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The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test Revised Version: A Study with Normal Adults, and Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High‐functioning Autism
Abstract
In 1997 in this Journal we published the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test, as a measure of adult “mentalising”. Whilst that test succeeded in discriminating a group of adults with Asperger syndrome (AS) or high‐functioning autism (HFA) from controls, it suffered from several psychometric problems. In this paper these limitations are rectified by revising the test. The Revised Eyes Test was administered to a group of adults with AS or HFA ( N = 15) and again discriminated these from a large number of normal controls ( N = 239) drawn from different samples. In both the clinical and control groups the Eyes Test was inversely correlated with the Autism Spectrum Quotient (the AQ), a measure of autistic traits in adults of normal intelligence. The Revised Eyes Test has improved power to detect subtle individual differences in social sensitivity.
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In the citing paper
“Likewise, scores in the RMET are similar to those seen in other publications with autistic participants [41, 71].”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“deficits in the popular ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ task (RMET) [41] were unrelated to the presence of self-injury, its range or frequency or its use for the functional purpose of communicating with others”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Another study also reported that 8 weeks of cognitive-based compassion training could significantly enhance the accuracy in inferring others' mental states in the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test [39] and increased the neural activation in the inferior frontal gyrus and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, which are important for the theory of mind [40].”
From Potential therapeutic effects of meditation for treating affective dysregulation (2014) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“These ToM tasks measure the ability to employ mental states in explanations and predictions of behavior and as such can be distinguished from tasks that may only require emotion recognition (e.g., Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Oakley et al., 2016), or only require empathic sharing of mental states (e.g., Quesque et al., 2024; Reniers et al., 2011).”
From Longitudinal development of theory of mind in adolescence and its associations with fiction reading experience. (2025) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“While the Eyes Test is proposed to measure a single construct (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), as noted previously others have suggested that there might be subscales composed of those items that represent positive, negative, and neutral affect (Harkness et al., 2005; Maurage et al., 2011; Konrath et al., 2014).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The Eyes Test was designed to measure the first stage of ToM attribution, which is identifying the relevant mental state of the stimulus (as opposed to the second stage; inferring the content of that mental state; see Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Of note, this version of the Eyes Test is considered superior to earlier versions, largely on the grounds of reliability and validity evidence (see Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test is a popular measure of individual differences in Theory of Mind capabilities (ToM; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The test distinguishes many clinical populations (most often individuals on the autistic spectrum) from unimpaired control participants in their ToM capabilities.”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“With the exception of item 17, the most frequently chosen response option was the correct response option (see Table A1 in Supplementary Materials), which is supported by prior studies of normal populations (e.g., Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Harkness et al., 2005).”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“First, Baron-Cohen and colleagues did not discuss purposely including items with different affects and they never proposed that the affect of the target word could be used to create subscales or should bias performance on the test, so in our analyses we operated under the assumption that there was no preference in terms of which items were the most appropriate for the measure of ToM.”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“First, Baron-Cohen and colleagues did not discuss purposely including items with different affects and they never proposed that the affect of the target word could be used to create subscales or should bias performance on the test, so in our analyses we operated under the assumption that there was no preference in terms of which items were the most appropriate for the measure of ToM.”
