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Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood
Open accessAbstract
In a predominantly low-income population-based longitudinal sample of 1,292 children followed from birth, higher level of salivary cortisol assessed at ages 7, 15, and 24 months was uniquely associated with lower executive function ability and to a lesser extent IQ at age 3 years. Measures of positive and negative aspects of parenting and household risk were also uniquely related to both executive functions and IQ. The effect of positive parenting on executive functions was partially mediated through cortisol. Typical or resting level of cortisol was increased in African American relative to White participants. In combination with positive and negative parenting and household risk, cortisol mediated effects of income-to-need, maternal education, and African American ethnicity on child cognitive ability.
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61 Own result · 39 Not checked yet · 20 Own method · 7 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of positive parenting on executive functions was partially mediated through cortisol.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
plaindirectn = 1,292- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Typical or resting level of cortisol was increased in African American relative to White participants.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In combination with positive and negative parenting and household risk, cortisol mediated effects of income-to-need, maternal education, and African American ethnicity on child cognitive ability.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
plaindirectn = 1,292- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On every indicator examined, African American children and families fare worse than do white participants.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Positive and negative parenting are moderately correlated with executive function and IQ.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Time of day of saliva collection was significantly related to cortisol level at each time point, r = −.25, −.19, −.32, all p < .01 at 7, 15, and 24 months.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The table indicates that both executive function and IQ at 36 months have small negative correlations with cortisol at 7, 15, and 24 months.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“negative parenting, β = .04, p = .01 and β = .07, p = .002”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“income-to-need was related to executive function through negative parenting, β = .04, p = .02”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cortisol was inversely related to positive parenting, β = −.32, p = .008”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and also through positive parenting, β = .07, p = .03”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“significant indirect effect of positive parenting on executive function through cortisol, β = .13, p = .03”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“positive parenting, β = −.07, p < .0001”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and through the path including positive parenting and cortisol, β = −.04, p = .04”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“household risk, β = .10, p < .0001 and β = .08, p < .0001”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“was unrelated to negative parenting and to household risk”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indirect effects of African American ethnicity on IQ were observed through negative parenting, β = −.10, p < .0001”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“maternal education was indirectly related to executive function through negative parenting, β = .07, p = .004”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Income-to-need and maternal education were both indirectly related to IQ through positive parenting, β = .03, p = .03 and β = .06, p = .008”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and through the path including positive parenting and cortisol, β = .05, p = .04”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“indirect effect of positive parenting on IQ through cortisol was not significant, β = .05, p = .12”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“was unrelated to negative parenting and to household risk”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“positive parenting, β = −.05, p = .05”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not through positive parenting or through the path including positive parenting and cortisol”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indirect effects of African American ethnicity on executive function were observed through negative parenting, β = −.10, p = .006”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“household risk, β = .10, p < .0001 and β = .08, p < .0001”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Income-to-need and maternal education were both indirectly related to IQ through positive parenting, β = .03, p = .03 and β = .06, p = .008”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not through positive parenting or through the path including positive parenting and cortisol”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“negative parenting, β = .04, p = .01 and β = .07, p = .002”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cortisol was higher in African American children, β = .46, p < .0001”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cortisol was unrelated to income-to-need and maternal education”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“higher cortisol partially mediates an association between African American ethnicity and lower executive function ability at age 3 years”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Increased cortisol levels in African American children
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: No prior study has examined poverty, parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in an ethnically diverse sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“inversely related to cortisol level over the child’s first two years”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher level of cortisol in African American relative to White participants in this sample resulted in an indirect effect of African American ethnicity on executive function through cortisol, β = −.19, p < .0001”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cortisol was unrelated to income-to-need and maternal education”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and also through household risk, β = −.04, p = .001”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indirect effect was not present for IQ.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“level of salivary cortisol measured at child ages 7, 15, and 24 months and adjusted for time of day of saliva sample collection was significantly higher in children in poverty”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“positive parenting was reduced in lower income homes”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the typical level or set point for cortisol is higher in African American children than in white children in infancy and early childhood”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Increased cortisol levels in African American children
