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The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test Revised Version: A Study with Normal Adults, and Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High‐functioning Autism
Abstract
In 1997 in this Journal we published the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test, as a measure of adult “mentalising”. Whilst that test succeeded in discriminating a group of adults with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high‐functioning autism (HFA) from controls, it suffered from several psychometric problems. In this paper these limitations are rectified by revising the test. The Revised Eyes Test was administered to a group of adults with AS or HFA ( N = 15) and again discriminated these from a large number of normal controls ( N = 239) drawn from different samples. In both the clinical and control groups the Eyes Test was inversely correlated with the Autism Spectrum Quotient (the AQ), a measure of autistic traits in adults of normal intelligence. The Revised Eyes Test has improved power to detect subtle individual differences in social sensitivity.
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In the citing paper
“Likewise, scores in the RMET are similar to those seen in other publications with autistic participants [41, 71].”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“deficits in the popular ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ task (RMET) [41] were unrelated to the presence of self-injury, its range or frequency or its use for the functional purpose of communicating with others”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Another study also reported that 8 weeks of cognitive-based compassion training could significantly enhance the accuracy in inferring others' mental states in the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test [39] and increased the neural activation in the inferior frontal gyrus and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, which are important for the theory of mind [40].”
From Potential therapeutic effects of meditation for treating affective dysregulation (2014) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“These ToM tasks measure the ability to employ mental states in explanations and predictions of behavior and as such can be distinguished from tasks that may only require emotion recognition (e.g., Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Oakley et al., 2016), or only require empathic sharing of mental states (e.g., Quesque et al., 2024; Reniers et al., 2011).”
From Longitudinal development of theory of mind in adolescence and its associations with fiction reading experience. (2025) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“While the Eyes Test is proposed to measure a single construct (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), as noted previously others have suggested that there might be subscales composed of those items that represent positive, negative, and neutral affect (Harkness et al., 2005; Maurage et al., 2011; Konrath et al., 2014).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The Eyes Test was designed to measure the first stage of ToM attribution, which is identifying the relevant mental state of the stimulus (as opposed to the second stage; inferring the content of that mental state; see Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Of note, this version of the Eyes Test is considered superior to earlier versions, largely on the grounds of reliability and validity evidence (see Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test is a popular measure of individual differences in Theory of Mind capabilities (ToM; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The test distinguishes many clinical populations (most often individuals on the autistic spectrum) from unimpaired control participants in their ToM capabilities.”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“With the exception of item 17, the most frequently chosen response option was the correct response option (see Table A1 in Supplementary Materials), which is supported by prior studies of normal populations (e.g., Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Harkness et al., 2005).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“First, Baron-Cohen and colleagues did not discuss purposely including items with different affects and they never proposed that the affect of the target word could be used to create subscales or should bias performance on the test, so in our analyses we operated under the assumption that there was no preference in terms of which items were the most appropriate for the measure of ToM.”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“First, Baron-Cohen and colleagues did not discuss purposely including items with different affects and they never proposed that the affect of the target word could be used to create subscales or should bias performance on the test, so in our analyses we operated under the assumption that there was no preference in terms of which items were the most appropriate for the measure of ToM.”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Based on the effect size (d = 1.27) between ASD and control participants on the RMET reported in Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al. (2001), we determined that a sample size of 19 participants per group would provide a power of 0.8 to detect group differences using an independent t test and α < .05.”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Its validity is supported by the poor performance of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on the task (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al., 2001), a group that has known ToM impairments (Castelli, Frith, Happé, & Frith, 2002).”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The alexithymic group also performed significantly worse than the control participants reported in Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al. (2001): N = 225, M = 27.02, SD = 3.67; independent samples t test: t(237) = 2.31, p = .021, d = 0.638, 95% CI for d [0.094, 1.180]”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“the original set of 36 items was split into two equally difficult halves (as in Samur et al., 2018, Experiment 3), based on the item accuracy reported for university students (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001)”
From The effects of reading narrative fiction on social and moral cognition (2021) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The present score after placebo administration is also slightly higher than ASD norms for RMET performance (61%).49”
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“In addition, although there is some evidence for gender differences on the Eyes Task in individuals with high-functioning autism or their relatives (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Losh & Piven, 2007), these differences do not exist in bipolar patients (Bora et al., 2005), or in relatives of…”
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“In addition to the computerized test, students took the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET; Baron‐Cohen et al. 2001), which measures an individual’s ability to attribute mental states to others by recognizing their emotion from the eye region of the face, and completed several questionnaires, including one about…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA neuropsychological investigation into ‘Theory of Mind’ and enhanced risk of schizophrenia
Marjoram, D. K. S., Miller, P., McIntosh, A. M., Owens, D. G. C., Johnstone, E. C., & Lawrie, S. M. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.01.008 · Cited by 75
“Alternatively, Keleman et al. (2004), using the ‘Eyes Test’ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), compared healthy controls against two groups of first degree relatives of schizophrenia patients, an affected group (individuals with a mixture of psychoses) and an unaffected group.”
