Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non‐cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials
Open accessAbstract
Effective therapeutic options for patients living with chronic pain are limited. The pain relieving effect of cannabinoids remains unclear. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining cannabinoids in the treatment of chronic non‐cancer pain was conducted according to the PRISMA statement update on the QUORUM guidelines for reporting systematic reviews that evaluate health care interventions. Cannabinoids studied included smoked cannabis, oromucosal extracts of cannabis based medicine, nabilone, dronabinol and a novel THC analogue. Chronic non‐cancer pain conditions included neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and mixed chronic pain. Overall the quality of trials was excellent. Fifteen of the eighteen trials that met the inclusion criteria demonstrated a significant analgesic effect of cannabinoid as compared with placebo and several reported significant improvements in sleep. There were no serious adverse effects. Adverse effects most commonly reported were generally well tolerated, mild to moderate in severity and led to withdrawal from the studies in only a few cases. Overall there is evidence that cannabinoids are safe and modestly effective in neuropathic pain with preliminary evidence of efficacy in fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis. The context of the need for additional treatments for chronic pain is reviewed. Further large studies of longer duration examining specific cannabinoids in homogeneous populations are required. Linked Article This article is linked to a themed issue in the British Journal of Pharmacology on Respiratory Pharmacology. To view this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐1
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cannabinoids have proven safety and modest efficacy in treatment of neuropathic pain, with some evidence in fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis.
“In one recent review of published studies on non-cancer pain, cannabinoids appeared to have proven safety and modest efficacy in the treatment of neuropathic pain whereas, there are some evidences of efficacy also in fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis [19].”
From Nabilone for the treatment of medication overuse headache: results of a preliminary double-blind, active-controlled, randomized trial (2012) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164 · see citing works
Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?
Jadad, A. R., Moore, R. A., Carroll, D., Jenkinson, C., Reynolds, D. J. M., Gavaghan, D. J., & McQuay, H. J. (1996) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4 · Cited by 17,582 · see citing works
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006 · Cited by 10,578 · see citing works
Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment
Breivik, H., Collett, B., Ventafridda, V., Cohen, R., & Gallacher, D. (2006) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.06.009 · Cited by 5,486 · see citing works
Tsang, A., Von Korff, M., Lee, S., Alonso, J., Karam, E., Angermeyer, M. C., Borges, G. L. G., Bromet, E. J., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.05.005 · Cited by 1,157 · see citing works
Chronic pain in Australia: a prevalence study.
Blyth, F. M., March, L. M., Brnabic, A. J. M., Jorm, L. R., Williamson, M., & Cousins, M. J. (2001) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00355-9 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
Universities and tobacco money
Cohen, J. E. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.1 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: A meta-analysis of effectiveness and side effects
Furlan, A. D. (2006) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.051528 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
Prevalence of undertreatment in cancer pain. A review of published literature
Deandrea, S., Montanari, M., Moja, L., & Apolone, G. (2008) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdn419 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Zajicek, J., Fox, P., Sanders, H., Wright, D., Vickery, J., Nunn, A., & Thompson, A. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14738-1 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis
Rog, D. J., Nurmikko, T. J., Friede, T., & Young, C. A. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000176753.45410.8b · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Suicidality in chronic pain: a review of the prevalence, risk factors and psychological links
TANG, N. K. Y., & CRANE, C. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291705006859 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Bennett, R. M. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial
Abrams, D. I., Jay, C. A., Shade, S. B., Vizoso, H., Reda, H., Press, S., Kelly, M. E., Rowbotham, M. C., & Petersen, K. L. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000253187.66183.9c · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Wade, D. T., Makela, P., Robson, P., House, H., & Bateman, C. (2004) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1191/1352458504ms1082oa · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Ketamine and postoperative pain – a quantitative systematic review of randomised trials