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: No prior study has examined poverty, parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in an ethnically diverse sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“executive function and IQ latent variables were highly correlated”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The association between executive functions and stress physiology in part reflects the fact that stress hormone levels modulate synaptic activity in the neural circuitry of PFC that underlies executive functions (Arnsten & Li, 2005; Mizoguchi, Ishige, Takeda, Aburada, & Tabira, 2004).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arnsten & Li, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Mizoguchi, Ishige, Takeda, Aburada, & Tabira, 2004 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Stress physiology, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is highly influenced by social interaction (Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004; Gunnar & Donzella, 2002) and conditions that are threatening, unpredictable, and lacking in support are associated with elevated levels of glucocorticoid hormones, namely cortisol.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004 source
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Donzella, 2002
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When stressful conditions are chronic or persistent, stress response systems are said to be under high allostatic load and adapt to the environment with over or under activation to an extent that impedes flexible regulation of stress physiology (McEwen, 1998, 2000), such as that associated with the self-regulation of behavior and executive functions (Ramos & Arnsten, 2007).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen, 1998, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Ramos & Arnsten, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the far from optimal but essentially adequate (i.e., not extreme adversity) conditions of poverty, however, increases in stress physiology are typically observed (Lupien, King, Meaney, & McEwen, 200) and likely represent a pathway through which poverty affects child development (Repetti, Taylor, & Seaman, 2004).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Poverty and child development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Repetti, Taylor, & Seaman, 2004
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Recent quasi-experimental evidence of the relation of poverty to stress physiology in a Mexican sample indicated lower cortisol levels in preschool children in homes in participating in a conditional cash transfer program relative to a matched comparison group (Fernald & Gunnar, 2009).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Poverty and child development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fernald & Gunnar, 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Stress physiology, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is highly influenced by social interaction (Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004; Gunnar & Donzella, 2002) and conditions that are threatening, unpredictable, and lacking in support are associated with elevated levels of glucocorticoid hormones, namely cortisol.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004 source
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Donzella, 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the far from optimal but essentially adequate (i.e., not extreme adversity) conditions of poverty, however, increases in stress physiology are typically observed (Lupien, King, Meaney, & McEwen, 200) and likely represent a pathway through which poverty affects child development (Repetti, Taylor, & Seaman, 2004).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Poverty and child development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lupien, King, Meaney, & McEwen, 200
- Not checked yetcites Repetti, Taylor, & Seaman, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It is important to note that severe disruption of caregiving has been shown to result in under rather than over activation of stress response systems, as seen in altered diurnal variation in cortisol in children experiencing early caregiving adversity (Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Poverty and child development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A measurement model with correlations among all latent indicators and observed variables fit the data well χ2 (174) = 467.0, p = .0001, CFI = .95, RMSEA = .036.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Factor analyses conducted with an oblique rotation (i.e., Promax) at each time point indicated distinct positive and negative dimensions of parenting.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This model fit the data well, χ2 (188) = 474.4, p = .0001, CFI = .94, RMSEA = .035, SRMR = .031.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“that the effect of parenting on cortisol is associated with positive rather than negative aspects of parenting behavior”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: No previous study has examined multiple aspects of poverty in an early childhood sample with the goal of linking poverty, stress physiology, parenting, and cognitive development.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“that relations between the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol and cognitive ability are present in early childhood”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: No previous study has examined multiple aspects of poverty in an early childhood sample with the goal of linking poverty, stress physiology, parenting, and cognitive development.
In the paper
“Only one prior study, however, with an adolescent sample, has reported effects linking chronic poverty, assessed in terms of income-to-need, with both stress physiology and cognitive ability (Evans & Schamberg, 2009).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans & Schamberg, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These associations are consistent with well defined neurobiological models linking early experience with the development of the HPA axis component of the stress response system (Meaney & Szyf, 2005) and linking stress and stress hormones with cognition, particularly executive functions (Arnsten, 2000; Lupien, Maheu, Tu, Fiocco, & Shramek, 2007).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Findings emphasizing the relation of positive parental behavior to child stress physiology are consistent with data from animal models indicating it is the absence of nurturing behavior rather than high levels of negative parenting that may be most relevant to development (Meaney, 2001).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Meaney, 2001 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“shown to partially mediate effects of poverty and parenting on child cognitive abilities”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“results linking poverty and early experience with salivary cortisol and cognitive ability in this sample are perhaps best understood within the framework of biological sensitivity to context (Boyce & Ellis, 2005)”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyce & Ellis, 2005 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we were unable to directly test whether the effect for ethnicity is accounted for by poverty give the low representation of higher income African American participants in the sample”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Increased cortisol levels in African American children
