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Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain
Open accessAbstract
AIMS: Microglia are involved in neurodegeneration, are prime targets for anti-inflammatory therapy and are potential biomarkers of disease progression. For example, positron emission tomography imaging employing radioligands for the mitochondrial translocator protein of 18 kDa (TSPO, formerly known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) is being scrutinized to detect neuroinflammation in various diseases. TSPO is presumably present in activated microglia, but may be present in other neural cells. METHODS: We sought to elucidate the protein expression in normal human central nervous system, several neurological diseases (HIV encephalitis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke) and simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis by performing immunohistochemistry with two anti-TSPO antibodies. RESULTS: Although the overall parenchymal staining was minimal in normal brain, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, subpial glia, intravascular monocytes and ependymal cells were TSPO-positive. In disease states, elevated TSPO was present in parenchymal microglia, macrophages and some hypertrophic astrocytes, but the distribution of TSPO varied depending on the disease, disease stage and proximity to the lesion or relation to infection. Staining with the two antibodies correlated well in white matter, but one antibody also stained cortical neurones. Quantitative analysis demonstrated a significant increase in TSPO in the white matter of HIV encephalitis compared with brains without encephalitis. TSPO expression was also increased in simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. CONCLUSIONS: This report provides the first comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of TSPO. The results are useful for informing the usage of positron emission tomography as an imaging modality and have an impact on the potential use of TSPO as an anti-inflammatory pharmacological target.
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TL;DR
This study used two anti-TSPO antibodies to map TSPO immunohistochemically in normal and diseased human and macaque CNS. It found that TSPO is minimally expressed in normal brain parenchyma but is upregulated chiefly in microglia and macrophages, and in some hypertrophic astrocytes, in HIV encephalitis, SIV encephalitis, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke.
Key findings
- In normal brain, overall parenchymal staining was minimal, but TSPO was positive in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, subpial glia, intravascular monocytes and ependymal cells.
- In disease, elevated TSPO was present in parenchymal microglia, macrophages and some hypertrophic astrocytes; distribution varied by disease, disease stage, proximity to lesion and relation to infection.
- Quantitative white matter analysis showed significantly increased TSPO in HIV encephalitis versus HIV− and HIV+ groups for both antibodies (Kruskal-Wallis p < 0.001; Dunn pairwise p < 0.001). HIVE average percent area stained ranged from 0.27–1.24% for mAb and 0.01–0.5% for pAb, with the highest observed image at 4.7%; HIV− ranged from 0.02–0.12% (mAb) and 0.03–0.11% (pAb), and HIV+ from 0.01–0.10% (mAb) and 0.01–0.08% (pAb). HIV− and HIV+ did not differ significantly.
- TSPO expression was also increased in SIV encephalitis; TSPO+ oligodendrocytes were present in the optic tract in one SIVE and the SIV− brain, and TSPO+ hypertrophic astrocytes were noticeably lacking in SIVE.
Methods
- Immunohistochemistry with two anti-TSPO antibodies—a rabbit polyclonal and a mouse monoclonal—was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue from HIV− (n=4), HIV+ without encephalitis (n=5) and HIVE (n=10) cases, plus Alzheimer’s disease (n=9), multiple sclerosis and ischemic infarct cases, and macaque brains (SIV− n=1, SIV+ n=1, SIVE n=2).
- Single- and double-label colorimetric and fluorescent IHC were used with cell markers including CD68, CD45, GFAP, Iba1, HIV-1 p24 and amyloid-β; antibody absorption was performed for the polyclonal antibody.
- Quantitative image analysis used NIH ImageJ on 20 random 400X white matter fields per case, expressed as percent area stained; groups were compared by Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparison tests, and antibody agreement was assessed by Spearman correlation.
Limitations
- The paper states that the antibody absorption experiment was not repeated because peptide cost was prohibitive, and that neuronal staining with the polyclonal antibody remains a conundrum that may be non-specific, though possible TSPO isoforms or related molecules could not be dismissed.
- The paper notes that cases of conditions other than HIV were not quantitatively analyzed because corresponding normal controls were not available from each site, and that only two SIVE cases were studied, limiting conclusions about the lack of astrocytic staining in SIVE.
- Evident from the text: group sizes are small, especially HIV− (n=4), HIV+ (n=5) and macaque groups (n=1 each), and much cell-type assessment was semi-quantitative by morphology; the reported Spearman correlation between antibodies was statistically significant but weak (r = 0.08).
