The DOI matches its Crossref record; 97 of the 99 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 66 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood
Open accessAbstract
In a predominantly low-income population-based longitudinal sample of 1,292 children followed from birth, higher level of salivary cortisol assessed at ages 7, 15, and 24 months was uniquely associated with lower executive function ability and to a lesser extent IQ at age 3 years. Measures of positive and negative aspects of parenting and household risk were also uniquely related to both executive functions and IQ. The effect of positive parenting on executive functions was partially mediated through cortisol. Typical or resting level of cortisol was increased in African American relative to White participants. In combination with positive and negative parenting and household risk, cortisol mediated effects of income-to-need, maternal education, and African American ethnicity on child cognitive ability.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of positive parenting on executive functions was partially mediated through cortisol.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Typical or resting level of cortisol was increased in African American relative to White participants.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In combination with positive and negative parenting and household risk, cortisol mediated effects of income-to-need, maternal education, and African American ethnicity on child cognitive ability.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On every indicator examined, African American children and families fare worse than do white participants.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Positive and negative parenting are moderately correlated with executive function and IQ.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Time of day of saliva collection was significantly related to cortisol level at each time point, r = −.25, −.19, −.32, all p < .01 at 7, 15, and 24 months.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The table indicates that both executive function and IQ at 36 months have small negative correlations with cortisol at 7, 15, and 24 months.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“negative parenting, β = .04, p = .01 and β = .07, p = .002”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“income-to-need was related to executive function through negative parenting, β = .04, p = .02”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cortisol was inversely related to positive parenting, β = −.32, p = .008”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- Probably not a substantial claim. 36
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“higher level of salivary cortisol assessed at ages 7, 15, and 24 months was uniquely associated with lower executive function ability and to a lesser extent IQ at age 3 years.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measures of positive and negative aspects of parenting and household risk were also uniquely related to both executive functions and IQ.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scores were moderately correlated (r = .22 – .32, p < .001).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Executive function and IQ are moderately correlated.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maternal education, family income, and household density and safety are moderately correlated with parenting and with the cognitive measures.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Small significant relations of time since eating and time since sleeping with cortisol at 7 months were accounted for by adjustment for time of day of saliva collection.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Income-to-need was highly correlated across time points (r = .80, p < .0001) and averaged at child ages 7, 15, and 24 months to create a single indicator.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Levels of cortisol are significantly higher at each time point and child executive function and IQ significantly lower.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All correlations between latent variables were large and significant (all p < .001.)”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ratings of positive parenting are significantly lower and negative parenting significantly higher.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The measures of parenting at child ages 7, 15, and 24 months, particularly positive parenting, have small correlations with cortisol at most time points.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Income-to-need and maternal education are significantly lower for African Americans and African American families’ homes are significantly more crowded and rated as less safe than are the homes of white participants.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both executive function and IQ were correlated with the household risk latent variable (φ = −.44 and = − .53, respectively).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both executive function and IQ were predicted by negative parenting (β = −.26, p = .003, β = −.27, p < .0001, respectively), positive parenting, (β = .19, p = .04, β = .26, p < .0001), and by household risk (marginally for executive function, β = −.12, p = .07, significantly for IQ, β = −.25, p < .0001).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Correlation between EF and IQ latent variables was very high (φ = .92), a finding consistent with numerous studies examining latent variable correlations for these constructs.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cortisol was negatively related to positive parenting (φ = −.47), and positively related to negative parenting (φ = .37) and household risk (φ = .26).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The executive function latent variable was moderately correlated with the latent positive (φ = .59) and negative (φ = −.59) parenting variables as was IQ (φ = .61 and −.61).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Executive function and IQ were negatively related to the cortisol latent variable, with a larger relation for executive function (φ = −.56) than for IQ (φ = − .37).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither executive function nor IQ was directly predicted by observed variables maternal education, income-to-need ratio, African American ethnicity, or age at assessment.