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In supportive and structured environments, however, regulation of stress hormones would occur and facilitate reflective and flexible forms of behavior and cognition, such as executive functions (Blair, 2010).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Blair, 2010 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the model, both highly supportive and highly unsupportive environments are understood to lead to elevated stress physiology (Ellis, Essex, & Boyce, 2005).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellis, Essex, & Boyce, 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By combining a methodological approach in which we sampled saliva after being in the home for one hour and a statistical approach using structural equation modeling, we were able to identify what can be considered a general or typical level of cortisol in children over the first two years.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the data examined in this study are longitudinal, they cannot address mechanisms through which poverty and stress response physiology are causally related to cognitive ability in children.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they suggest that one way in which poverty affects children’s development is through increased stress”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Given the standardized nature of the data collection protocol, however, and the collection of saliva near the end of the visit after the data collectors had been in the home for more than an hour, it is likely that these effects were present but minimal.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fernald & Gunnar (2009)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the sample participating in this study is predominantly low-income”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- Probably not a substantial claim. 36
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“higher level of salivary cortisol assessed at ages 7, 15, and 24 months was uniquely associated with lower executive function ability and to a lesser extent IQ at age 3 years.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 1,292- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measures of positive and negative aspects of parenting and household risk were also uniquely related to both executive functions and IQ.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 1,292- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scores were moderately correlated (r = .22 – .32, p < .001).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Executive function and IQ are moderately correlated.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maternal education, family income, and household density and safety are moderately correlated with parenting and with the cognitive measures.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Small significant relations of time since eating and time since sleeping with cortisol at 7 months were accounted for by adjustment for time of day of saliva collection.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Income-to-need was highly correlated across time points (r = .80, p < .0001) and averaged at child ages 7, 15, and 24 months to create a single indicator.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Levels of cortisol are significantly higher at each time point and child executive function and IQ significantly lower.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All correlations between latent variables were large and significant (all p < .001.)”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ratings of positive parenting are significantly lower and negative parenting significantly higher.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The measures of parenting at child ages 7, 15, and 24 months, particularly positive parenting, have small correlations with cortisol at most time points.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Income-to-need and maternal education are significantly lower for African Americans and African American families’ homes are significantly more crowded and rated as less safe than are the homes of white participants.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Preliminary analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both executive function and IQ were correlated with the household risk latent variable (φ = −.44 and = − .53, respectively).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both executive function and IQ were predicted by negative parenting (β = −.26, p = .003, β = −.27, p < .0001, respectively), positive parenting, (β = .19, p = .04, β = .26, p < .0001), and by household risk (marginally for executive function, β = −.12, p = .07, significantly for IQ, β = −.25, p < .0001).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Correlation between EF and IQ latent variables was very high (φ = .92), a finding consistent with numerous studies examining latent variable correlations for these constructs.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cortisol was negatively related to positive parenting (φ = −.47), and positively related to negative parenting (φ = .37) and household risk (φ = .26).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The executive function latent variable was moderately correlated with the latent positive (φ = .59) and negative (φ = −.59) parenting variables as was IQ (φ = .61 and −.61).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Executive function and IQ were negatively related to the cortisol latent variable, with a larger relation for executive function (φ = −.56) than for IQ (φ = − .37).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither executive function nor IQ was directly predicted by observed variables maternal education, income-to-need ratio, African American ethnicity, or age at assessment.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Direct effects were observed in which executive function was negatively predicted by cortisol, β = −.42, p < .0001, while the relation of cortisol to IQ was marginal, β = −.15, p = .06.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The conditions of poverty over the child’s first two years tend to be stable in this sample”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The effect of early experience on cognitive development (Ramey & Ramey, 1998) and on the development of the physiological response to stress (Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007) is well established.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ramey & Ramey, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is also well established that the physiological response to stress, as indicated by levels of neuroendocrine hormones, glucocorticoids and catecholamines, is related to distinct aspects of cognition, including declarative memory as well as executive functions (Arnsten, 2000; Diamond, Campbell, Park, Halonen, & Zoladz, 2007).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Importantly, under conditions of ongoing or persistent stress, basal levels or set points of physiological stress response systems are altered either upward or downward, a phenomenon referred to as allostasis (McEwen, 2000).