and social sensitivity.”
InfluentialSelf-citationTurner, R., & Felisberti, F. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00047 · Cited by 97
Arioli, M., & Canessa, N. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24627 · Cited by 82
Lane, R. D., Hsu, C.-H., Locke, D. E. C., Ritenbaugh, C., & Stonnington, C. M. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.02.004 · Cited by 79
Hoehl, S., Reid, V. M., Parise, E., Handl, A., Palumbo, L., & Striano, T. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01311.x · Cited by 82
Prosopagnosia associated with a left occipitotemporal lesion
Barton, J. J. S. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.014 · Cited by 78
Soorya, L. V., Siper, P. M., Beck, T. L., Soffes, S., Halpern, D. B., Gorenstein, M., Kolevzon, A. L., Buxbaum, J. D., & Wang, A. T. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.12.005 · Cited by 96
“Assessments included the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy-2 (DANVA2),(22) Strange Stories Task,(35) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET).(36) The DANVA2 examines emotion recognition using both visual and auditory stimuli.”
MethodUmbricht, D., Rubido, M. D. V., Hollander, E., McCracken, J. T., Shic, F., Scahill, L. D., Noeldeke, J., Boak, L. M., Khwaja, O., Squassante, L., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.232 · Cited by 80
Familiarity modulates the functional relationship between theory of mind and autobiographical memory
Rabin, J. S., & Rosenbaum, R. S. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.002 · Cited by 76
“These tests included predicting a character's false belief about the location of an object (False Belief Test; Stone et al., 1998), deciphering others' thoughts and emotions based only on the eye region of their faces (Mind in the Eyes Test; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), and identifying whether a character unintentionall…”
Mike, A., Strammer, E., Aradi, M., Orsi, G., Perlaki, G., Hajnal, A. S., Sándor, J., Bánáti, M., Illes, E., Zaitsev, A., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082422 · Cited by 80
“Computerized version of the Faces test [27], and the Eyes test [28] were completed in a single session.”
MethodSocial cognition psychometric evaluation (SCOPE) in people with early psychosis: A preliminary study
Ludwig, K., Pinkham, A. E., Harvey, P. D., Kelsven, S., & Penn, D. L. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.001 · Cited by 84
“We administered identical versions of eight candidate measures of social cognition from SCOPE, including: one attributional style measure– Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire, abbreviated (AIHQ; Combs et al., 2007); two emotion processing tasks– BellLysaker Emotion Recognition Task (BLERT; Bell et al., 1997)…”
InfluentialCoordinating bodies and minds: Behavioral synchrony fosters mentalizing
Baimel, A., Birch, S., & Norenzayan, A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.10.008 · Cited by 75
“The ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test’ (Eyes Test; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) is a 36-item state measure of accuracy in emotion recognition that asks participants to match mental states terms to pictures of eyes.”
BackgroundMethodFacial Expressions and Ability to Recognize Emotions From Eyes or Mouth in Children
Guarnera, M. A., Hichy, Z., Cascio, M. I., & Carrubba, S. (2015) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v11i2.890 · Cited by 86
Taylor, S., Barker, L. A., Heavey, L., & McHale, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00252 · Cited by 91
“Imaging studies indicate that performance on the MASC is associated with diverse neural networks including occipito-parietotemporal, temporal and prefrontal networks (Wolf et al., 2010) whereas performance on the Eyes Test in adulthood is associated with activity to the posterior temporal sulcus and inferior frontal g…”
InfluentialTheory of mind in frontotemporal dementia
Kipps, C., & Hodges, J. R. (2006) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910600989847 · Cited by 78
“The capacity to recognize mental states from facial expressions, particularly the eyes, is another advanced form of ToM that emerges around the time of adolescence (Baron-Cohen, Jolliffe, Mortimore, & Robertson, 1997 ; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, & Plumb, 2001 ).”
BackgroundDepression, Confidence, and Decision: Evidence Against Depressive Realism
Fu, T. S.-T., Koutstaal, W., Fu, C. H. Y., Poon, L., & Cleare, A. J. (2005) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-005-2404-x · Cited by 70
Iaria, G., Fox, C. J., Waite, C. T., Aharon, I., & Barton, J. J. S. (2008) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.046 · Cited by 81
“He had difficulty on the Revised Eyes Test, scoring 16/36. owever, on the face portion of the DANVA-2, he made only nine rrors, which is within the normal range for his age (mean 6.3 rrors, S.D. 2.7) and better than the 95% limits for chance (15 rrors).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLawrence, K., Campbell, R., Swettenham, J., Terstegge, J., Akers, R., Coleman, M., & Skuse, D. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00002-2 · Cited by 74
“[7,12,13]).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe role of medial prefrontal cortex in theory of mind: A deep rTMS study
Krause, L., Enticott, P. G., Zangen, A., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.037 · Cited by 77
Functional retrograde amnesia: A multiple case study
Fujiwara, E., Brand, M., Kracht, L., et al. (2007) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2005.09.001 · Cited by 77
Exploring functioning in schizophrenia: Predictors of functional capacity and real-world behaviour
Bechi, M., Bosia, M., Spangaro, M., Buonocore, M., Cavedoni, S., Agostoni, G., Bianchi, L., Cocchi, F., Guglielmino, C., Smeraldi, E., et al. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.019 · Cited by 78
“ToM was assessed using the Reading the mind in the eyes Test (RMET) revised for adult (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), consisting in 36 black-and-white photographs of the area of the face including and surrounding the eyes.”