Elia, N., & Tramèr, M. R. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.036 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Svendsen, K. B., Jensen, T. S., & Bach, F. W. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38149.566979.ae · Cited by 500 · see citing works
The Endocannabinoid System and Pain
Guindon, J., & Hohmann, A. (2009) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152709789824660 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Smoked Medicinal Cannabis for Neuropathic Pain in HIV: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial
Ellis, R. J., Toperoff, W., Vaida, F., van den Brande, G., Gonzales, J., Gouaux, B., Bentley, H., & Atkinson, J. H. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.120 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial
Ware, M. A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., Robinson, A., Ducruet, T., Huynh, T., Gamsa, A., Bennett, G. J., & Collet, J.-P. (2010) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.091414 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Chronic Pain in Canada ‐ Prevalence, Treatment, Impact and the Role of Opioid Analgesia
Moulin, D. E., Clark, A. J., Speechley, M. R., & Morley-Forster, P. (2002) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2002/323085 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Wade, D. T., Robson, P., House, H., Makela, P., & Aram, J. (2003) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/0269215503cr581oa · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Emerging strategies for exploiting cannabinoid receptor agonists as medicines
Pertwee, R. G. (2009) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00048.x · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Blake, D. R., Robson, P., Ho, M., Jubb, R. W., & McCabe, C. S. (2006) · Rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kei183 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Nurmikko, T. J., Serpell, M. G., Hoggart, B., Toomey, P. J., Morlion, B. J., & Haines, D. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.028 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Guindon, J., & Hohmann, A. G. (2008) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707531 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Campbell, F. A., Tramèr, M. R., Carroll, D., Reynolds, D. J. M., Moore, R. A., & McQuay, H. J. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.13 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Self-citationNabilone for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia.
Skrabek, R. Q., Galimova, L., Ethans, K., & Perry, D. (2008) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.09.002 · Cited by 384 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Three of these trials were placebo controlled and found a significant analgesic effect in spinal pain [29], fibromylagia [27] and spasticity related pain [28].”
BackgroundEpidemiology of chronic non-malignant pain in Denmark
Eriksen, J., Jensen, M. K., Sjøgren, P., Ekholm, O., & Rasmussen, N. K. (2003) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00225-2 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Berman, J. S., Symonds, C., & Birch, R. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.013 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Karst, M., Salim, K., Burstein, S., Conrad, I., Hoy, L., & Schneider, U. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.13.1757 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
The frequency, trajectories and predictors of adolescent recurrent pain: A population-based approach
Stanford, E. A., Chambers, C. T., Biesanz, J. C., & Chen, E. (2008) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.10.032 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow up
Zajicek, J. P. (2005) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.070136 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Access to pain treatment as a human right
Lohman, D., Schleifer, R. A., & Amon, J. J. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-8 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of cannabis cigarettes in neuropathic pain
Wilsey, B., Marcotte, T., Tsodikov, A., Millman, J., Bentley, H., Gouaux, B., & Fishman, S. (2008) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.12.010 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Cannabinoids as Pharmacotherapies for Neuropathic Pain: From the Bench to the Bedside
Rahn, E. J., & Hohmann, A. G. (2009) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2009.08.002 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Notcutt, W., Price, M., Miller, R., Newport, S., Phillips, C., Simmons, S., & Sansom, C. (2004) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03674.x · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Efficacy of Dronabinol as an Adjuvant Treatment for Chronic Pain Patients on Opioid Therapy
Narang, S., Gibson, D., Wasan, A. D., Ross, E. L., Michna, E., Nedeljkovic, S. S., & Jamison, R. N. (2008) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.10.018 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cannabis Treatment for Chronic Pain
Martín-Sánchez, E., Furukawa, T. A., Taylor, J., & Martín, J. L. R. (2009) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Watson, S. J. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.6.547 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Targeting CB2 receptors and the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of pain