MethodHow Children With Specific Language Impairment View Social Situations: An Eye Tracking Study
Hosozawa, M., Tanaka, K., Shimizu, T., Nakano, T., & Kitazawa, S. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2278 · Cited by 77
Social cognition impairments in Asperger syndrome and schizophrenia
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“On the Eyes Test, patients with schizophrenia showed poorer results compared to non-clinical controls; however, no other group differences were seen.”
BackgroundRussell, J. D., Maguire, S., Hunt, G. E., Kesby, A., Suraev, A. S., Stuart, J. M., Booth, J., & McGregor, I. S. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.014 · Cited by 79
Seeing More Than Human: Autism and Anthropomorphic Theory of Mind
Atherton, G., & Cross, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00528 · Cited by 87
“…deficits within ASD include cognitive difficulties such as failure to pass false belief tasks (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985), and affective impairments such as reduced ability to process facial emotions (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), or poor automatic tracking of non-verbal cues (Schuwerk et al., 2015).”
BackgroundIsraelashvili, J., Oosterwijk, S., Sauter, D. A., & Fischer, A. H. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1577221 · Cited by 91
Jill Watson Doesn't Care if You're Pregnant
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“2014) This is true even when the interaction is virtual (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001).”
BackgroundPerseverations of the academy: a survey of wearable technologies applied to autism intervention
Williams, R. M., & Gilbert, J. E. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2020.102485 · Cited by 74
Theory of Mind, Executive Functions, and Syntax in Bilingual Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ανδρέου, Μ., Tsimpli, I. M., Durrleman, S., & Peristeri, E. (2020) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages5040067 · Cited by 81
A Critical Review of the Research on the Extreme Male Brain Theory and Digit Ratio (2D:4D)
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Somatization is associated with deficits in affective Theory of Mind
Stonnington, C. M., Locke, D. E. C., Hsu, C., Ritenbaugh, C., & Lane, R. D. (2013) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.04.004 · Cited by 74
Social Cognition in Bulimia Nervosa: A Systematic Review
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“Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME) The RME task [5] consists of 36 sequentially presented photographs of eyes, representing different emotional states.”
MethodHall, J. A. (2011) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.03.006 · Cited by 79
“A number of these tests exist that have good reliability and validity [13–22].”
BackgroundAnimal-assisted Social Skills Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Becker, J. L., Rogers, E. C., & Burrows, B. (2017) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2017.1311055 · Cited by 76
Differential involvement of the posterior temporal cortex in mentalizing but not perspective taking
David, N., Aumann, C., Santos, N. S., Bewernick, B. H., Eickhoff, S. B., Newen, A., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., & Vogeley, K. T. (2008) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsn023 · Cited by 72
Bora, E., Veznedaroğlu, B., & Vahip, S. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.007 · Cited by 79
“RMET measures the ability to identify complex mental states, requiring decoding other's intentions and beliefs (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMartin, A. K., Dzafic, I., Ramdave, S., & Meinzer, M. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx063 · Cited by 69
“The Autism Spectrum Quotient (ASQ, Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) was administered before the first session and the neuropsychological testing was divided between the two sessions and completed following the social cognitive testing.”