MethodThe Development of Social Understanding
Carpendale, J. I. M., & Lewis, C. N. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470880166.hlsd001017 · Cited by 78
Reading What the Mind Thinks From How the Eye Sees
Lee, D. H., & Anderson, A. K. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616687364 · Cited by 85
The social brain automatically predicts others’ future mental states
Thornton, M. A., Weaverdyck, M. E., & Tamir, D. I. (2019) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1431-18.2018 · Cited by 76
Autism spectrum traits predict the neural response to eye gaze in typical individuals
Nummenmaa, L., Engell, A. D., von dem Hagen, E., Henson, R. N. A., & Calder, A. J. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.075 · Cited by 71
“Initial support comes from studies demonstrating that the degree of autistic traits measured by Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001b), in both ASD and typical populations, is related to performance on behavioural tasks that show impairments in ASD, including self-focussed…”
InfluentialFeeser, M., Fan, Y., Weigand, A., Hahn, A., Gärtner, M., Böker, H., Grimm, S., & Bajbouj, M. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.015 · Cited by 74
Social cognition in post‐traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review
Couette, M., Mouchabac, S., Bourla, A., Nuss, P., & Ferreri, F. (2019) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12238 · Cited by 90
Overwalle, F. V., de Steen, F. V., van Dun, K., & Heleven, E. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116326 · Cited by 76
Social Class Predicts Emotion Perception and Perspective-Taking Performance in Adults
Dietze, P., & Knowles, E. D. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167220914116 · Cited by 81
“Adults vary substantially in their performance on both emotion-reading and visual perspective-taking tasks (BaronCohen et al., 2001; Dumontheil et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPhysical Activity Among Adults With Autism: Participation, Attitudes, and Barriers
Hillier, A. J., Buckingham, A., & Schena, D. A. (2020) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512520927560 · Cited by 80
“…those with ASD, the expectations of others may not counteract perceived increased barriers to participation, particularly if the thoughts, beliefs, and emotions of others are less apparent to persons with ASD as would be expected by the nature of this disorder (e.g., BaronCohen et al., 1985, 2001).”
BackgroundDavies, H. A., Fox, J. R. E., Naumann, U., Treasure, J. L., Schmidt, U. H., & Tchanturia, K. (2012) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2170 · Cited by 89
Carré, J. M., Ortiz, T. L., Labine, B., Moreau, B. J. P., Viding, E. M., Neumann, C. S., & Goldfarb, B. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.023 · Cited by 76
Melchers, M., Montag, C., Markett, S. A., & Reuter, M. (2014) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2014.991781 · Cited by 74
Montag, C., Neuhaus, K., Lehmann, A. I., Krüger, K., Dziobek, I., Heekeren, H. R., Heinz, A., & Gallinat, J. (2011) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0250-2 · Cited by 85
“Moreover, males and females were shown to rely on somewhat different neural networks when processing empathic stimuli [82, 83], and there is some indication for a higher performance of females at ToM and empathy tests [84, 85].”
BackgroundAmbady, N., & Bharucha, J. J. (2009) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01664.x · Cited by 86
Hönekopp, J. (2012) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1230 · Cited by 81
Empathic competencies in violent offenders
Seidel, E., Pfabigan, D. M., Keckeis, K., Wucherer, A. M., Jahn, T., Lamm, C., & Derntl, B. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.027 · Cited by 76
“, 2011) as well as emotional perspective taking (Elsegood and Duff, 2010) measured via the reading the mind in the eyes task (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 241-251
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W4294333904
- Cited by
- 4,555
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 223 · 2025: 261 · 2024: 273 · 2023: 268 · 2022: 303 · 2021: 350 · 2020: 381 · 2019: 320 · 2018: 299 · 2017: 292 · 2016: 230 · 2015: 262 · 2014: 193 · 2013: 211 · 2012: 143
- FWCI
- 5.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, mentalization, theory of mind, Asperger syndrome, high-functioning autism, autism spectrum disorder, test revision, psychometric properties, Autism Spectrum Quotient, autistic traits, social sensitivity, adults
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