Anand, P., Whiteside, G. T., Fowler, C. J., & Hohmann, A. G. (2008) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.12.003 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Endocannabinoid mechanisms of pain modulation
Hohmann, A. G., & Suplita, R. L. (2006) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/aapsj080479 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Frank, B., Serpell, M. G., Hughes, J., Matthews, J. N. S., & Kapur, D. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39429.619653.80 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Endocannabinoids and pain: spinal and peripheral analgesia in inflammation and neuropathy
Rice, A. S. C., Farquhar-Smith, W. P., & Nagy, I. (2002) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1054/plef.2001.0362 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Wissel, J., Haydn, T., Müller, J., Brenneis, C., Berger, T., Poewe, W., & Schelosky, L. D. (2006) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-006-0218-8 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The Need for a Canadian Pain Strategy
Lynch, M. E. (2011) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2011/654651 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationBerman, J. S., Lee, J., Cooper, M., Cannon, A., Sach, J., McKerral, S., Taggart, M., Symonds, C., Fishe, K., & Birch, R. (2003) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03408_3.x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Effect of Dronabinol on Central Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury
Rintala, D. H., Fiess, R. N., Tan, G., Holmes, S. A., & Bruel, B. M. (2010) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0b013e3181f1c4ec · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Pinsger, M., Schimetta, W., Volc, D., Hiermann, E., Riederer, F., & Pölz, W. (2006) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-006-0611-4 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Pain measurements and side effect profile of the novel cannabinoid ajulemic acid
Salim, K., Schneider, U., Burstein, S., Hoy, L., & Karst, M. (2005) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.02.010 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Baker, C., & McDougall, J. J. (2004) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705902 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Nicoll, R. A., & Alger, B. E. (2004) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1204-68 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Clinical Pain Management: A Practical Guide
Gration, J. C. (2011) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqr053 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
McDougall, J. J., Yu, V. P., & Thomson, J. J. (2007) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707565 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Painful Hiv-Associated Sensory Neuropathy
Cherry, C. L., Wadley, A. L., & Kamerman, P. R. (2012) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt.12.67 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Pinsger, M., Schimetta, W., Volc, D., Hiermann, E., Riederer, F., & Pölz, W. (2006) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/s1090-3801(06)60627-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Abu‐Saad, H. H. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 28 · see citing works
McGillion, M. H., L’Allier, P. L., Arthur, H. M., Watt‐Watson, J., Svorkdal, N., Cosman, T., Taenzer, P. A., Nigam, A., & Malysh, L. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0828-282x(09)70501-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Good Clinical Practice Guidelines
(2000) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781482270716-16 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Analgesic Effect of the Synthetic Cannabinoid CT-3 on Chronic Neuropathic Pain
Karst, M., Salim, K., BURSTEIN, S. H., Conrad, I., Hoy, L., & Schneider, U. (2016) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Painful HIV-Associated Sensory Neuropathy
Ballantyne, J. C., Cousins, M. J., Giamberardino, M. A., & McGrath, P. A. (2010) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Measurement and Assessment of Pain in Pediatric Patients
Stinson, J., & McGrath, P. J. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444329711.ch8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- [6]6. Anand P, Whiteside G, Fowler CJ, Hohmann AG. Targeting CB2 receptorsand the endocannabinoid systemfor the treatment of pain. Brain Res Rev 2008; 60: 255-66.
- [14]14. Elia N, Tramer MR. Ketamine and postoperative pain-a quantitative systematic review. Pain 2005; 113: 61-70.
- [33]33. Wissell J, Haydn T, Muller JE, Schelosky LD, Brenneis C, Berger T, Poewe W. Low dose treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid Nabilone significantly reduces spasticity-rleated pain. J Neurol 2006; 253: 1337-41.
- [37]37. Karst M, Salim K, Burstein S, Conrad I, Hoy L, Schneider U. Analgesic effect of the synthetic cannabinoid CT-3 on chronic neuropathic pain. JAMA 2003; 290: 1757-62.
- [38]38. Salim K, Schneider U, Burstein S, Hoy L, Karst M. Pain measurements and side effect profile of the novel cannabinoid ajulemic acid. Neuropharmacology 2005; 48: 1164-71.