BackgroundMethodViviano, J. D., Buchanan, R. W., Calarco, N., Gold, J. M., Foussias, G., Bhagwat, N., Stefanik, L., Hawco, C. S., DeRosse, P., Árgyelán, M., et al. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.03.013 · Cited by 73
Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC): Spanish Validation
Lahera, G., Boada, L., Pousa, E., Mirapeix, I., Morón‐Nozaleda, M. G., Marinas, L., Gisbert, L., Pàmias, M., & Parellada, M. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2061-6 · Cited by 94
“…tests used were selected in order to follow an exact replication of the original MASC validation, and consisted of Happé’s Strange Stories (Happé 1994a; Pousa 2002), the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001), and the Pictures of Facial Affect Test (Ekman and Friesen 1976).”
InfluentialTheory of Mind in patients at clinical high risk for psychosis
Stanford, A. D., Walsh‐Messinger, J., Malaspina, D., & Corcoran, C. M. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.005 · Cited by 84
““Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Task (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
InfluentialMehl, S., Rief, W., Mink, K., Lüllmann, E., & Lincoln, T. M. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.10.004 · Cited by 83
“comparable to the Eyes task (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), but we presented protagonists”
ResultTh.o.m.a.s.: An exploratory assessment of Theory of Mind in schizophrenic subjects
Bosco, F. M., Colle, L., Fazio, S. D., Bono, A., Ruberti, S., & Tirassa, M. (2008) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.06.006 · Cited by 74
“To such list can be added the recognition of mental states from close-up photographs of a person’s eyes, a task originally created by Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, and Plumb (2001) to which schizophrenic subjects perform as poorly (Irani et al., 2006).”
Structural connectivity of the amygdala in young adults with autism spectrum disorder
Gibbard, C. R., Ren, J., Skuse, D., Clayden, J. D., & Clark, C. A. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23915 · Cited by 76
Recent Advances and New Directions in Measuring Theory of Mind in Autistic Adults
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Social cognition remediation interventions: A systematic mapping review
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Israelashvili, J., Sauter, D. A., & Fischer, A. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02475 · Cited by 80
On literary fiction and its effects on theory of mind
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“Participants’ scores on this measure are calculated by summing the responses they give that correspond with those given by judges and a large sample of normal adults in the measure’s initial validation studies (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBrain structures implicated in inflammation-associated depression
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Chang, S. W. C., & Platt, M. L. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.006 · Cited by 71
“Moreover, intranasal OT improves test scores for the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) (Domes et al., 2007), which requires participants to infer mental states from photographs of eyes (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
MethodSherman, G. D., Lerner, J. S., Renshon, J., Ma‐Kellams, C., & Joel, S. (2015) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550614567358 · Cited by 74
“The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) assesses the ability to recognize complex mental states from limited facial cues.”
BackgroundThe role of entropy and surprisal in phonologization and language change
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van der Meulen, A., Roerig, S., de Ruyter, D., van Lier, P. A. C., & Krabbendam, L. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00594 · Cited by 73
“The 6 to 10 year olds are the youngest for whom the child RME was originally considered suited (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001b), the 8–14 year olds can be considered the next successive age group.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCrone, D. L., Bode, S., Murawski, C., & Laham, S. M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190954 · Cited by 80
Xu, X., Liu, W., & Pang, W. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11216123 · Cited by 90
“Ability EI – such as the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) [43], emotional management ability test [27], and reading the mind in the eyes test [44], are usually conceptualized as people’s maximal performance in test situations of perceiving, appraising, using, and regulating emotions [20,42].”
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“The RMET (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) is a 36-item task-based measure assessing emotion recognition based on visual cues.”
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“Reading the mind in the eyes test (BARON-COHEN et al. 2001)”
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“A score under 22 indicates a very low score of RME-R test [34].”