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Claims the paper makes
73 Own result · 13 Own interpretation · 10 No full text of the sources · 8 Partly supported · 6 Own method · 5 No basis given · 2 Supported · 1 Not supported · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“In cases where the infection was diffuse [23], ramified glial cells had enhanced TSPO positivity, most of which were clearly identifiable as activated microglia.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of the TSPO in HIV+ and HIVE
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [23] Cosenza MA Zhao ML Si Q Lee SC Human brain parenchymal microglia express CD14 and CD45 and are productively infected by HIV-1 in HIV-1 encephalitis Brain Pathol 2002 12 442 455 12408230 PMC8095974 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports HIV-1 infection of parenchymal microglia in HIV encephalitis, but the available passages do not establish that the infection was diffuse. The citation is attached to the diffuse-infection condition; the subsequent TSPO observation appears to be the citing authors’ own finding. (LLM, conf=0.75)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
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In the paper
“PET studies show that there is generally an increased retention of [11C]-PK11195 in various neurodegenerative conditions including HIV encephalitis (HIVE), and its simian model SIV encephalitis (SIVE), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and CNS neoplasms (see [14;15] for review).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] Venneti S Lopresti BJ Wiley CA The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (Translocator protein 18kDa) in microglia: from pathology to imaging Prog Neurobiol 2006 80 308 322 17156911 PMC1849976 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 1 (in the indexed section labeled “Abstract > 1.0 MICROGLIA IN HEALTH AND DISEASE”; page unavailable) reports increased [11C]-PK11195 retention for SIVE, AD, Huntington’s disease, MS, PD, stroke and ALS, and higher binding in glioblastoma. It does not establish the same finding specifically for human HIV encephalitis (HIVE): its human studies are labeled HIV infection, and one reports no increase in the group studied. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [15] Cagnin A Kassiou M Meikle SR Banati RB Positron emission tomography imaging of neuroinflammation Neurotherapeutics 2007 4 443 452 17599710 PMC7479716 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Dementia, Movement disorders, Multiple sclerosis, and Stroke sections report increased [11C](R)-PK11195 binding or PET signal in AD, Huntington’s disease, PD, MS, and stroke. The passages found do not report PET findings for HIVE, SIVE, ALS, or CNS neoplasms, so the full list is not supported by this source. Page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Infiltrating T lymphocytes present in many of these brains [32], appear negative for TSPO.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of the TSPO in HIV+ and HIVE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [32] Cosenza-Nashat MA Kim MO Zhao ML Suh HS Lee SC CD45 isoform expression in microglia and inflammatory cells in HIV-1 encephalitis Brain Pathol 2006 16 256 265 17107594 PMC1804203 source
The citation follows the statement that infiltrating T lymphocytes are present in HIVE brains. The Discussion reports that the number of T cells infiltrating HIVE brain can be very high. The source does not assess TSPO, but the sentence does not attach this citation to the TSPO observation. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Staining with the two antibodies correlated well in white matter, but one antibody also stained cortical neurons.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In disease states, elevated TSPO was present in parenchymal microglia, macrophages and some hypertrophic astrocytes, but the distribution of TSPO varied depending on the disease, disease stage and proximity to the lesion or relation to infection.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The HIV+ brains (Figure 1I and J) showed a range of staining (none to delicate) similar to that in normal brain (see also Table 3).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of the TSPO in HIV+ and HIVE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the overall parenchymal staining was minimal in normal brain, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, subpial glia, intravascular monocytes and ependymal cells were TSPO positive.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cell staining was present in both the gray matter (Figure 1A and B) and the white matter (G, H)(also see Table 3).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > TSPO expression in normal human brain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TSPO expression was also increased in SIV encephalitis.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All cases also showed TSPO+ perivascular macrophages.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of the TSPO in HIV+ and HIVE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At low power, the TSPO+ areas were identifiable as microglial nodules and multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) (Figure 2A, B).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of the TSPO in HIV+ and HIVE
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In disease states, elevated TSPO was present in parenchymal microglia, macrophages and some hypertrophic astrocytes, but the distribution of TSPO varied depending on the disease, disease stage and proximity to the lesion or relation to infection.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Staining with the two antibodies correlated well in white matter, but one antibody also stained cortical neurons.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > Abstract > Results
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The HIVE brains displayed staining in compartments observed in normal cases (such as meninges, ependymal cells and subependymal glia—both astrocytes and microglia—and intravascular monocytes), but also showed markedly enhanced staining in the parenchyma, particularly in regions of infection.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of the TSPO in HIV+ and HIVE
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Occasionally, positively stained process-bearing cells were identifiable as glial cells (C, D, E), resembling microglia or astrocytes.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > TSPO expression in normal human brain
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Quantitative analysis demonstrated a significant increase in TSPO in the white matter of HIV encephalitis compared to brains without encephalitis.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > Abstract > Results
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“TSPO+ hypertrophic astrocytes were also present in HIVE cases based on morphology (Figure 2A–C, also see Table 3).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of the TSPO in HIV+ and HIVE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the overall parenchymal staining was minimal in normal brain, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, subpial glia, intravascular monocytes and ependymal cells were TSPO positive.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our study confirms this and indicates that microglia strongly express TSPO in the cell body and in processes (Figures 1, 2), where mitochondria would be located.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The third is that mAb was better in detecting TSPO+ hypertrophic astrocytes.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Qualitative comparison of two TSPO antibodies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“TSPO+ microglia (GFAP−, arrows in all panels) were much more abundant than TSPO+ astrocytes (Figures 5C and E).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Double label IHC identifies microglia, macrophages and astrocytes to be TSPO+