- [53]53. Deandrea S, Montanari M, Moja L, Apolone G. Prevalence of undertreatment of cancer pain. Ann Oncol 2008; 19: 1985-91.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Whiting, P. F., Wolff, R. F., Deshpande, S., Di Nisio, M., Duffy, S., Hernandez, A. V., Keurentjes, J. C., Lang, S., Misso, K., Ryder, S., et al. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6358 · Cited by 2,169 · see citing works
Fibromyalgia: A Clinical Review
Clauw, D. J. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3266 · Cited by 1,674 · see citing works
Medical Cannabis Laws and Opioid Analgesic Overdose Mortality in the United States, 1999-2010
Bachhuber, M. A., Saloner, B. K., Cunningham, C. O., & Barry, C. L. (2014) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.4005 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Paice, J. A., Portenoy, R. K., Lacchetti, C., Campbell, T. C., Cheville, A. L., Citron, M. L., Constine, L. S., Cooper, A., Glare, P. A., Keefe, F., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2016.68.5206 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults
Mücke, M., Phillips, T., Radbruch, L., Petzke, F. W., & Häuser, W. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012182.pub2 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Moulin, D., Boulanger, A., Clark, A., Clarke, H., Dao, T., Finley, G., Furlan, A., Gilron, I., Gordon, A., Morley-Forster, P., et al. (2014) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2014/754693 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Aizpurua‐Olaizola, O., Soydaner, U., Öztürk, E., Schibano, D., Simsir, Y., Navarro, P., Etxebarría, N., & Usobiaga, A. (2016) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00949 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Medicinal Cannabis: History, Pharmacology, And Implications for the Acute Care Setting.
Bridgeman, M. B., & Abazia, D. T. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Boehnke, K. F., Litinas, E., & Clauw, D. J. (2016) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.03.002 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Fitzcharles, M.-A., Ste-Marie, P. A., Goldenberg, D. L., Pereira, J. X., Abbey, S., Choinière, M., Ko, G., Moulin, D. E., Panopalis, P., Proulx, J., et al. (2013) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2013/918216 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Wen, H., Hockenberry, J. M., & Cummings, J. R. (2015) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.03.007 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Cannabinoids and Pain: New Insights From Old Molecules
Vučković, S., Srebro, D., Vujović, K. S., Vučetić, Č., & Prostran, M. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01259 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Do medical marijuana laws reduce addictions and deaths related to pain killers?
Powell, D., Pacula, R. L., & Jacobson, M. (2018) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.12.007 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
A Cross-Sectional Survey of Medical Cannabis Users: Patterns of Use and Perceived Efficacy
Sexton, M., Cuttler, C., Finnell, J. S., & Mischley, L. K. (2016) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2016.0007 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Fallon, M. (2013) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aet208 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Aviram, J. (2017) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.20.5.e755 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Klauke, A. ‐., Rácz, I., Pradier, B., Markert, A., Zimmer, A., Gertsch, J., & Zimmer, A. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.008 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Donvito, G., Nass, S. R., Wilkerson, J. L., Curry, Z. A., Schurman, L. D., Kinsey, S. G., & Lichtman, A. H. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.204 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Cannabinoids suppress inflammatory and neuropathic pain by targeting α3 glycine receptors
Xiong, W., Cui, T., Cheng, K., Yang, F., Chen, S.-R., Willenbring, D., Guan, Y., Pan, H., Ren, K., Xu, Y., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20120242 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Inhaled Cannabis for Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data
Andreae, M. H., Carter, G. M., Shaparin, N., Suslov, K., Ellis, R. J., Ware, M. A., Abrams, D. I., Prasad, H., Wilsey, B. L., Indyk, D., et al. (2015) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.07.009 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Fibromyalgia and related conditions
Clauw, D. J. (2015) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.03.014 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Baron, E. P. (2018) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13345 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Haroutounian, S., Ratz, Y., Ginosar, Y., Furmanov, K., Saifi, F., Meidan, R., & Davidson, E. (2016) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000364 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Association of Medical and Adult-Use Marijuana Laws With Opioid Prescribing for Medicaid Enrollees
Wen, H., & Hockenberry, J. M. (2018) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.1007 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Baron, E. P. (2015) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.12570 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Lynch, M. E., & Ware, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-015-9600-6 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Impact of Marijuana Policies on Youth: Clinical, Research, and Legal Update