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Direct effects were observed in which executive function was negatively predicted by cortisol, β = −.42, p < .0001, while the relation of cortisol to IQ was marginal, β = −.15, p = .06.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The conditions of poverty over the child’s first two years tend to be stable in this sample”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The effect of early experience on cognitive development (Ramey & Ramey, 1998) and on the development of the physiological response to stress (Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007) is well established.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ramey & Ramey, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is also well established that the physiological response to stress, as indicated by levels of neuroendocrine hormones, glucocorticoids and catecholamines, is related to distinct aspects of cognition, including declarative memory as well as executive functions (Arnsten, 2000; Diamond, Campbell, Park, Halonen, & Zoladz, 2007).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Importantly, under conditions of ongoing or persistent stress, basal levels or set points of physiological stress response systems are altered either upward or downward, a phenomenon referred to as allostasis (McEwen, 2000).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen, 2000
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Executive functions contribute substantially to the self-regulation of behavior (Carlson, Mandell, & Williams, 2004; Hughes & Ensor, 2007) and are central to early academic achievement (Blair & Razza, 2007).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In humans the link between stress hormone levels and executive functions has been demonstrated in naturalistic studies with preschool children (Blair, Granger, & Razza, 2005; Davis, Bruce, & Gunnar, 2002) and in pharmacological manipulations with adults (Alexander, Hillier, Smith, Tivarus, & Beversdorf, 2007; Lupien, Gillin, & Hauger, 1999).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although by no means the only brain area and cognitive ability affected by stress hormones, PFC and executive functions are sensitive indicators of the effects of stress on development (Cerqueira, Mailliet, Almeida, Jay, & Sousa, 2007).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cerqueira, Mailliet, Almeida, Jay, & Sousa, 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In humans, early sensitive parenting is associated with a well regulated stress physiology (Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007) and with higher level of general cognitive (Lugo-Gil & Tamis-Lemonda, 2008) and emotion regulation ability (Sroufe, 1996).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Poverty and child development
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research in animal models indicates early caregiving to be a primary influence on the development of the HPA axis (Champagne et al., 2008; Liu, Diorio, Day, Francis, & Meaney, 2000) and to adaptively shape offspring development to meet an expected environment (Cameron, Champagne, Parent, Fish, Ozaki-Kuroda, & Meaney, 2005).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Poverty and child development
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The environment of poverty is stressful for children and to date has been associated with increased levels of stress hormones (Evans, 2003).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Poverty and child development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans, 2003 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Parenting is a primary mechanism through which poverty affects child development (Brody, Murry, Kim, & Brown, 2002; Gershoff, Aber, Raver, & Lennon, 2007; McLoyd, 1998) and likely mediates an association between poverty and elevated stress in young children.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Poverty and child development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brody, Murry, Kim, & Brown, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Gershoff, Aber, Raver, & Lennon, 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites McLoyd, 1998
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Complex sampling procedures were used to recruit a representative sample of 1,292 families in two regions of the U.S. at the time that mothers gave birth to a child.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,292Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A prior analysis of the sample reported on here demonstrated that high level of positive but not negative parenting in infancy is associated with lower basal levels of cortisol and greater cortisol reactivity to emotional arousal at age 7 and 15 months (Blair et al., 2008).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in children
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Blair et al., 2008 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although executive functions are largely distinct from general intelligence (Blair, 2006), the executive function of working memory has been shown to be highly related to general mental ability in a number of studies with adults (Friedman, Miyake, Corley, Young, Defries, & Hewitt, 2006).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in children
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Blair, 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two prior studies have indicated no differences in cortisol concentrations associated with the two collection techniques (Granger, Kivlighan, Fortunato, Harmon, Hibel, Schwartz & Whembolua, 2007; Harmon, Granger, Hibel & Rumyantseva, 2007).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Granger, Kivlighan, Fortunato, Harmon, Hibel, Schwartz & Whembolua, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Harmon, Granger, Hibel & Rumyantseva, 2007
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“All procedures have been previously validated (Stifter & Braungart, 1995).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stifter & Braungart, 1995
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Prior analyses conducted with longitudinal samples have demonstrated that risk processes in the context of poverty work similarly in African American and white families (Conger, Wallace, Sun, Simon, McLoyd, & Brody, 2002; Raver, Gershoff, & Aber, 2007).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in children