From A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: toward a brief form for research and applied settings (2015) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Based on the effect size (d = 1.27) between ASD and control participants on the RMET reported in Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al. (2001), we determined that a sample size of 19 participants per group would provide a power of 0.8 to detect group differences using an independent t test and α < .05.”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Its validity is supported by the poor performance of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on the task (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al., 2001), a group that has known ToM impairments (Castelli, Frith, Happé, & Frith, 2002).”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The alexithymic group also performed significantly worse than the control participants reported in Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al. (2001): N = 225, M = 27.02, SD = 3.67; independent samples t test: t(237) = 2.31, p = .021, d = 0.638, 95% CI for d [0.094, 1.180]”
From ‘Theory of Mind’ is not Theory of Emotion: a cautionary note on the reading the Mind in the Eyes test (2016) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“the original set of 36 items was split into two equally difficult halves (as in Samur et al., 2018, Experiment 3), based on the item accuracy reported for university students (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001)”
From The effects of reading narrative fiction on social and moral cognition (2021) · cites this paper as Baron-Cohen et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The present score after placebo administration is also slightly higher than ASD norms for RMET performance (61%).49”
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The Neuropsychology of Male Adults With High‐Functioning Autism or Asperger Syndrome
Wilson, C., Happe, F. G. E., Wheelwright, S. J., Ecker, C., Lombardo, M. V., Johnston, P., Daly, E., Murphy, C. M., Spain, D., Lai, M., et al. (2014) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1394 · Cited by 123
“Before participants attended a testing center, they completed some information (date of birth, ethnicity and level of education, details of any regular medication) on a secure web site.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationYamagishi, T., Matsumoto, Y., Kiyonari, T., Takagishi, H., Li, Y., Kanai, R., & Sakagami, M. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1608877114 · Cited by 101
Kynast, J., Lampe, L., Luck, T., Frisch, S., Arélin, K., Hoffmann, K., Loeffler, M., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Villringer, A., & Schroeter, M. L. (2017) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x17719380 · Cited by 109
“In the current study, ToM was assessed with the ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ Test (RMET).(34,35) This test is frequently applied in research and clinical practice and it has been shown to reliably detect ToM deficits (e.”
MethodStories and the Promotion of Social Cognition
Mar, R. A. (2018) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721417749654 · Cited by 112
Theory of mind performance in women with posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse
Nazarov, A., Frewen, P., Parlar, M., Oremus, C., MacQueen, G., McKinnon, M., & Lanius, R. (2014) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12142 · Cited by 111
“The RMET (29) is a computer-based behavioural task that quantifies the ability to attribute complex mental states to others and is widely used in ToM investigations (15, 29, 30).”
BackgroundFriedrich, E. V. C., Sivanathan, A., Lim, T., Suttie, N., Louchart, S., Pillen, S. D., & Pineda, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2523-5 · Cited by 110
Social cognition throughout the three phases of bipolar disorder: A state-of-the-art overview
Samamé, C. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.012 · Cited by 112
Habibi, A., Ilari, B. S., Crimi, K., Metke, M., Kaplan, J., Joshi, A. A., Leahy, R. M., Shattuck, D. W., Choi, S., Haldar, J. P., et al. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00690 · Cited by 115
“The Reading the Mind in the Eyes test for children (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) consists of the presentation of photographs of faces with only the eyes showing.”
MethodDecision‐making in Parkinson’s disease patients with and without pathological gambling
Rossi, M., Gerschcovich, E. R., de Achával, D., Perez‐Lloret, S., Cerquetti, D., Cammarota, Á., Nouzeilles, M. I., Fahrer, R. D., Merello, M., & Leiguarda, R. C. (2009) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02792.x · Cited by 111
“Social cognition was examined with two tests: the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test [20], which was conducted after excluding visual discrimination deficits [21] and the shortened version of the Social Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) [22], which comprises the 12 questions that were found in a previous study [22] to be se…”
MethodQuintana, D. S., Westlye, L. T., Hope, S., Nærland, T., Elvsåshagen, T., Dørum, E., Rustan, Ø., Valstad, M., Rezvaya, L., Lishaugen, H., et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.103 · Cited by 111
The Social Bayesian Brain: Does Mentalizing Make a Difference When We Learn?
Devaine, M., Hollard, G., & Jean Daunizeau, A. (2014) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003992 · Cited by 118
“For example, it cannot be used to model how people "read others’ mind" from low-level social signals such as eye gaze, bodily posture or facial expression [52].”