Ammerman, S. D., Ryan, S. A., Adelman, W. P., Levy, S., Ammerman, S. D., Gonzalez, P. K., Ryan, S. A., Siqueira, L. M., Smith, V. C., Braverman, P. K., et al. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-4147 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Baron, E. P., Lucas, P., Eades, J., & Hogue, O. (2018) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0862-2 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Henshaw, F., Dewsbury, L. S., Lim, C. K., & Steiner, G. (2021) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2020.0105 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Cameron, C., Watson, D. B., & Robinson, J. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000180 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Benefits and harms of medical cannabis: a scoping review of systematic reviews
Pratt, M., Stevens, A., Thuku, M., Butler, C., Skidmore, B., Wieland, L. S., Clemons, M. J., Kanji, S., & Hutton, B. (2019) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1243-x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Häuser, W., Petzke, F., & Fitzcharles, M. A. (2018) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1118 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Fitzcharles, M., Baerwald, C., Ablin, J. N., & Häuser, W. (2016) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s00482-015-0084-3 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Allan, G. M., Finley, C. R., Ton, J., Perry, D., Ramji, J., Crawford, K., Lindblad, A. J., Korownyk, C. S., & Kolber, M. R. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Walitt, B. T., Klose, P., Fitzcharles, M., Phillips, T., & Häuser, W. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011694.pub2 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Cannabinoids and autoimmune diseases: A systematic review
Katchan, V., David, P., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2016) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2016.02.008 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Managing Chronic Pain in Children and Adolescents: A Clinical Review
Landry, B. W., Fischer, P. R., Driscoll, S. W., Koch, K. M., Harbeck‐Weber, C., Mack, K. J., Wilder, R. T., Bauer, B. A., & Brandenburg, J. E. (2015) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.09.006 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Safety and Toxicology of Cannabinoids
Sachs, J., McGlade, E., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2015) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0380-8 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Boychuk, D., Goddard, G., Mauro, G., & Orellana, M. (2015) · Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache · doi:10.11607/ofph.1274 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
(2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The endocannabinoid system and neuropathic pain
Maldonado, R. J., Baños, J.-E., & Cabañero, D. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000428 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Turcotte, D., Doupe, M., Torabi, M., Gomori, A., Ethans, K., Esfahani, F., Galloway, K., & Namaka, M. (2015) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/pme.12569 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Almog, S., Aharon‐Peretz, J., Vulfsons, S., Ogintz, M., Abalia, H., Lupo, T., Hayon, Y., & Eisenberg, E. (2020) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1605 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Cannabis in Pain Treatment: Clinical and Research Considerations
Savage, S. R., Romero-Sandoval, A. E., Schatman, M. E., Wallace, M. S., Fanciullo, G. J., McCarberg, B. H., & Ware, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.02.007 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Passie, T., Emrich, H. M., Karst, M., Brandt, S. D., & Halpern, J. H. (2012) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1377 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
2021 European guideline for the management of vulval conditions
van der Meijden, W. I., Boffa, M. J., ter Harmsel, B., Kirtschig, G., Lewis, F., Moyal‐Barracco, M., Ţiplica, G., & Sherrard, J. (2022) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.18102 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Neuropathic pain and SCI: Identification and treatment strategies in the 21st century
Hatch, M. N., Cushing, T. R., Carlson, G. D., & Chang, E. Y. (2017) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2017.11.018 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Integrating Cannabis into Clinical Cancer Care
Abrams, D. I. (2016) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3747/co.23.3099 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Sznitman, S. R., & Bretteville‐Jensen, A. L. (2015) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-015-0082-x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Pini, L. A., Guerzoni, S., Cainazzo, M. M., Ferrari, A., Sarchielli, P., Tiraferri, I., Ciccarese, M., & Zappaterra, M. (2012) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1007/s10194-012-0490-1 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Cannabinoids in Chronic Non-Cancer Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Johal, H. S., Devji, T., Chang, Y., Simone, J. J., Vannabouathong, C., & Bhandari, M. (2020) · Clinical Medicine Insights Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1177/1179544120906461 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Are medical marijuana users different from recreational users? The view from primary care
Roy‐Byrne, P., Maynard, C. C., Bumgardner, K., Krupski, A., Dunn, C. W., West, I. I., Donovan, D. M., Atkins, D. C., & Ries, R. K. (2015) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12270 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Montero‐Oleas, N., Arévalo-Rodríguez, I., Núñez-González, S., Viteri-García, A. A., & Simancas‐Racines, D. (2020) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-019-2803-2 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
(CONTAM), E. P. O. C. I. T. F. C. (2015) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4141 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Monoacylglycerol lipase – a target for drug development?