BackgroundResultOverbeck, J. R., & Droutman, V. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612474671 · Cited by 72
Fiction, imagination, and social cognition: Insights from autism
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Testosterone’s Negative Relationship With Empathic Accuracy and Perceived Leadership Ability
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“Regarding affective ToM, Laisney et al. (2013) reported a significant effect of AD on a revised version of the RME test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSeering, J., Fang, T.-M., Damasco, L., Chen, M.-H., Sun, L.-K., & Kaufman, G. (2019) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300836 · Cited by 70
“Even in a laboratory setting, the average score on these faces was approximately 75% [4].”
BackgroundMethodZülke, A. E., Luck, T., Pabst, A., Hoffmann, W. U., Thyrian, J. R., Gensichen, J. S., Kaduszkiewicz, H., König, H., Haefeli, W. E., Czock, D., et al. (2019) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1212-1 · Cited by 78
Lassalle, A., & Itier, R. J. (2013) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.835750 · Cited by 71
Early‐Life Trauma and the Psychogenesis and Prevention of Violence
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Theory of Mind and psychometric schizotypy
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“Given the impaired understanding of social emotions observed in AS/HFS (Baron-Cohen et al. 1997), and their difficulty in linking emotions and beliefs ( Baron-Cohen et al. 2001 ), it may be speculated that mentalistic emotional understanding may be impaired in these individuals.”
BackgroundInfluentialUnderstanding autism and related disorders: What has imaging taught us?
Williams, D. L., & Minshew, N. J. (2007) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2007.07.007 · Cited by 71
“Eye gaze is used to establish joint attention and to comprehend the mental states and intentions of other people, both of which are important skills for successful social communication that are well documented as impaired in individuals with autism [69,70].”
BackgroundAutistic traits in individuals self-defining as transgender or nonbinary
Stagg, S. D., & Vincent, J. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.06.003 · Cited by 68
“To establish a profile of autism, the study used the Autism Quotient [24], the Empathy Quotient [25], the Systemising Quotient [26] and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes task [27].”
BackgroundMethodThe role of alexithymia in social cognition: Evidence from a non-clinical population
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“Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, and Plumb ( 2001 ) used the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test, widely utilized in autism research, to assess people's skill in deciphering others’ mental states by “reading” their eyes.”
Comorbidity of Asperger syndrome and gender identity disorder
Kraemer, B., Delsignore, A., Gundelfinger, R., Schnyder, U., & Hepp, U. (2005) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-005-0469-4 · Cited by 69
Reduced Gray Matter Volume in the Social Brain Network in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sato, W., Kochiyama, T., Uono, S., Yoshimura, S., Kubota, Y., Sawada, R., Sakihama, M., & Toichi, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00395 · Cited by 73
“…1 August 2017 | Volume 11 | Article 395 (Trepagnier et al., 2002), reduced emotional reactions (Yirmiya et al., 1989), and facial mimicry (Yoshimura et al., 2015) to others’ facial expressions, and reduced ability to read the others’ mental states from their eyes (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMartin, A. K., Huang, J., Hunold, A., & Meinzer, M. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.005 · Cited by 67
Cuve, H. C., Gao, Y., & Fuse, A. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.07.002 · Cited by 68
Mind reading machines: automated inference of cognitive mental states from video
el Kaliouby, R., & Robinson, P. (2005) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.2004.1398380 · Cited by 70
Harkness, K. L., Washburn, D., Theriault, J. E., Lee, L., & Sabbagh, M. A. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.06.007 · Cited by 69
“The “Reading the mind in the eyes task” (Eyes Task; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) is capable of detecting subtle differences in social intelligence and is the most widely used test of theory of mind decoding in adults.”
Empathy as a Function of Clinical Exposure - Reading Emotion in the Eyes
Handford, C., Lemon, J., Grimm, M., & Vollmer-Conna, U. S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065159 · Cited by 68
“Emotion Recognition Task Subjects performed a modified version of the ‘‘Revised Reading the Mind in the Eyes’’ test (referred to as the ‘‘eyes’’ test) [21].”