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In some cases, the area of TSPO+ astrocytes coincided with a region of active HIV replication, based on HIV-1 p24 staining (Figure 5B).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Double label IHC identifies microglia, macrophages and astrocytes to be TSPO+
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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In the paper
“In AD, TSPO+ glial cells were widespread in the hippocampus and adjacent brain regions of all cases.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in AD
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In addition, the choroid plexus was also immunoreactive, in agreement with rodent autoradiography studies [33;34].”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in macaque brains
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Kuhlmann AC Guilarte TR Cellular and subcellular localization of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors after trimethyltin neurotoxicity J Neurochem 2000 74 1694 1704 10737628 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Benavides J Dubois A Gotti B Bourdiol F Scatton B Cellular distribution of omega 3 (peripheral type benzodiazepine) binding sites in the normal and ischaemic rat brain: an autoradiographic study with the photoaffinity ligand [3H]PK 14105 Neurosci Lett 1990 114 32 38 2166260 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The TSPO immunoreactivity in the latter was present primarily in MGCs and macrophages (Figure 2G–J), but rarely in microglia.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in macaque brains
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The majority of TSPO-expressing parenchymal cells in AD were microglia as shown with a macrophage marker, Iba1 (Figure 7C, E), but TSPO+ (Iba1−) astrocytes were also evident by morphology or by double labeling with GFAP (arrowheads in C, E and not shown).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in AD
plaincorrelationaln = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Astrocytic expression also tended to be observed in chronic conditions (such as HIVE, chronic MS plaques and AD).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The percent area stained among the groups (HIV−, HIV+ and HIVE) was analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance and it was found to be significantly different for both antibodies (p < 0.001).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the two antibodies had good correspondence with regard to microglial, macrophage and astrocyte staining.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CD68, a macrophage-lineage marker was first used to identify TSPO+ macrophages and microglia and this showed many double-positive cells, many of which are process-bearing (Figure 4A, D).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Double label IHC identifies microglia, macrophages and astrocytes to be TSPO+
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That may not be the case for all tumours, however, because we observed phagocytic microglia throughout a CNS lymphoma in one HIVE case (not shown).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, in tissue microarray preparations (see Methods), the two antibodies showed good correspondence.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Qualitative comparison of two TSPO antibodies
plaincorrelationaln = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average percent area stained for HIVE cases ranged from 0.27 to 1.24% for the mAb and 0.01 to 0.5% for the pAb.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In another brain, an acute MS lesion is shown to contain a number of phagocytic macrophages throughout the plaque, which were also TSPO+ (Figure 6D).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in MS
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Spearman correlation analysis denoted that the relationship between percent area stained by both antibodies is correlated (p < 0.05; Spearman r = 0.08).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
plaincorrelationaln = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The temporal neocortex also showed widely dispersed TSPO+ glial cells (Figure 7A).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in AD
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of TSPO-expressing parenchymal cells in AD were microglia as shown with a macrophage marker, Iba1 (Figure 7C, E), but TSPO+ (Iba1−) astrocytes were also evident by morphology or by double labeling with GFAP (arrowheads in C, E and not shown).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in AD
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cell types observed to be TSPO+ in normal human brain, such as meningeal cells, ependymal cells, subependymal glial cells, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, were also TSPO+ in macaque brains.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in macaque brains
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a sub-acute infarct in the cerebellar cortex, scattered amoeboid microglial cells, many of those surrounding Purkinje cells, were TSPO+ (arrowheads, Figure 6E).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in ischaemic infarcts
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second is the prominence of vascular staining with the mAb more than with pAb.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Qualitative comparison of two TSPO antibodies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that adjacent normal-appearing white matter is devoid of staining.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in MS
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clusters of TSPO+ cells were also localized within or surrounding senile plaques, as observed with a stain for β-amyloid (Figure 7D, F).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in AD
plaincorrelationaln = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In regards to normal brain, our results complement those from autoradiographic studies [33;43] and confirm that TSPO expression is minimal.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Kuhlmann AC Guilarte TR Cellular and subcellular localization of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors after trimethyltin neurotoxicity J Neurochem 2000 74 1694 1704 10737628 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Miettinen H Kononen J Haapasalo H Helen P Sallinen P Harjuntausta T Helin H Alho H Expression of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and diazepam binding inhibitor in human astrocytomas: relationship to cell proliferation Cancer Res 1995 55 2691 2695 7780986
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current study, the subcellular distribution of TSPO in human astrocytes is both diffuse and punctuate.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of the average immunolabeling between groups indicated that the percent area stained for both the HIV− group and HIV+ group were significantly different from the percent area stained of the HIVE group (based on Dunn’s multiple comparison test, p < 0.001 for pair-wise comparisons marked by *) for both antibodies.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TSPO stain is present in scattered fibrillary astrocytes (arrows, B; high power in C).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in MS
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite some qualitative differences previous mentioned, the images of staining of serial sections in G–L indicate that the two antibodies have a good agreement overall with the quality and the levels of staining in the white matter.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Qualitative comparison of two TSPO antibodies