BackgroundSocial communication deficits in disruptive primary-school children
Donno, R. E., Parker, G. B., Gilmour, J. D., & Skuse, D. (2010) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.061341 · Cited by 109
Social cognition in temporal lobe epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bora, E., & Meletti, S. (2016) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.04.024 · Cited by 105
Sex differences in social cognition: the case of face processing
Proverbio, A. M. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23817 · Cited by 110
“…a preference for or greater interest in faces, facial expressions, and social information in general (Proverbio et al., 2008), as predicted by the Baron-Cohen model of sexual dimorphism in empathy and facial expression coding ability (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodEmotional competencies across adulthood: State of knowledge and implications for the work context
Doerwald, F., Scheibe, S., Zacher, H., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2016) · Work, Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waw013 · Cited by 109
Oxytocin and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Yamasue, H., & Domes, G. (2017) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_24 · Cited by 109
Ohannessian, C. M., & Reyes, A. D. L. (2014) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2014.870009 · Cited by 112
Miller, L. E., & Saygın, A. P. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.03.013 · Cited by 109
Bubbles and Financial Professionals
Weitzel, U., Huber, C., Huber, J., Kirchler, M., Lindner, F., & Rose, J. (2019) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhz093 · Cited by 108
“One classical ToM-test is the eye gaze test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001). In this test, participants look at images of people’s eyes and choose one of four feelings that best describe the mental state of the person whose eyes are shown. In experimental finance studies with student subjects, Noussair et al. (2014) and Co…”
BackgroundInfluentialSupporting Artificial Social Intelligence With Theory of Mind
Williams, J., Fiore, S. M., & Jentsch, F. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2022.750763 · Cited by 127
“Other evaluations of ToM have also been adapted to have several variations, such as the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
MethodExploring preoperational features in chronic depression
Wilbertz, G., Brakemeier, E.-L., Zobel, I., Härter, M., & Schramm, E. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.11.021 · Cited by 107
Bora, E., Gökçen, S., Kayahan, B., & Veznedaroğlu, B. (2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318162a9e1 · Cited by 108
“In this study, we used the first 27 photographs of the revised version (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) that were used in our previous studies (Bora et al.”
MethodSocial Transmission of the Sensory Benefits of Eye Widening in Fear Expressions
Lee, D. H., Susskind, J. M., & Anderson, A. K. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612464500 · Cited by 109
Personality-dependent effects of oxytocin: greater social benefits for high alexithymia scorers
Luminet, O., Grynberg, D., Ruzette, N., & Mikolajczak, M. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.05.005 · Cited by 107
“, 2009) and clinical groups known to have deficits in socio-emotional abilities, such as schizophrenia and autism disorders (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Craig et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodTheory of mind and unawareness of illness in schizophrenia
Bora, E., Sehitoglu, G., Aslıer, M., Atabay, I., & Veznedaroğlu, B. (2006) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0681-3 · Cited by 107
“Participants are asked to choose the appropriate response among four words, which gives the best definition of the mental state of the person [6].”
BackgroundBrief Mindfulness Meditation Improves Mental State Attribution and Empathizing
Tan, L. B. G., Lo, B. C. Y., & Macrae, C. N. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110510 · Cited by 104
Schimmenti, A., Jonason, P. K., Passanisi, A., Marca, L. L., Dio, N. D., & Gervasi, A. M. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9588-6 · Cited by 114
Trauma and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Review, Proposed Treatment Adaptations and Future Directions
Peterson, J. L., Earl, R. K., Fox, E. A., Ma, R., Haidar, G., Pepper, M., Berliner, L., Wallace, A. S., & Bernier, R. (2019) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-019-00253-5 · Cited by 133
Greenberg, D. M., Warrier, V., Abu-Akel, A. M., Allison, C. L., Gajos, K. Z., Reinecke, K., Rentfrow, P. J., Radecki, M. A., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2022385119 · Cited by 123
“Participants first completed demographic items and then completed the 36-item Eyes Test (26) (Fig.”
Self-citationCognitive and affective Theory of Mind in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease
Laisney, M., Bon, L., Guiziou, C., Daluzeau, N., Eustache, F., & Desgranges, B. (2012) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/j.1748-6653.2012.02038.x · Cited by 106
“The latter can be tested using an expressive face recognition test or the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
MethodSocial skill and social cognition in adolescents at genetic risk for psychosis
Gibson, C. M., Penn, D. L., Prinstein, M. J., Perkins, D. O., & Belger, A. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.04.018 · Cited by 105
Bland, A. R., Roiser, J. P., Mehta, M. A., Schei, T. S., Boland, H., Campbell-Meiklejohn, D. K., Emsley, R., Munafo, M. R., Penton‐Voak, I. S., Seara‐Cardoso, A., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00025 · Cited by 109
“We therefore aimed to develop a novel reinforcement learning task that separated reward and punishment feedback in order to assess sensitivity to these independently.”