BackgroundInfluentialMoney Affects Theory of Mind Differently by Gender
Ridinger, G., & McBride, M. T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143973 · Cited by 72
“First, we use the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) [12] to measure a subjects' ability to assess others' thoughts and emotions.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRelationship between insight and theory of mind in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis
Bora, E. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.029 · Cited by 70
Social cognition and sex: Are men and women really different?
Tella, M. D., Miti, F., Ardito, R. B., & Adenzato, M. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110045 · Cited by 74
Pavlova, M. A., & Sokolov, A. A. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab311 · Cited by 72
“Although only first steps toward exploring of reading covered faces have been made so far, novel valuable insights can be attained inspecting the RMET (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001), widely used in clinical and neurotypical populations.”
BackgroundInfluentialBaez, S., Marengo, J., Perez, A., Huepe, D., Font, F. G., Rial, V., Gonzalez‐Gadea, M. L., Manes, F., & Ibanez, A. (2015) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12046 · Cited by 69
McGlade, N., Behan, C. L., Hayden, J., O'Donoghue, T., Peel, R., Haq, F., Gill, M., Corvin, A. P., O’Callaghan, E., & Donohoe, G. J. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.044198 · Cited by 69
Dadds, M. R., & Rhodes, T. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0029 · Cited by 69
“Disorders characterized by deficits in communication and emotion perception, such as autism (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001; Klin et al. 2002; Dalton et al. 2005), schizophrenia (Loughland et al. 2002) and fragile X syndrome (Garrett et al. 2004), and of particular interest, psychopathic traits in young…”
BackgroundSoontornniyomkij, V., Kesby, J. P., Morgan, E. E., Bischoff‐Grethe, A., Minassian, A., Brown, G. G., & Grant, I. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-016-9699-0 · Cited by 69
“Based on TMARC Project 3 pilot data (Morgan and Cattie, unpublished data), the HIV+/Meth+ group (compared to the HIV−/Meth− group) exhibited impairment in the domain of emotional theory of mind, as measured by the Reading the Mind in the Eyes task (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001).”
MethodBuilding blocks of social cognition: Mirror, mentalize, share?
Alcalá-López, D., Vogeley, K. T., Binkofski, F., & Bzdok, D. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.05.006 · Cited by 75
Evidence for Brainstem Contributions to Autism Spectrum Disorders
Dadalko, O. I., & Travers, B. G. (2018) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2018.00047 · Cited by 72
A single dose of oxytocin nasal spray improves higher-order social cognition in schizophrenia
Guastella, A. J., Ward, P. B., Hickie, I. B., Shahrestani, S., Hodge, M. A., Scott, E. M., & Langdon, R. A. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.005 · Cited by 69
TIE: An Ability Test of Emotional Intelligence
Śmieja, M., Orzechowski, J., & Stolarski, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103484 · Cited by 78
“For example, correlations between the MSCEIT and the Japanese and Caucasian Brief Affect Recognition Test [40] are no higher than r = .18; with ‘‘facial blends’’ [41] reaching only r = .14, while those of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test [42] reach r = .56.”
Entrainment, theory of mind, and prosociality in child musicians
Ilari, B. S., Fesjian, C., & Habibi, A. (2018) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/2059204317753153 · Cited by 70
Affectionate Communication in Close Relationships
Floyd, K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108653510 · Cited by 69
Cognitive empathy across the lifespan
Dorris, L., Young, D., Barlow, J., Byrne, K., & Hoyle, R. (2022) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15263 · Cited by 83
Kourtesis, P., Kouklari, E.-C., Ρούσσος, Π., Mantas, V., Papanikolaou, Κ., Skaloumbakas, C., & Pehlivanidis, A. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13040336 · Cited by 93
Depression in adolescents with ASD: a pilot RCT of a group intervention
Santomauro, D., Sheffield, J., & Sofronoff, K. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2605-4 · Cited by 69
Face processing improvements in prosopagnosia: successes and failures over the last 50 years
Degutis, J. M., Chiu, C. W., Grosso, M. E., & Cohan, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00561 · Cited by 67
“Oxytocin has also shown to enhance the ability to infer the mental state of others on a task that requires sensitivity to subtle information from the eye region (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Domes et al., 2007).”