hedgedcorrelationaln = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“β-amyloid was also detected in vessels which were TSPO+ (Figure 7G).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in AD
plaincorrelationaln = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oligodendrocyte staining was not readily evident in the HIVE brains.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of the TSPO in HIV+ and HIVE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The staining in HIV− cases ranged from 0.02–0.12% area stained for the mAb and 0.03–0.11% for the pAb.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a large cystic (old) infarct in the basal ganglia, the phagocytes filling the cystic space were strongly TSPO+ (Figure 6F & G).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in ischaemic infarcts
boostedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the former, the TSPO immunoreactivity was shown as striking diffuse reactive microgliosis (Figure 2F) in both the gray and white matter.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in macaque brains
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The numbers of positive glial cells varied depending on the case.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in AD
plaincorrelationaln = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Curiously, neurons were much less often TSPO+ with the pAb in simian brains.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in macaque brains
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, in case of diffuse microgliosis, the mAb appear to stain them better than the pAb.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Qualitative comparison of two TSPO antibodies
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This included all sectors of Ammon’s horn and dentate gyrus, including the molecular layers and the adjacent white matter (Figure 7A and B).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in AD
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In macaque brain, the parenchymal glial process staining was sparse and delicate in SIV− and SIV+ brains, while in SIVE brains, this was greatly enhanced.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in macaque brains
plaincorrelationaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In regions of active HIV replication, as indicated by HIV-1 p24 immunolabeling (Figure 4C, G), most HIV-infected cells were also TSPO+ (arrowheads).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Double label IHC identifies microglia, macrophages and astrocytes to be TSPO+
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most striking difference is the presence of neuronal staining only with pAb.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Qualitative comparison of two TSPO antibodies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the distribution of TSPO in neuronal cell bodies was punctate, suggestive of mitochondrial distribution.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No staining was observed with the control rabbit serum or normal mouse IgG1 (not shown).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > TSPO expression in normal human brain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results confirm that macrophages and microglia are the major TSPO+ cell populations in HIVE.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Double label IHC identifies microglia, macrophages and astrocytes to be TSPO+
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed that TSPO+ vasculature was present in brains regardless of whether they were HIV−, HIV+ or HIVE and there does not seem to be a significant increase in HIVE brains, suggesting that unlike glial cell TSPO, endothelial TSPO might be constitutive.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, microglia and macrophages remain the chief cell type upregulating the TSPO expression in diseased brains.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > INTRODUCTION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results demonstrate that a variety of CNS cells are capable of expressing TSPO but that the pattern of expression differs between normal and diseased CNS, as well as among different diseases and cell types.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > INTRODUCTION
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that macrophages and microglia represent the bulk of TSPO+ cells in acute MS but that in chronic silent MS lesions, reactive astrocytes can also express TSPO.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in MS
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that macrophages and microglia represent the bulk of TSPO+ cells in acute MS but that in chronic silent MS lesions, reactive astrocytes can also express TSPO.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in MS
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, we confirm that microglia and macrophages are the predominant cell type expressing TSPO in diseased brains and that astrocytes can also express TSPO in humans.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that in contrast to glial staining, endothelial TSPO staining may be constitutive.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
hedgedn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, we confirm that microglia and macrophages are the predominant cell type expressing TSPO in diseased brains and that astrocytes can also express TSPO in humans.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β, tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ have been shown to increase levels of TSPO in various cell types, including astrocytes [62–65]”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Rey C Mauduit C Naureils O Benahmed M Louisot P Gasnier F Up-regulation of mitochondrial peripheral benzodiazepine receptor expression by tumor necrosis factor alpha in testicular leydig cells. Possible involvement in cell survival Biochem Pharmacol 2000 60 1639 1646 11077046 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] Bourdiol F Toulmond S Serrano A Benavides J Scatton B Increase in omega 3 (peripheral type benzodiazepine) binding sites in the rat cortex and striatum after local injection of interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide Brain Res 1991 543 194 200 1647831 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Oh YJ Francis JW Markelonis GJ Oh TH Interleukin-1-beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increase peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites in cultured polygonal astrocytes J Neurochem 1992 58 2131 2138 1573395 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Trincavelli ML Marselli L Falleni A Gremigni V Ragge E Dotta F Santangelo C Marchetti P Lucacchini A Martini C Upregulation of mitochondrial peripheral benzodiazepine receptor expression by cytokine-induced damage of human pancreatic islets J Cell Biochem 2002 84 636 644 11813268 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“TSPO ligands have been shown to prevent neuronal loss in several animal models [13;67–69].”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Veiga S Carrero P Pernia O Azcoitia I Garcia-Segura LM Translocator protein 18 kDa is involved in the regulation of reactive gliosis Glia 2007 55 1426 1436 17674368 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Schwartz-Bloom RD Miller KA Evenson DA Crain BJ Nadler JV Benzodiazepines protect hippocampal neurons from degeneration after transient cerebral ischemia: an ultrastructural study Neuroscience 2000 98 471 484 10869841 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Veiga S Azcoitia I Garcia-Segura LM Ro5–4864, a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand, reduces reactive gliosis and protects hippocampal hilar neurons from kainic acid excitotoxicity J Neurosci Res 2005 80 129 137 15696538 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] Soustiel JF Zaaroor M Vlodavsky E Veenman L Weizman A Gavish M Neuroprotective effect of Ro5–4864 following brain injury Exp Neurol 2008 18789929 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“studies have shown that different human (and other mammalian) isoforms of TSPO exist [56–58].”