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Conger, Wallace, Sun, Simon, McLoyd, & Brody, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Raver, Gershoff, & Aber, 2007
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although executive functions are largely distinct from general intelligence (Blair, 2006), the executive function of working memory has been shown to be highly related to general mental ability in a number of studies with adults (Friedman, Miyake, Corley, Young, Defries, & Hewitt, 2006).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in children
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Friedman, Miyake, Corley, Young, Defries, & Hewitt, 2006 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of 1,105 children administered the executive function tasks, 764 successfully completed the working memory span task, 795 successfully completed the attention flexibility task, and 866 successfully completed the spatial conflict inhibitory control task.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,105Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All samples were assayed in duplicate. The criterion for repeat testing was variation between duplicates greater than 20%, and the average of the duplicates was used in all analyses.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few variables indicated differences between families who were present and those who were missing at each time point.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All samples were assayed for salivary cortisol using a highly-sensitive enzyme immunoassay US FDA 510k cleared for use as an in vitro diagnostic measure of adrenal function (Salimetrics, State College, PA). The test used 25 μl of saliva for singlet determinations, had a range of sensitivity from .007 to 1.8 μg/dl, and average intra-and inter-assay coefficients of variation of less than 10% and 15%”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ICCs were .85 – .91 for positive parenting and .72 –.86 across 7, 15, and 24 month assessments.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As is standard for executive function measures with children (Zelazo, 2006), children were required to successfully complete pretest trials for all tasks in which they clearly demonstrated knowledge of the rules for the task and the ability to successfully complete the pretest trials as instructed. Children were also required to complete 75% of test trials in a given task in order to receive a sc”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zelazo, 2006 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Executive function was assessed with three tasks modeled on tasks previously used successfully with young children. Full details on the executive function tasks are available in Willoughby, Blair, Wirth, & Greenberg (2010).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Willoughby, Blair, Wirth, & Greenberg (2010) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To avoid bias in estimates associated with listwise deletion we used full information maximum likelihood estimation for all analyses.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inspection of parameter estimates indicated that all of the factor loadings were statistically significant and in the expected direction and that all of the latent variances were statistically significant.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“that cortisol and both positive and negative parenting mediate associations between the conditions of poverty and child cognitive ability at age 3 years”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: No previous study has examined multiple aspects of poverty in an early childhood sample with the goal of linking poverty, stress physiology, parenting, and cognitive development.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“several studies have demonstrated that poverty is associated with increased levels in stress physiology indicators in children (Evans, 2003; Fernald & Gunnar, 2009; Lupien, King, Meaney, & McEwen, 2001)”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans, 2003 source
- Not checked yetcites Fernald & Gunnar, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Lupien, King, Meaney, & McEwen, 2001
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the biological sensitivity theory, early experience is understood to shape stress response systems to meet expected environments with consequences for behaviors important for regulating behavior in that environment.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“the mechanisms through which physiological stress affects physical and mental health are well established (McEwen, 2000)”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen, 2000
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The close association between the constructs is consistent with theory and research indicating that executive functions are important building blocks for the development of children’s thinking (Zelazo, Muller, Frye, & Marcovitch, 2003) and key contributors to the development of intelligence (Piaget, 1952).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A number of prior studies indicate that executive functions are central to the development of fluid intelligence in children (Fry & Hale, 1996; Kail, 2007) and adults (Engle, Tuholski, Lauglin, & Conway, 1999).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fry & Hale, 1996
- Not checked yetcites Kail, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Engle, Tuholski, Lauglin, & Conway, 1999 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings here are in agreement with these prior studies and indicate the influence of early experience on executive functions as one pathway through which intelligence develops.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In unsupportive environments, however, this increase would not be well regulated and stress hormones would remain elevated, facilitating reactive and inflexible rather than reflective and flexible forms of behavior and cognition.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This variation necessitates that cortisol levels be adjusted for time of day of saliva collection.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol follows a well-defined diurnal pattern.