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen, 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Executive functions contribute substantially to the self-regulation of behavior (Carlson, Mandell, & Williams, 2004; Hughes & Ensor, 2007) and are central to early academic achievement (Blair & Razza, 2007).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In humans the link between stress hormone levels and executive functions has been demonstrated in naturalistic studies with preschool children (Blair, Granger, & Razza, 2005; Davis, Bruce, & Gunnar, 2002) and in pharmacological manipulations with adults (Alexander, Hillier, Smith, Tivarus, & Beversdorf, 2007; Lupien, Gillin, & Hauger, 1999).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although by no means the only brain area and cognitive ability affected by stress hormones, PFC and executive functions are sensitive indicators of the effects of stress on development (Cerqueira, Mailliet, Almeida, Jay, & Sousa, 2007).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cerqueira, Mailliet, Almeida, Jay, & Sousa, 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In humans, early sensitive parenting is associated with a well regulated stress physiology (Gunnar & Quevedo, 2007) and with higher level of general cognitive (Lugo-Gil & Tamis-Lemonda, 2008) and emotion regulation ability (Sroufe, 1996).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Poverty and child development
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research in animal models indicates early caregiving to be a primary influence on the development of the HPA axis (Champagne et al., 2008; Liu, Diorio, Day, Francis, & Meaney, 2000) and to adaptively shape offspring development to meet an expected environment (Cameron, Champagne, Parent, Fish, Ozaki-Kuroda, & Meaney, 2005).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Poverty and child development
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The environment of poverty is stressful for children and to date has been associated with increased levels of stress hormones (Evans, 2003).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Poverty and child development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans, 2003 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Parenting is a primary mechanism through which poverty affects child development (Brody, Murry, Kim, & Brown, 2002; Gershoff, Aber, Raver, & Lennon, 2007; McLoyd, 1998) and likely mediates an association between poverty and elevated stress in young children.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Poverty and child development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brody, Murry, Kim, & Brown, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Gershoff, Aber, Raver, & Lennon, 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites McLoyd, 1998
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Complex sampling procedures were used to recruit a representative sample of 1,292 families in two regions of the U.S. at the time that mothers gave birth to a child.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Participants
plainn = 1,292- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A prior analysis of the sample reported on here demonstrated that high level of positive but not negative parenting in infancy is associated with lower basal levels of cortisol and greater cortisol reactivity to emotional arousal at age 7 and 15 months (Blair et al., 2008).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in children
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Blair et al., 2008 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although executive functions are largely distinct from general intelligence (Blair, 2006), the executive function of working memory has been shown to be highly related to general mental ability in a number of studies with adults (Friedman, Miyake, Corley, Young, Defries, & Hewitt, 2006).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in children
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Blair, 2006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two prior studies have indicated no differences in cortisol concentrations associated with the two collection techniques (Granger, Kivlighan, Fortunato, Harmon, Hibel, Schwartz & Whembolua, 2007; Harmon, Granger, Hibel & Rumyantseva, 2007).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Granger, Kivlighan, Fortunato, Harmon, Hibel, Schwartz & Whembolua, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Harmon, Granger, Hibel & Rumyantseva, 2007
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“All procedures have been previously validated (Stifter & Braungart, 1995).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stifter & Braungart, 1995
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Prior analyses conducted with longitudinal samples have demonstrated that risk processes in the context of poverty work similarly in African American and white families (Conger, Wallace, Sun, Simon, McLoyd, & Brody, 2002; Raver, Gershoff, & Aber, 2007).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in children
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Conger, Wallace, Sun, Simon, McLoyd, & Brody, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Raver, Gershoff, & Aber, 2007
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although executive functions are largely distinct from general intelligence (Blair, 2006), the executive function of working memory has been shown to be highly related to general mental ability in a number of studies with adults (Friedman, Miyake, Corley, Young, Defries, & Hewitt, 2006).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Abstract > Parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in children
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Friedman, Miyake, Corley, Young, Defries, & Hewitt, 2006 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of 1,105 children administered the executive function tasks, 764 successfully completed the working memory span task, 795 successfully completed the attention flexibility task, and 866 successfully completed the spatial conflict inhibitory control task.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