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Zhang K Demeure O Belliard A Goujon JM Favreau F Desurmont T Mauco G Barriere M Carretier M Milan D Papadopoulos V Hauet T Cloning, sequencing, and chromosomal localization of pig peripheral benzodiazepine receptor: three different forms produced by alternative splicing Mamm Genome 2006 17 1050 1062 17019653 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Lin D Chang YJ Strauss JF III Miller WL The human peripheral benzodiazepine receptor gene: cloning and characterization of alternative splicing in normal tissues and in a patient with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia Genomics 1993 18 643 650 8307574 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Costa B Salvetti A Rossi L Spinetti F Lena A Chelli B Rechichi M Da PE Gremigni V Martini C Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor: characterization in human T-lymphoma Jurkat cells Mol Pharmacol 2006 69 37 44 16189298 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 23
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“It is generally accepted that microglia and macrophages are the primary cell types exhibiting an increased number of TSPO binding sites in human pathologies, and that astrocytes are not significant contributors to increased TSPO binding sites [44;45].”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [44] Venneti S Lopresti BJ Wang G Hamilton RL Mathis CA Klunk WE Apte UM Wiley CA PK11195 labels activated microglia in Alzheimer’s disease and in vivo in a mouse model using PET Neurobiol Aging 2008 PMC2745919 18178291 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Banati RB Goerres GW Myers R Gunn RN Turkheimer FE Kreutzberg GW Brooks DJ Jones T Duncan JS [11C](R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography imaging of activated microglia in vivo in Rasmussen’s encephalitis Neurology 1999 53 2199 2203 10599809 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Immunohistochemical determination of TSPO expression in the human CNS would be an adjunctive means of studying TSPO [14].”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] Venneti S Lopresti BJ Wiley CA The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (Translocator protein 18kDa) in microglia: from pathology to imaging Prog Neurobiol 2006 80 308 322 17156911 PMC1849976 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the section on PBR in CNS disease (page not provided), the review describes combining autoradiography with immunohistochemistry for astrocytes and microglia. It also calls for comparing human histopathologic data with ligand-binding studies. This supports histology as an adjunct, but the cited passages do not establish immunohistochemical determination of TSPO expression itself in the human CNS. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Traditional autoradiography studies of postmortem tissues confirm that TSPO binding sites are increased in many of these diseases and that these binding sites are primarily in microglia.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] Venneti S Lopresti BJ Wiley CA The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (Translocator protein 18kDa) in microglia: from pathology to imaging Prog Neurobiol 2006 80 308 322 17156911 PMC1849976 source
The discussion of PBR expression in CNS disease (page unavailable) reports increased binding in a wide variety of neurological diseases and says that, in the majority of those studies, the increase localizes to activated microglia. The Summary (page unavailable) also says PBR increases with injury and neurodegeneration, predominantly in microglia, citing evidence from animal models and human postmortem tissues. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Partly supportedcites [15] Cagnin A Kassiou M Meikle SR Banati RB Positron emission tomography imaging of neuroinflammation Neurotherapeutics 2007 4 443 452 17599710 PMC7479716 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Cellular source and function section (page unavailable) reports that microautoradiography finds increased PK11195 binding predominantly on activated microglia, though it also identifies binding on infiltrating blood-borne cells. The Dementia and Movement disorders sections describe increased binding in several neurodegenerative diseases, but chiefly from in vivo PET studies; the paper does not establish that postmortem autoradiography confirmed those increases across many such diseases. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Use of TSPO-binding radioligands to assess neuroinflammation via PET imaging indicates that they may have value as a biosensor of ongoing disease and may also be a target to reduce inflammation-mediated damage in diseases such as HIV-associated neurological disorders and dementia ([17] and see [15;18] for review).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Herholz K Carter SF Jones M Positron emission tomography imaging in dementia Br J Radiol 2007 80 Spec No 2 S160 S167 18445746 source
- Partly supportedcites [15] Cagnin A Kassiou M Meikle SR Banati RB Positron emission tomography imaging of neuroinflammation Neurotherapeutics 2007 4 443 452 17599710 PMC7479716 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Chen MK Guilarte TR Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO): molecular sensor of brain injury and repair Pharmacol Ther 2008 118 1 17 18374421 PMC2453598 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The pAb (but not mAb) labeled neuronal cell bodies with punctuate spots (B), and both pAb and mAb labeled some endothelial cells (F) and smooth muscle cells, in agreement with other studies [27;31].”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > TSPO expression in normal human brain
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Morgan J Oseroff AR Cheney RT Expression of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor is decreased in skin cancers in comparison with normal skin Br J Dermatol 2004 151 846 856 15491426 source
- Partly supportedcites [31] Tomasi G Edison P Bertoldo A Roncaroli F Singh P Gerhard A Cobelli C Brooks DJ Turkheimer FE Novel reference region model reveals increased microglial and reduced vascular binding of 11C-(R)-PK11195 in patients with Alzheimer’s disease J Nucl Med 2008 49 1249 1256 18632810 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Pathologic Examination reports PBBS staining in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, supporting the cell types named in the claim. The Immunohistochemical Data section specifies a monoclonal antibody for this staining; our copy does not establish that a polyclonal antibody (pAb) also labeled those cells. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Papadopoulos and colleagues have shown that the Sp1/Sp3 and members of the Ets family of transcription factors control basal expression of the TSPO [61].”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [61] Giatzakis C Batarseh A Dettin L Papadopoulos V The role of Ets transcription factors in the basal transcription of the translocator protein (18 kDa) Biochemistry 2007 46 4763 4774 17402746 PMC2529463 source
The Abstract states that Sp1/Sp3 and members of the Ets family bind the TSPO promoter and drive basal TSPO gene transcription. The Introduction also says their binding sites are important for basal promoter activity. Page numbers are not provided in our copy's passages. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the human CNS, microglia and endothelial cells have been shown to express TSPO readily ([31] and see [14] for review).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] Tomasi G Edison P Bertoldo A Roncaroli F Singh P Gerhard A Cobelli C Brooks DJ Turkheimer FE Novel reference region model reveals increased microglial and reduced vascular binding of 11C-(R)-PK11195 in patients with Alzheimer’s disease J Nucl Med 2008 49 1249 1256 18632810 source