BackgroundThe effects of MDMA on socio-emotional processing: Does MDMA differ from other stimulants
Bershad, A. K., Miller, M. A., Baggott, M. J., & de Wit, H. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116663120 · Cited by 106
“Duloxetine also showed a nonsignificant trend effect on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task, suggesting a possible attenuation of MDMA effects on empathy.”
BackgroundAre emotion recognition abilities related to everyday social functioning in ASD? A meta-analysis
Trevisan, D. A., & Birmingham, E. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.08.004 · Cited by 117
Theory of mind development from adolescence to adulthood: Testing the two‐component model
Meinhardt‐Injac, B., Daum, M. M., & Meinhardt, G. (2020) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12320 · Cited by 127
Rucker, J., Marwood, L., Ajantaival, R.-L. J., Bird, C., Eriksson, H., Harrison, J., Lennard-Jones, M., Mistry, S. J., Saldarini, F., Stansfield, S. C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211064720 · Cited by 113
“In terms of social cognition and emotional processing outcomes, there were no consistent trends to suggest that either psilocybin dose had a short- or long-term effect on any social cognition scale (PET, RMET, SSR, SVO, or TEQ).”
BackgroundInfluentialBrüne, M., Özgürdal, S., Ansorge, N., von Reventlow, H. V., Peters, S., Nicolas, V., Tegenthoff, M., Juckel, G., & Lissek, S. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.018 · Cited by 110
“…comparably well compared to healthy controls on a task that requires inference of complex mental states from viewing the eye region of a person in still photographs (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task (RMET); Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), a finding that was recently replicated (Gibson et al., 2010).”
Bates, T. C., & Gupta, S. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.11.004 · Cited by 119
“Social sensitivity was assessed using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME) task (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, & Plumb, 2001).”
MethodInfluentialSocial inappropriateness in neurodegenerative disorders
Desmarais, P., Lanctôt, K. L., Masellis, M., Black, S. E., Herrmann, N., Mortby, M. E., & Ismail, Z. (2017) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610217001260 · Cited by 112
Why contagious yawning does not (yet) equate to empathy
Massen, J. J. M., & Gallup, A. C. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.006 · Cited by 104
Theory of mind disturbances in borderline personality disorder: A meta-analysis
Németh, N., Mátrai, P., Hegyi, P. J., Czéh, B., Czopf, L., Hussain, A., Pammer, J., Szabó, I., Solymár, M., Kiss, L., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.049 · Cited by 119
“However, the latter publication comprised only studies using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET, Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) to assess ToM in BPD.”
MethodThe effect of dynamics on identifying basic emotions from synthetic and natural faces
Kätsyri, J., & Sams, M. E. (2007) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.10.001 · Cited by 105
“For example, autistic individuals having severe social interaction deficits appear to identify basic expressions without difficulties but to have severe difficulties in understanding the emotional meaning of more subtle changes on the face (Baron-Cohen et al., 1997, 2001 ).”
BackgroundFinding a face in the crowd: Testing the anger superiority effect in Asperger Syndrome
Ashwin, C., Wheelwright, S. J., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2006) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2005.12.008 · Cited by 104
Self-citationThe Validity of the MSCEIT: Additional Analyses and Evidence
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2012) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073912445815 · Cited by 105
Current Developments in the Genetics of Autism: From Phenome to Genome
Losh, M. C., Sullivan, P. F., Trembath, D. G., & Piven, J. (2008) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e318184482d · Cited by 111
Psychometric Evaluation of Social Cognitive Measures for Adults with Autism
Morrison, K. E., Pinkham, A. E., Kelsven, S., Ludwig, K., Penn, D. L., & Sasson, N. J. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2084 · Cited by 110
Are Empathic Abilities Impaired in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Nietlisbach, G., Maercker, A., Rösler, W., & Haker, H. (2010) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.106.3.832-844 · Cited by 101
Konrath, S., Corneille, O., Bushman, B. J., & Luminet, O. (2014) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-013-0164-y · Cited by 103
“Emotional competency was assessed using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001), a widely used assessment of affect/emotion recognition in clinical (e.”