plainn = 1,105- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All samples were assayed in duplicate. The criterion for repeat testing was variation between duplicates greater than 20%, and the average of the duplicates was used in all analyses.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few variables indicated differences between families who were present and those who were missing at each time point.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All samples were assayed for salivary cortisol using a highly-sensitive enzyme immunoassay US FDA 510k cleared for use as an in vitro diagnostic measure of adrenal function (Salimetrics, State College, PA). The test used 25 μl of saliva for singlet determinations, had a range of sensitivity from .007 to 1.8 μg/dl, and average intra-and inter-assay coefficients of variation of less than 10% and 15%”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ICCs were .85 – .91 for positive parenting and .72 –.86 across 7, 15, and 24 month assessments.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As is standard for executive function measures with children (Zelazo, 2006), children were required to successfully complete pretest trials for all tasks in which they clearly demonstrated knowledge of the rules for the task and the ability to successfully complete the pretest trials as instructed. Children were also required to complete 75% of test trials in a given task in order to receive a sc”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zelazo, 2006 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Executive function was assessed with three tasks modeled on tasks previously used successfully with young children. Full details on the executive function tasks are available in Willoughby, Blair, Wirth, & Greenberg (2010).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Willoughby, Blair, Wirth, & Greenberg (2010) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To avoid bias in estimates associated with listwise deletion we used full information maximum likelihood estimation for all analyses.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inspection of parameter estimates indicated that all of the factor loadings were statistically significant and in the expected direction and that all of the latent variances were statistically significant.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Results > Structural equation modeling
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“that cortisol and both positive and negative parenting mediate associations between the conditions of poverty and child cognitive ability at age 3 years”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: No previous study has examined multiple aspects of poverty in an early childhood sample with the goal of linking poverty, stress physiology, parenting, and cognitive development.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“several studies have demonstrated that poverty is associated with increased levels in stress physiology indicators in children (Evans, 2003; Fernald & Gunnar, 2009; Lupien, King, Meaney, & McEwen, 2001)”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans, 2003 source
- Not checked yetcites Fernald & Gunnar, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Lupien, King, Meaney, & McEwen, 2001
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the biological sensitivity theory, early experience is understood to shape stress response systems to meet expected environments with consequences for behaviors important for regulating behavior in that environment.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“the mechanisms through which physiological stress affects physical and mental health are well established (McEwen, 2000)”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen, 2000
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The close association between the constructs is consistent with theory and research indicating that executive functions are important building blocks for the development of children’s thinking (Zelazo, Muller, Frye, & Marcovitch, 2003) and key contributors to the development of intelligence (Piaget, 1952).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A number of prior studies indicate that executive functions are central to the development of fluid intelligence in children (Fry & Hale, 1996; Kail, 2007) and adults (Engle, Tuholski, Lauglin, & Conway, 1999).”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fry & Hale, 1996
- Not checked yetcites Kail, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Engle, Tuholski, Lauglin, & Conway, 1999 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings here are in agreement with these prior studies and indicate the influence of early experience on executive functions as one pathway through which intelligence develops.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In unsupportive environments, however, this increase would not be well regulated and stress hormones would remain elevated, facilitating reactive and inflexible rather than reflective and flexible forms of behavior and cognition.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Biological sensitivity to context
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This variation necessitates that cortisol levels be adjusted for time of day of saliva collection.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol follows a well-defined diurnal pattern.
In the paper
“work by Fernald and Gunnar (2009) has shown that although there can be some effect of data collectors’ presence in the home on child cortisol levels, effects are similar across children and dissipate within one hour.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fernald & Gunnar (2009)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results are consistent with prior studies examining the neurobiology of relations among early experience, the stress response, and cognitive ability.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one aspect of stress physiology, salivary cortisol as an indicator of the activity of the HPA axis, however, was measured.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“by focusing on the typical cortisol level or set point over the child’s first two years, we did not address questions concerning the relative influence of cortisol and parenting variables at 7, 15, and 24 months on child cognitive ability at age 3 years.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach, however, in no way obviates that fact that the HPA axis is a dynamic and reactive system and that measures of HPA reactivity provide meaningful information about effects of stress on development.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The HPA axis is a dynamic and reactive system.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Saliva samples were collected in the home by data collectors and there may have been some effect of the presence of the data collector on child cortisol.”
§ Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood > Discussion > Limitations and directions for future research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
No prior studies have directly examined whether effects of early experience on stress physiology mediate effects of early experience on cognitive development.
“No studies to our knowledge, however, have directly examined the extent to which the effects of early experience on stress physiology may mediate well-known effects of early experience on cognitive development.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
No prior studies have examined longitudinal relations between cortisol and cognition in early childhood.
“No prior studies of which we are aware have examined longitudinal relations between cortisol and cognition in early childhood.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In this sample, African American ethnicity serves as a marker for unmeasured aspects of risk linked to socioeconomic disadvantage and social inequality.
“Given the overrepresentation of African American families in deep and persistent poverty in the U.S. (McLoyd, 1998), however, we expect that African American ethnicity in this sample will serve as a marker for a number of unmeasured aspects of risk associated with socioeconomic disadvantage and social inequality.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Positive and negative dimensions of parenting have distinct effects on child development.