The Discussion reports that PBBS is consistently upregulated in microglial cells reacting to brain injury. The Pathologic Examination reports strong PBBS expression in endothelial cells of arteries in young human brains; it also notes reduced vascular expression in elderly and Alzheimer’s brains. These passages support expression in both cell types, with expression varying by condition. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [14] Venneti S Lopresti BJ Wiley CA The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (Translocator protein 18kDa) in microglia: from pathology to imaging Prog Neurobiol 2006 80 308 322 17156911 PMC1849976 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2.1.2 says PBR (TSPO) was detected in microglia, and section 2.1.3 discusses microglial PBR-ligand binding in brain tissue, including multiple sclerosis. The passages do not establish TSPO expression in endothelial cells of the human CNS, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“but TSPO+ astrocytes have been rarely observed in humans and are particularly noted in hepatic encephalopathy [48].”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [48] Lavoie J Layrargues GP Butterworth RF Increased densities of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in brain autopsy samples from cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy Hepatology 1990 11 874 878 2161396 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not specified in our copy) reports increased peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor binding in brain samples from patients with hepatic encephalopathy and says this most likely reflects astrocytic changes. It does not establish that receptor-positive astrocytes were directly observed, or that they are rarely observed in humans. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rarely, TSPO+ cells resembling oligodendrocytes were also observed (not shown, but see Figure 2 for macaque brains).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > TSPO expression in normal human brain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pAb (but not mAb) labeled neuronal cell bodies with punctuate spots (B), and both pAb and mAb labeled some endothelial cells (F) and smooth muscle cells, in agreement with other studies [27;31].”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > TSPO expression in normal human brain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, the mAb was better than the pAb in staining vessel-associated TSPO.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > TSPO expression in normal human brain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quality of the staining was punctate which is consistent with the reported mitochondrial localization of TSPO protein.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > TSPO expression in normal human brain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Qualitatively, however, the staining intensity in some HIVE cases appears to be higher (not shown).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The leukocyte marker CD45 also demonstrated double-positive perivascular macrophages as well as MGCs (Figure 4E, F).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Double label IHC identifies microglia, macrophages and astrocytes to be TSPO+
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of note, a CNS lymphoma in HIVE demonstrated tumour cells to be TSPO+, as well as the infiltrating macrophages and phagocytic microglia (not shown).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of the TSPO in HIV+ and HIVE
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our study, TSPO+ astrocytes were present in all human disease states, but much less frequently than TSPO+ microglia, suggesting that astrocytic expression may be shorter-lived and/or it occurs only in a subset of astrocytes.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Double labeling with the astrocyte marker GFAP showed that astrocytes can express TSPO (arrowheads, Figure 5A, D), but that astrocyte expression was not as widespread as microglial expression.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Double label IHC identifies microglia, macrophages and astrocytes to be TSPO+
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An additional point of interest was that TSPO+ oligodendrocytes were present in the optic tract (and vicinity) in one SIVE and the SIV− brain (Figure 2E).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in macaque brains
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some nodules had very high TSPO labeling; the highest observed TSPO expression in the captured images was 4.7% area stained (which contributed to the large range shown for the HIVE cases).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We find that these antibodies were both useful and generally had good agreement in their level of staining (see Figure 1 and Table 3), although there were some differences.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results show that TSPO+ vessels appeared in approximately one out of three 400X fields on average, with no differences observed between the groups (Figure 3C).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In HIVE, TSPO levels ranged greatly such that some areas appeared to have low, normal-appearing TSPO expression while microglial nodules had very high levels of TSPO.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed that TSPO+ vasculature was present in brains regardless of whether they were HIV−, HIV+ or HIVE and there does not seem to be a significant increase in HIVE brains, suggesting that unlike glial cell TSPO, endothelial TSPO might be constitutive.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most MGCs were CD68+ and TSPO+ (Figure 4B).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Double label IHC identifies microglia, macrophages and astrocytes to be TSPO+
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sections from brains with ischaemia were large and TSPO expression was limited to the lesion and areas juxtaposed to the lesion, but areas away from the lesion exhibited reduced, normal levels of TSPO (not shown).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in ischaemic infarcts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the brain areas adjacent to the infarct showed many positive hypertrophic TSPO+ astrocytes, as well as amoeboid microglia with punctate TSPO+ stain (Figure 6F & G).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in ischaemic infarcts
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What were noticeably lacking in SIVE were the TSPO+ hypertrophic astrocytes that were present in most HIVE cases.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in macaque brains
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The percent area stained between HIV− and HIV+ groups was not significantly different for either antibody.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adjacent brain showed neuronal staining as well as focal microglial staining.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Expression of TSPO in MS
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The percent area stained in the HIV+ group ranged from 0.01 to 0.10% for the mAb and 0.01 to 0.08% for the pAb.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our own preliminary data indicates that interleukin-1β can increase TSPO in primary human astrocytes (not shown).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“TMA ensured that the different brain tissues were subjected to identical staining conditions thus eliminating variables (S. Morgello et al., manuscript in preparation).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > METHODS > Patient Material