MethodInfluentialBroicher, S. D., Kuchukhidze, G., Grünwald, T., Krämer, G., Kurthen, M., & Jokeit, H. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.11.005 · Cited by 108
Impaired recognition of facial emotions from low-spatial frequencies in Asperger syndrome
Kätsyri, J., Saalasti, S., Tiippana, K. M., von Wendt, L., & Sams, M. E. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.005 · Cited by 104
Neural pathways subserving face-based mentalizing
Yordanova, Y. N., Duffau, H., & Herbet, G. (2017) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-017-1388-0 · Cited by 102
“* Guillaume Herbet guillaume.herbet@gmail.com neuropsychological marker (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001; Biedermann et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodFischer, A. H., Gillebaart, M., Rotteveel, M., Becker, D., & Vliek, M. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611418534 · Cited by 100
Campanella, F., Shallice, T., Ius, T., Fabbro, F., & Škrap, M. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu183 · Cited by 104
“…eye gaze (Theory of Mind, ‘The Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-abstract/137/9/2532/2848278 by guest on 27 July 2018 Eyes Test’: Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), to evaluation/interpretation of one’s own emotional states (Toronto Alexythimia Scale, TAS-20: Bagby et al., 1994) and…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExploring the relationship between video game expertise and fluid intelligence
Kokkinakis, A. V., Cowling, P., Drachen, A., & Wade, A. R. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186621 · Cited by 107
The posterior Cerebellum is involved in constructing Social Action Sequences: An fMRI Study
Heleven, E., van Dun, K., & Overwalle, F. V. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46962-7 · Cited by 105
A meta‐analysis of the relationship between empathy and executive function
Yan, Z., Hong, S., Liu, F., & Su, Y. (2019) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.311 · Cited by 110
Pinkham, A. E., Morrison, K. E., Penn, D. L., Harvey, P. D., Kelsven, S., Ludwig, K., & Sasson, N. J. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002708 · Cited by 99
Team Players: How Social Skills Improve Team Performance
Weidmann, B., & Deming, D. J. (2021) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta18461 · Cited by 100
“The RMET was originally designed by autism researchers to diagnose deficits in the capability to reason about the mental state of others (Baron-Cohen et al, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAdvanced Mind-Reading in Adults with Asperger Syndrome
Ponnet, K. S., Roeyers, H., Buysse, A., Clercq, A. D., & Heyden, E. V. D. (2004) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361304045214 · Cited by 102
Social information processing following resection of the insular cortex
Boucher, O., Rouleau, I., Lassonde, M. C., Leporé, F., Bouthillier, A., & Nguyen, D. K. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.03.008 · Cited by 102
“Reading the Mind in the Eyes Theory of mind was assessed using the revised version of the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
MethodPrévost, M., Carrier, M., Chowne, G., Zelkowitz, P., Joseph, L., & Gold, I. (2013) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2013.823859 · Cited by 109
“Highfunctioning autistic patients perform worse than others on the RMET (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Murphy, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMorandotti, N., Brondino, N., Merelli, A. A., Boldrini, A., Vidovich, G. Z. D., Ricciardo, S., Abbiati, V., Ambrosi, P., Caverzasi, E., Fonagy, P., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206433 · Cited by 122
Fauville, G., Luo, M., Queiroz, A. C. M., Lee, A. Y., Bailenson, J. N., & Hancock, J. T. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100271 · Cited by 132
Theory of Mind and conduct problems in children: Deficits in reading the “emotions of the eyes”
Sharp, C. (2008) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701667586 · Cited by 101
“The Child Eyes Test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) was adapted from the adult ‘‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test’’ developed by Baron-Cohen et al. (1997).”