“Although highly related, positive and negative dimensions of parenting can be expected to have distinct effects on child development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No previous study has examined multiple aspects of poverty in an early childhood sample with the goal of linking poverty, stress physiology, parenting, and cognitive development.
“No previous study of which we are aware has examined multiple aspects of poverty in a sample in early childhood with the goal of linking poverty with stress physiology, parenting, and cognitive development.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No prior study has examined poverty, parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in an ethnically diverse sample.
“No studies to our knowledge have previously examined poverty, parenting, stress physiology, and cognitive ability in children in an ethnically diverse sample.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cortisol follows a well-defined diurnal pattern.
“Cortisol does, however, follow a well defined diurnal pattern.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The HPA axis is a dynamic and reactive system.
“the HPA axis is a dynamic and reactive system”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“input may indirectly influence this functioning in later childhood through its effects on inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility, skills involved in emotion regulation.”
From The neglect–enrichment continuum: Characterizing variation in early caregiving environments (2019) · cites this paper as Blair et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“dysregulation of stress response systems due to insufficient or insensitive emotional input may attenuate the positive effects of cognitive input by interfering with children’s capacity to process this input (Blair et al., 2011).”
From The neglect–enrichment continuum: Characterizing variation in early caregiving environments (2019) · cites this paper as Blair et al., 2011
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentχ²(174) = 467reported p = .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (174) = 467.0, p = .0001”
The paper prints p at a floor (such as p < .001)
- Consistentχ²(188) = 474.4reported p = .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2 (188) = 474.4, p = .0001”
The paper prints p at a floor (such as p < .001)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
The origins of intelligence in children.
Piaget, J. (1952) · doi:10.1037/11494-000 · Cited by 10,687
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881
Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis
MacKinnon, D. P. (2012) · doi:10.4324/9780203809556 · Cited by 5,618
Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studies
Carroll, J. B. (1993) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511571312 · Cited by 4,121
Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development
McLoyd, V. C. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.2.185 · Cited by 3,763
Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children
Heckman, J. J. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1128898 · Cited by 3,559
Human cognitive abilities a survey of factor-analytic studies
Carroll, J. B. (2004) · Cited by 3,395
The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine
McEwen, B. S., & Wingfield, J. C. (2003) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0018-506x(02)00024-7 · Cited by 3,302
Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., Sharma, S., Pearson, D., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.277.5332.1659 · Cited by 3,170
Blair, C., & Razza, R. P. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01019.x · Cited by 3,140
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Schweinhart, 2005, Monographs of the HighScope Educational Research Foundation, 14
- Zelazo, 2002, Handbook of childhood cognitive development, 445
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hill, D., Ameenuddin, N., Chassiakos, Y. R., Cross, C., Hutchinson, J. W., Levine, A. E., Boyd, R. W., Mendelson, R. A., Moreno, M. A., & Swanson, W. S. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2591 · Cited by 1,802
School Readiness and Self-Regulation: A Developmental Psychobiological Approach
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015221 · Cited by 1,240
Self-citationChild development in the context of adversity: Experiential canalization of brain and behavior.
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0027493 · Cited by 799
Self-citationPoverty and Child Health in the United States
Gitterman, B. A., Flanagan, P., Cotton, W. H., Dilley, K. J., Duffee, J. H., Green, A. E., Keane, V. A., Krugman, S., Linton, J. M., McKelvey, C. D., et al. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0339 · Cited by 789
The power of play: A pediatric role in enhancing development in young children
Yogman, M., Garner, A., Hutchinson, J., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Golinkoff, R. M., COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, & COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA (2018) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2058 · Cited by 758
Metadata
- Authors
- Blair, C., Granger, D. A., Willoughby, M., Mills-Koonce, R., Cox, M., Greenberg, M. T., Kivlighan, K. T., Fortunato, C. K., & the FLP Investigators
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blair, Clancy
- ORCID
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-11-01
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1970-1984
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- PMC
- PMC3218241
- OpenAlex
- W1767701238
- Cited by
- 579
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 8.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01 HD39667, P01HD039667, R01HD51502, R24HD042854, R01HD051502)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- salivary cortisol, executive function, poverty, parenting, early childhood, IQ, mediation, household risk, maternal education, African American children, ethnic differences, low-income children
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Black or African American, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Income, Infant, Intelligence, Interview, Psychological, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Poverty, Saliva, Parenting, White People, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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