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites S. Morgello et al., manuscript in preparation
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results are useful for informing the usage of PET as an imaging modality and have an impact on the potential use of TSPO as an anti-inflammatory pharmacological target.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > Abstract > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quality of the staining was punctate which is consistent with the reported mitochondrial localization of TSPO protein.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > TSPO expression in normal human brain
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The TSPO staining in single-stained slides was first analyzed semi-quantitatively by two independent observers using a grading system from no staining (−) to high levels of intense staining across the slide (++++) in various cell types, with good agreement between the two observers.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > METHODS > Quantitative analysis of TSPO staining and image analysis
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The HIVE cases with concurrent infections (one had neurosyphillis and had CNS lymphoma) were not used for image analysis.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > METHODS > Quantitative analysis of TSPO staining and image analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cases of conditions other than HIV were not analyzed because corresponding normal controls were not available from each site.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > METHODS > Quantitative analysis of TSPO staining and image analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In the CNS, TSPO is thought to be expressed by activated microglia and, in addition, administration of the TSPO ligands in vivo or in vitro results in suppression of microglialactivation including inhibition of cytokine expression [12;13].”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Choi HB Khoo C Ryu JK van BE Kim SU McLarnon JG Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and [Ca2+]i responses in human microglia by the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand PK11195 J Neurochem 2002 83 546 555 12390516 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Veiga S Carrero P Pernia O Azcoitia I Garcia-Segura LM Translocator protein 18 kDa is involved in the regulation of reactive gliosis Glia 2007 55 1426 1436 17674368 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Additionally, since TSPO ligands have anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting a role for TSPO in neuroinflammation [12;13;22], an understanding of its cell type expression in various disease states may be a key resource in how to target the TSPO in these diseases.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Choi HB Khoo C Ryu JK van BE Kim SU McLarnon JG Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and [Ca2+]i responses in human microglia by the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand PK11195 J Neurochem 2002 83 546 555 12390516 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Veiga S Carrero P Pernia O Azcoitia I Garcia-Segura LM Translocator protein 18 kDa is involved in the regulation of reactive gliosis Glia 2007 55 1426 1436 17674368 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Ryu JK Choi HB McLarnon JG Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand PK11195 reduces microglial activation and neuronal death in quinolinic acid-injected rat striatum Neurobiol Dis 2005 20 550 561 15916899 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In the CNS, TSPO is thought to be expressed by activated microglia and, in addition, administration of the TSPO ligands in vivo or in vitro results in suppression of microglialactivation including inhibition of cytokine expression [12;13].”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Choi HB Khoo C Ryu JK van BE Kim SU McLarnon JG Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and [Ca2+]i responses in human microglia by the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand PK11195 J Neurochem 2002 83 546 555 12390516 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Veiga S Carrero P Pernia O Azcoitia I Garcia-Segura LM Translocator protein 18 kDa is involved in the regulation of reactive gliosis Glia 2007 55 1426 1436 17674368 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results demonstrate that a variety of CNS cells are capable of expressing TSPO but that the pattern of expression differs between normal and diseased CNS, as well as among different diseases and cell types.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > INTRODUCTION
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The specificity of both antibodies has been confirmed by immunoblotting and subcellular localization has been verified by electron microscopy [27;28;54].”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Morgan J Oseroff AR Cheney RT Expression of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor is decreased in skin cancers in comparison with normal skin Br J Dermatol 2004 151 846 856 15491426 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Bribes E Carriere D Goubet C Galiegue S Casellas P Simony-Lafontaine J Immunohistochemical assessment of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in human tissues J Histochem Cytochem 2004 52 19 28 14688214 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Dussossoy D Carayon P Feraut D Belugou S Combes T Canat X Vidal H Casellas P Development of a monoclonal antibody to immuno-cytochemical analysis of the cellular localization of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor Cytometry 1996 24 39 48 8723901 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our study, TSPO+ astrocytes were present in all human disease states, but much less frequently than TSPO+ microglia, suggesting that astrocytic expression may be shorter-lived and/or it occurs only in a subset of astrocytes.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the TSPO protein was incubated with the primary antibody, the glial cell staining was reduced to approximately half (52% by ImageJ) but the neuronal staining was not reduced (not shown).”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Antibody absorption for the pAb
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experiment was not repeated because the cost of the peptide was prohibitive”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Antibody absorption for the pAb
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Neuronal expression of TSPO has been observed in rodents [35;36;55] but not in humans”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Weissman BA Bolger GT Isaac L Paul SM Skolnick P Characterization of the binding of [3H]Ro 5–4864, a convulsant benzodiazepine, to guinea pig brain J Neurochem 1984 42 969 975 6321666 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Karchewski LA Bloechlinger S Woolf CJ Axonal injury-dependent induction of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in small-diameter adult rat primary sensory neurons Eur J Neurosci 2004 20 671 683 15255978 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Mills C Makwana M Wallace A Benn S Schmidt H Tegeder I Costigan M Brown RH Jr Raivich G Woolf CJ Ro5–4864 promotes neonatal motor neuron survival and nerve regeneration in adult rats Eur J Neurosci 2008 27 937 946 18333964 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Similar to previous studies, TSPO expression was found in microglia in active and chronic active lesions (Cosenza-Nashat et al., 2009; Martin et al., 2010; Lavisse et al., 2012a; Loth et al., 2016; Kaunzner et al., 2019).”