In the paper
“work by Fernald and Gunnar (2009) has shown that although there can be some effect of data collectors’ presence in the home on child cortisol levels, effects are similar across children and dissipate within one hour.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fernald & Gunnar (2009)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results are consistent with prior studies examining the neurobiology of relations among early experience, the stress response, and cognitive ability.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one aspect of stress physiology, salivary cortisol as an indicator of the activity of the HPA axis, however, was measured.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“by focusing on the typical cortisol level or set point over the child’s first two years, we did not address questions concerning the relative influence of cortisol and parenting variables at 7, 15, and 24 months on child cognitive ability at age 3 years.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach, however, in no way obviates that fact that the HPA axis is a dynamic and reactive system and that measures of HPA reactivity provide meaningful information about effects of stress on development.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The HPA axis is a dynamic and reactive system.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Saliva samples were collected in the home by data collectors and there may have been some effect of the presence of the data collector on child cortisol.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
No prior studies have directly examined whether effects of early experience on stress physiology mediate effects of early experience on cognitive development.
“No studies to our knowledge, however, have directly examined the extent to which the effects of early experience on stress physiology may mediate well-known effects of early experience on cognitive development.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
No prior studies have examined longitudinal relations between cortisol and cognition in early childhood.
“No prior studies of which we are aware have examined longitudinal relations between cortisol and cognition in early childhood.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In this sample, African American ethnicity serves as a marker for unmeasured aspects of risk linked to socioeconomic disadvantage and social inequality.
“Given the overrepresentation of African American families in deep and persistent poverty in the U.S. (McLoyd, 1998), however, we expect that African American ethnicity in this sample will serve as a marker for a number of unmeasured aspects of risk associated with socioeconomic disadvantage and social inequality.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Positive and negative dimensions of parenting have distinct effects on child development.
“Although highly related, positive and negative dimensions of parenting can be expected to have distinct effects on child development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No previous study has examined multiple aspects of poverty in an early childhood sample with the goal of linking poverty, stress physiology, parenting, and cognitive development.
“No previous study of which we are aware has examined multiple aspects of poverty in a sample in early childhood with the goal of linking poverty with stress physiology, parenting, and cognitive development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No prior study has examined poverty, parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in an ethnically diverse sample.
“No studies to our knowledge have previously examined poverty, parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in children in an ethnically diverse sample.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cortisol follows a well-defined diurnal pattern.
“Cortisol does, however, follow a well defined diurnal pattern.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The HPA axis is a dynamic and reactive system.
“the HPA axis is a dynamic and reactive system”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“input may indirectly influence this functioning in later childhood through its effects on inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility, skills involved in emotion regulation.”
From The neglect–enrichment continuum: Characterizing variation in early caregiving environments (2019) · cites this paper as Blair et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“dysregulation of stress response systems due to insufficient or insensitive emotional input may attenuate the positive effects of cognitive input by interfering with children’s capacity to process this input (Blair et al., 2011).”
From The neglect–enrichment continuum: Characterizing variation in early caregiving environments (2019) · cites this paper as Blair et al., 2011
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentχ²(174) = 467reported p = .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (174) = 467.0, p = .0001”
The paper prints p at a floor (such as p < .001)
- Consistentχ²(188) = 474.4reported p = .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (188) = 474.4, p = .0001”
The paper prints p at a floor (such as p < .001)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 99 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Schweinhart, 2005, Monographs of the HighScope Educational Research Foundation, 14
- Zelazo, 2002, Handbook of childhood cognitive development, 445
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Metadata
- Authors
- Blair, C., Granger, D. A., Willoughby, M., Mills-Koonce, R., Cox, M., Greenberg, M. T., Kivlighan, K. T., Fortunato, C. K., & the FLP Investigators
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blair, Clancy
- ORCID
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-11-01
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1970-1984
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- PMC
- PMC3218241
- OpenAlex
- W1767701238
- Cited by
- 579
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 8.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01 HD39667, P01HD039667, R01HD51502, R24HD042854, R01HD051502)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- salivary cortisol, executive function, poverty, parenting, early childhood, IQ, mediation, household risk, maternal education, African American children, ethnic differences, low-income children
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Black or African American, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Income, Infant, Intelligence, Interview, Psychological, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Poverty, Saliva, Parenting, White People, Executive Function
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