Fowler, C. (2012) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01950.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Liang, D., Bao, Y., Wallace, M. S., Grant, I., & Shi, Y. (2018) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14382 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Cannabinoids for Treatment of MS Symptoms: State of the Evidence
Rice, J., & Cameron, M. H. (2018) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0859-x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
de Vries, M., van Rijckevorsel, D. C., Vissers, K. C. P., Wilder‐Smith, O. H. G., & van Goor, H. (2016) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.09.147 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Cannabinoids in Pain Management and Palliative Medicine
Häuser, W., Fitzcharles, M., Radbruch, L., & Petzke, F. W. (2017) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0627 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Fitzcharles, M., Ste‐Marie, P. A., Häuser, W., Clauw, D. J., Jamal, S., Karsh, J., Landry, T., LECLERCQ, S. A., McDougall, J. J., Shir, Y., et al. (2015) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22727 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ahmed, A. I. A., van den Elsen, G. A. H., Colbers, A. P. H., Kramers, C., Burger, D. M., van der Marck, M. A., & Rikkert, M. G. M. O. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-3889-y · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Petzke, F., Enax-Krumova, E. K., & Häuser, W. (2016) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s00482-015-0089-y · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Prescribing cannabis for harm reduction
Collen, M. R. (2012) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-9-1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
A User’s Guide to Cannabinoid Therapies in Oncology
Maida, V., & Daeninck, P. J. (2016) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3747/co.23.3487 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Surgical considerations of marijuana use in elective procedures
Huson, H. B., Granados, T. M., & Rasko, Y. M. (2018) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00779 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Bell, A. D., MacCallum, C., Margolese, S., Walsh, Z., Wright, P., Daeninck, P. J., Mandarino, E., Lacasse, G., Kaur Deol, J., de Freitas, L., et al. (2024) · Cannabis & Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2021.0156 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Prevalence of medical marijuana use in C alifornia, 2012
Ryan‐Ibarra, S., Induni, M., & Ewing, D. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12207 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Nabilone for the Management of Pain
Tsang, C. C., & Giudice, M. G. (2016) · Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1002/phar.1709 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Moore, A., Fisher, E., Finn, D. P., Finnerup, N. B., Gilron, I., Haroutounian, S., Krane, E. J., Rice, A. S. C., Rowbotham, M. C., Wallace, M. S., et al. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001941 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pharmacological options for the management of refractory cancer pain—what is the evidence?
Afsharimani, B., Kindl, K., Good, P. D., & Hardy, J. R. (2015) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-015-2678-9 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cannabinoids in the Management of Acute Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Gazendam, A., Nucci, N. W., Gouveia, K., Khalik, H. A., Rubinger, L., & Johal, H. S. (2020) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2019.0079 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids for Treatment of Cancer
Cherkasova, V., Wang, B., Gerasymchuk, M., Fiselier, A., Kovalchuk, O., & Kovalchuk, I. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14205142 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Effects of cannabinoid administration for pain: A meta-analysis and meta-regression.
Yanes, J. A., McKinnell, Z. E., Reid, M. A., Busler, J. N., Michel, J. S., Pangelinan, M. M., Sutherland, M. T., Younger, J., González, R., & Robinson, J. L. (2019) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000281 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Cannabinoids concentration variability in cannabis olive oil galenic preparations
Carcieri, C., Tomasello, C., Simiele, M., Nicolò, A. D., Avataneo, V., Canzoneri, L., Cusato, J., Perri, G. D., & D’Avolio, A. (2017) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/jphp.12845 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Medical marijuana: Medical necessity versus political agenda
Clark, P. A., Capuzzi, K. M., & Fick, C. (2011) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.882116 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Agitation and Aggression in Alzheimer’s Disease
Liu, C. S., Chau, S. A., Ruthirakuhan, M. T., Lanctôt, K. L., & Herrmann, N. (2015) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-015-0270-y · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Aggarwal, S. K. (2013) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31824c5e4c · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Therapeutic benefits of cannabis: a patient survey.