From A quantitative neuropathological assessment of translocator protein expression in multiple sclerosis (2019) · cites this paper as Cosenza-Nashat et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The abundance of TSPO expression in astrocytes in the centres of chronic active lesions may suggest a more important role for TSPO in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis than previous data suggested (Cosenza-Nashat et al., 2009).”
From A quantitative neuropathological assessment of translocator protein expression in multiple sclerosis (2019) · cites this paper as Cosenza-Nashat et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, others have found that TSPO positive microglia, astrocytes and endothelium are all increased in models of Alzheimer’s-like neurodegeneration [48–51] and in postmortem human Alzheimer’s disease brains [27].”
From Pharmacological modulation of TSPO in microglia/macrophages and neurons in a chronic neurodegenerative model of prion disease (2023) · cites this paper as [51]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Thus, it has been proposed that neuroimaging of TSPO using PET is a good marker of neuroinflammation (Cosenza-Nashat et al., 2009; Pasqualetti et al., 2015).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Cosenza-Nashat et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
“For a number of cases (n = 8), serial sections from the same block were available to test whether the staining for both antibodies in the same block of the same case was correlated.”
§ Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain > RESULTS > Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for HIVE
“The Spearman correlation analysis denoted that the relationship between percent area stained by both antibodies is correlated (p < 0.05; Spearman r = 0.08).”
Citations
Cites
Abràmoff, M. D., Magalhães, P. J., & Ram, S. J. (2004) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 11,816
Microglia: Active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain
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Neuronal ‘On’ and ‘Off’ signals control microglia
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Garden, G. A., & Möller, T. (2006) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-006-9015-5 · Cited by 511
Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO): Molecular sensor of brain injury and repair
Chen, M.-K., & Guilarte, T. R. (2008) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.12.004 · Cited by 506
Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors and mitochondrial function
Casellas, P. (2002) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(01)00118-8 · Cited by 455
Visualising microglial activation in vivo
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PAPADOPOULOS, V. (1993) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-14-2-222 · Cited by 417
Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis
Papadopoulos, V., Amri, H., Boujrad, N., Cascio, C., Culty, M., Garnier, M., Hardwick, M., Li, H., Vidic, B., Brown, A. S., et al. (1997) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/s0039-128x(96)00154-7 · Cited by 386
Venneti, S., Lopresti, B. J., & Wiley, C. A. (2006) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.10.002 · Cited by 373
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Lee SC, 2006, Cytokines and the CNS, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rupprecht, R., Papadopoulos, V., Rammes, G., Baghai, T. C., Fan, J., Akula, N., Groyer, G., Adams, D., & Schumacher, M. (2010) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3295 · Cited by 930
“The cellular distribution of TSPO has recently been mapped in the human brain under normal and pathological condition”
BackgroundEvidence for brain glial activation in chronic pain patients
Loggia, M. L., Chonde, D. B., Akeju, O., Arabasz, G., Catana, C., Edwards, R. R., Hill, E., Hsu, S., Izquierdo-Garcia, D., Ji, R.-R., et al. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awu377 · Cited by 503
Blood–brain barrier and intestinal epithelial barrier alterations in autism spectrum disorders
Fiorentino, M., Sapone, A., Senger, S., Camhi, S. S., Kadzielski, S. M., Buie, T. M., Kelly, D. L., Cascella, N., & Fasano, A. (2016) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0110-z · Cited by 494
The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma.
Ramirez, A. I., de Hoz, R., Salobrar-Garcia, E., Salazar, J. J., Rojas, B., Ajoy, D., López-Cuenca, I., Rojas, P., Triviño, A., & Ramírez, J. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00214 · Cited by 466
“Thus, it has been proposed that neuroimaging of TSPO using PET is a good marker of neuroinflammation (Cosenza-Nashat et al., 2009; Pasqualetti et al., 2015).”
BackgroundWang, Y.-L., Han, Q.-Q., Gong, W.-Q., Pan, D.-H., Wang, L.-Z., Hu, W., Yang, M., Li, B., Yu, J., & Liu, Q. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1054-3 · Cited by 438
Metadata
- Authors
- Cosenza‐Nashat, M., Zhao, M. ‐., Suh, H. ‐., Morgan, J., Natividad, R., Morgello, S., & Lee, S. C.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
- Borough of Manhattan Community College (US)
- Mount Sinai Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-04-29
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 306-328
- ISSN
- 0305-1846 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2990
- PMC
- PMC2693902
- OpenAlex
- W1990912256
- Semantic Scholar
- 38e98dba9bfc7ea94aa338bd608e9ad903c7c1ec
- Cited by
- 459
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
- Locations
- Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sanofi
- City University of New York
- National Institutes of Health (RO1 MH55477, AI 51519)
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH083545, R01 MH 55477, U24 MH100931, R24MH059724, R01 MH055477, R25 MH080663)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P30-AI-51519, P30AI051519)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacological Receptor Mechanisms and Effects
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- TSPO, translocator protein (TSPO), microglia, macrophages, astrocytes, neuroinflammation, HIV encephalitis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, white matter, positron emission tomography
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Astrocytes, Brain, Brain Diseases, Endothelium, Female, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Macaca nemestrina, Macrophages, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis, Muscle, Smooth, Neurons, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV Infections, Microglia, Receptors, GABA, Encephalitis, Viral, Stroke
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-18, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-18 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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