MethodInfluentialBowler, D., Gardiner, J. M., & Gaigg, S. (2006) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.12.001 · Cited by 103
Moseley, R. L., Gregory, N. J., Smith, P., Allison, C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0267-3 · Cited by 97
Self-citationVision in children with autism spectrum disorder: a critical review
Little, J. (2018) · Clinical and Experimental Optometry · doi:10.1111/cxo.12651 · Cited by 100
“The majority of studies have demonstrated relative impairment in facial emotion recognition, especially with increasing complexity.(39,40) Atkinson(41) describes this pattern of deficits in global/motion processing as ‘dorsal stream vulnerability’, and notes that many neurodevelopmental disorders have similar discrepa…”
BackgroundThe effects of reading material on social and non-social cognition
Black, J. E., & Barnes, J. L. (2015) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2015.07.001 · Cited by 101
The left inferior frontal gyrus is crucial for reading the mind in the eyes: Brain lesion evidence
Monte, O. D., Schintu, S., Pardini, M., Berti, A., Wassermann, E. M., Grafman, J. H., & Krüeger, F. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.05.002 · Cited by 102
“…other people are feeling (e.g., desire, friendly, embarrassed, jealous, regretful) and thinking (e.g., contemplative, reflective, skeptical, etc.) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) by asking subjects to look at photos and select one adjective from four alternatives that best describes the mental state…”
Personality influences the neural responses to viewing facial expressions of emotion
Calder, A. J., Ewbank, M., & Passamonti, L. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0362 · Cited by 106
Affective empathy in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis
Bonfils, K. A., Lysaker, P. H., Minor, K. S., & Salyers, M. P. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.037 · Cited by 99
“ofmind neglect the ability to perceive others' emotions, which is central to cognitive aspects of empathy (though there are some notable exceptions, such as the Reading theMind in the Eyes Test; Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundAn experimental investigation of mentalization ability in borderline personality disorder
Petersen, R., Brakoulias, V., & Langdon, R. A. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.10.004 · Cited by 119
Test battery for measuring the perception and recognition of facial expressions of emotion
Wilhelm, O., Hildebrandt, A., Manske, K., Schacht, A., & Sommer, W. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00404 · Cited by 112
Deep Structures of Collaboration
Chikersal, P., Tomprou, M., Kim, Y. J., Woolley, A. W., & Dabbish, L. (2017) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2998181.2998250 · Cited by 110
“To measure social perceptiveness, we used the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RME) developed by Baron-Cohen and colleagues [6].”
MethodEmpathy for Distress in Humans and Rodents
Chen, J. (2017) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-017-0135-0 · Cited by 102
The social neuroscience of mentalizing: challenges and recommendations
Kliemann, D., & Adolphs, R. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.015 · Cited by 99
Song, Y., Nie, T., Shi, W., Zhao, X., & Yang, Y. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01902 · Cited by 117
“, 2018), such as the eyes test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), the Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) (Dziobek et al.”
BackgroundMaurage, P., Grynberg, D., Noël, X., Joassin, F., Hanak, C., Verbanck, P., Luminet, O., de Timary, P., Campanella, S., & Philippot, P. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.06.015 · Cited by 97
“A computerized version of the RMET (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Havet-Thomassin et al., 2006, Morissette et al., submitted for the French translation) was used, consisting of 36 photographs (18 males) of eyes expressing a complex mental state.”
Cognitive insight: a systematic review.
Van Camp, L. S. C., Sabbe, B. G. C., & Oldenburg, J. F. E. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.011 · Cited by 99
A broad assessment of theory of mind in adolescence: The complexity of mindreading
Bosco, F. M., Gabbatore, I., & Tirassa, M. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.01.003 · Cited by 115
Golan, O., Sinai-Gavrilov, Y., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2015) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-015-0018-z · Cited by 108
“Studies report deficits in complex ER in individuals with ASC on various tasks, including ER from pictures of the eyes [24], from facial expressions [25], from linguistic contextual cues [26,27] and from holistic, multimodal scenes [28,29].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHessels, R. S., Holleman, G. A., Cornelissen, T. H. W., Hooge, I. T. C., & Kemner, C. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.062917 · Cited by 96
“ASD was assessed using the Autism-spectrum quotient (AQ) developed by Baron-Cohen et al. (2001b), using the Dutch translation by Hoekstra et al. (2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPersonality and Neural Correlates of Mentalizing Ability
Allen, T. A., Rueter, A., Abram, S. V., Brown, J. S., & DeYoung, C. G. (2017) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2133 · Cited by 95
Psychiatric disorders in C9orf72 kindreds
Devenney, E. M., Ahmed, R. M., Halliday, G. M., Piguet, O., Kiernan, M. C., & Hodges, J. R. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006344 · Cited by 99
“Theory of mind deficits are present in FTD, ALS with cognitive involvement, and ASD and may account for some of the abnormal behaviors in each condition.(15,16) It is plausible that the proportion of patients with a family history of ASD is underestimated, as none of the relatives identified with ASD were older than 1…”
BackgroundSpain, D., & Happé, F. (2020) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-019-00335-1 · Cited by 97
“Impairments in theory of mind (ToM), perspective taking, generativity, cognitive flexibility and central coherence (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001; Brunsdon and Happé 2015) may affect the ability to identify and consider alternative possibilities (e.”