BackgroundLam, B. Y., Raine, A., & Lee, T. M. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-138 · Cited by 64
“The Tower of London Test (TOL) [43] was administered to assess executive functioning, particularly with regard to planning, processing, and problem-solving skills.”
MethodInfluentialDoes Personal Intelligence Exist? Evidence From a New Ability-Based Measure
Mayer, J. D., Panter, A. T., & Caruso, D. R. (2012) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.646108 · Cited by 67
“N = 379. aCriterion correlations for Vocabulary, the Big Five and Psychological Mindedness for Study 3 are given in Table 2. bThe additional scales are Maladaptive Agreeableness (adapted from Haigler & Widiger, 2001), Narcissistic Grandiosity (Rosenthal et al., 2007), the Short Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Ames…”
MethodThe role of mirroring and mentalizing networks in mediating action intentions in autism
Libero, L. E., Maximo, J. O., Deshpande, H., Klinger, L. G., Klinger, M. R., & Kana, R. K. (2014) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/2040-2392-5-50 · Cited by 79
“All participants were assessed on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI; [64]), Edinburgh Handedness Inventory [65], Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test ([66]), the Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R; [67]), and the Empathy Quotient (EQ; [68]).”
MethodLuck, T., Then, F. S., Schroeter, M. L., Witte, A. V., Engel, C., Loeffler, M., Thiery, J., Villringer, A., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2016) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2016.07.001 · Cited by 70
Coad, B. M., Postans, M., Hodgetts, C. J., Muhlert, N., Graham, K. S., & Lawrence, A. D. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.11.006 · Cited by 75
“5 cm; cropped such that each image displayed the eye region from just above the eyebrow to halfway down the bridge of the nose; and displayed on a white background (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPredictably Angry—Facial Cues Provide a Credible Signal of Destructive Behavior
van Leeuwen, B., NOUSSAIR, C. N., Offerman, T., Suetens, S., van Veelen, M., & van de Ven, J. (2017) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2017.2727 · Cited by 64
“behavior of responders in the cold UG, a ‘reading the mind in the eyes’ test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), and playing an UG themselves (see Appendix A1 for details).”
BackgroundCox, A., Kohls, G., Naples, A. J., Mukerji, C., Coffman, M. C., Rutherford, H. J. V., Mayes, L. C., & McPartland, J. C. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv024 · Cited by 77
Dysfunction of Empathy and Related Processes in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review
Salgado, R. M., Pedrosa, R., & Bastos-Leite, A. J. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000260 · Cited by 67
van Kuijk, I., Verkoeijen, P., Dijkstra, K., & Zwaan, R. A. (2018) · Collabra: Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.117 · Cited by 67
Atkinson, R. J., Fulham, W. R., Michie, P. T., Ward, P. B., Todd, J., Stain, H. J., Langdon, R. A., Thienel, R., Paulik, G., Cooper, G. J., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171657 · Cited by 67
“Social cognition was assessed with the False-Belief Picture-Sequencing Task (FBPST) [75], Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task, revised version (RMET) [76], and the Hinting Task [99].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 241-251
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W4294333904
- Cited by
- 4,555
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 223 · 2025: 261 · 2024: 273 · 2023: 268 · 2022: 303 · 2021: 350 · 2020: 381 · 2019: 320 · 2018: 299 · 2017: 292 · 2016: 230 · 2015: 262 · 2014: 193 · 2013: 211 · 2012: 143
- FWCI
- 5.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, mentalization, theory of mind, Asperger syndrome, high-functioning autism, autism spectrum disorder, test revision, psychometric properties, Autism Spectrum Quotient, autistic traits, social sensitivity, adults
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