Webb, C. W., & Webb, S. M. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Troutt, W. D., & DiDonato, M. D. (2015) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2015.1074766 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in osteoarthritis pain
Porta, C. L., Bura, S. A., Negrete, R., & Maldonado, R. J. (2014) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12468 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on Labor Market Outcomes
Sabia, J. J., & Nguyen, T. T. (2018) · The Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1086/701193 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Approach to Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women
Till, S. R., Nakamura, R., Schrepf, A., & As‐Sanie, S. (2022) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2022.02.006 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cannabis and joints: scientific evidence for the alleviation of osteoarthritis pain by cannabinoids
O’Brien, M. S., & McDougall, J. J. (2018) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2018.03.012 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
A review of the anesthetic implications of marijuana use
Alexander, J. C., & Joshi, G. P. (2019) · Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings · doi:10.1080/08998280.2019.1603034 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Cannabis for Therapeutic Purposes and public health and safety: A systematic and critical review
Sznitman, S. R., & Zolotov, Y. (2014) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.09.005 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Parmar, J. R., Forrest, B. D., & Freeman, R. A. (2015) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.09.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The use of cannabinoids in animals and therapeutic implications for veterinary medicine: a review
Landa, L., Šulcová, A., & Gbelec, P. (2016) · Veterinární Medicína · doi:10.17221/8762-vetmed · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Pharmacological Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women
Carey, E. T., Till, S. R., & As‐Sanie, S. (2017) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-016-0687-8 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Clinical Data for the Use of Cannabis-Based Treatments: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature
Inglet, S., Winter, B., Yost, S. E., Entringer, S., Lian, A., Biksacky, M., Pitt, R. D., & Mortensen, W. (2020) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/1060028020930189 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Do Medical Marijuana Laws Reduce Addictions and Deaths Related to Pain Killers?
Powell, D., Pacula, R. L., & Jacobson, M. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w21345 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
de Vries, M., Van Rijckevorsel, D. C. M., Vissers, K. C. P., Wilder‐Smith, O. H. G., & Van Goor, H. (2016) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.12811 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Nabiximols in Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials
Dykukha, I., Malessa, R., Essner, U., & Ueberall, M. A. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab050 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
An Ethical Exploration of Barriers to Research on Controlled Drugs
Andreae, M. H., Rhodes, E., Bourgoise, T., Carter, G. M., White, R. S., Indyk, D., Sacks, H. S., & Rhodes, R. (2016) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2016.1145282 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Wong, S. S. C., Chan, W. S., & Cheung, C. W. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-020-09905-y · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of fibromyalgia
Berger, A. A., Keefe, J., Winnick, A. A., Gilbert, E., Eskander, J. P., Yazdi, C., Kaye, A. D., Viswanath, O., & Urits, I. (2020) · Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology · doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.010 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Tringale, K. R., Huynh‐Le, M., Salans, M. A., Marshall, D. C., Shi, Y., & Hattangadi-Gluth, J. A. (2019) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.32059 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hossain, M. Z., Ando, H., Unno, S., & Kitagawa, J. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21041423 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Serafimovska, M. D., Serafimovska, T., Arsova‐Sarafinovska, Z., Stefanoski, S., Keskovski, Z., & Balkanov, T. (2018) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s160556 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Review of Evidence
Okifuji, A., & Hare, B. D. (2013) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-013-0016-9 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Medical cannabis: considerations for the anesthesiologist and pain physician
Beaulieu, P., Boulanger, A., Desroches, J., & Clark, A. J. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d anesthésie · doi:10.1007/s12630-016-0598-x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lynch, M. E., & Campbell, F.
- Affiliations
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lynch, Mary E.
- Venue
- British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-10-11
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 735-744
- ISSN
- 0306-5251 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2125
- PMC
- PMC3243008
- OpenAlex
- W1589884020
- Cited by
- 397
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 3.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Keywords
- cannabinoids, chronic non-cancer pain, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, cannabis smoking, nabilone, dronabinol, analgesic effect, sleep improvement, adverse effects, tolerability
- MeSH terms
- Cannabinoids, Humans, Neuralgia, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Analgesics, Non-Narcotic, Chronic Pain
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review