BackgroundEnrici, I., Adenzato, M., Ardito, R. B., Mitkova, A., Cavallo, M., Zibetti, M., Lopiano, L., & Castelli, L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131470 · Cited by 98
The Right Temporoparietal Junction Is Causally Associated with Embodied Perspective-taking
Martin, A. K., Kessler, K., Cooke, S., Huang, J., & Meinzer, M. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2637-19.2020 · Cited by 95
An exploration of changes in cognitive and emotional empathy among medical students in the Caribbean
Youssef, F. F., Nunes, P., Sa, B., & Williams, S. (2014) · International Journal of Medical Education · doi:10.5116/ijme.5412.e641 · Cited by 97
The Use of “Literary Fiction” to Promote Mentalizing Ability
Pino, M. C., & Mazza, M. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160254 · Cited by 123
“For the pre-reading phase, we used the following measures: Basic Empathy Scale-Affective Empathy Sub-scale (AES) [28, 29]: the AES is comprised of 11 items (N° 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18) that measure congruence with another person’s emotions [18].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThere’s No Substitute for Belonging: Self-Affirmation Following Social and Nonsocial Threats
Knowles, M. L., Lucas, G., Molden, D. C., Gardner, W. L., & Dean, K. K. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209346860 · Cited by 99
Mirror, mirror on the wall, which form of narcissist knows self and others best of all?
Vonk, J. M., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Mayhew, P., & Mercer, S. H. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.010 · Cited by 114
Elfenbein, H. A., & MacCann, C. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12324 · Cited by 120
Emotional Empathy and Psychopathy in Offenders: An Experimental Study
Domes, G., Hollerbach, P., Vohs, K., Mokros, A., & Habermeyer, E. (2013) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2013.27.1.67 · Cited by 96
The role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in social perception: An rTMS study
Keuken, M. C., Hardie, A., Dorn, B. T., Dev, S. I., Paulus, M. P., Jonas, K. J., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., & Pineda, J. A. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.073 · Cited by 100
“The autism quotient (AQ) test by Baron-Cohen et al. (2001b) was included to control for differences in autistic traits between the control and experimental group.”
BackgroundMethodMontag, C., Haase, L., Seidel, D., Bayerl, M., Gallinat, J., Herrmann, U., & Dannecker, K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112348 · Cited by 97
Riby, D. M., Doherty‐Sneddon, G., & Bruce, V. (2008) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210701855629 · Cited by 94
Intranasal inhalation of oxytocin improves face processing in developmental prosopagnosia
Bate, S., Cook, S. J., Duchaine, B., Tree, J. J., Burns, E. J., & Hodgson, T. L. (2013) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.08.006 · Cited by 94
Billeci, L., Calderoni, S., Conti, E., Gesi, C., Carmassi, C., Dell’Osso, L., Cioni, G., Muratori, F., & Guzzetta, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00346 · Cited by 104
Pupil mimicry promotes trust through the theory-of-mind network
Prochazkova, E., Prochazkova, L., Rojek-Giffin, M., Scholte, H. S., Dreu, C. K. W. D., & Kret, M. E. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1803916115 · Cited by 101
The role of the cerebellum in reconstructing social action sequences: a pilot study
Overwalle, F. V., Coninck, S. D., Heleven, E., Perrotta, G., Taib, N. O. B., Manto, M. U., & Mariën, P. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz032 · Cited by 97
“In addition, Hoche et al. (2016) found worse performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 241-251
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W4294333904
- Cited by
- 4,555
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 223 · 2025: 261 · 2024: 273 · 2023: 268 · 2022: 303 · 2021: 350 · 2020: 381 · 2019: 320 · 2018: 299 · 2017: 292 · 2016: 230 · 2015: 262 · 2014: 193 · 2013: 211 · 2012: 143
- FWCI
- 5.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, mentalization, theory of mind, Asperger syndrome, high-functioning autism, autism spectrum disorder, test revision, psychometric properties, Autism Spectrum Quotient, autistic traits, social sensitivity, adults
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