The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 17 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Perceived Racial Discrimination and Self-Esteem in African American Youth: Racial Socialization as a Protective Factor
Open accessAbstract
Racial socialization was examined as a protective factor that might buffer African American youth from the negative effects of perceived racial discrimination. Two types of racial socialization were examined: messages about race pride and preparation for bias. One hundred twenty-eight eighth-grade African American students participated in the study. As anticipated, both types of socialization moderated the relationship between discrimination and self-esteem. The negative relationship between perceived discrimination and self-esteem was mitigated for youth who reported more messages about race pride and a moderate amount of preparation for bias from their parents. In contrast, low race pride socialization and both high and low preparation for bias were associated with a negative relationship between perceived discrimination and self-esteem.
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Claims the paper makes
8 Own method · 7 No full text of the sources · 7 Own interpretation · 3 Own result · 2 Sources not found · 1 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The negative relationship between self-esteem and perceptions of discrimination was more pronounced in the absence of preparation for bias as compared to in the presence of such socialization efforts.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The majority of studies examining the influence of race pride socialization indicate that messages about cultural knowledge and pride are related to higher overall functioning and self-esteem (Caughy, O'Campo, Randolph, & Nickerson, 2002; Constantine & Blackmon, 2002; Hughes & Chen, 1999; Stevenson, Reed, Bodison, & Bishop, 1997; however, see Fisher et al., 2000, for null findings).”
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parental messages that signal to youth that they will consistently and persistently face prejudice and discrimination because of their race (a personal and internal factor), regardless of their own effort, may be maladaptive.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present results suggest that some of the negative effects associated with perceiving oneself to be the victim of racial discrimination may be mitigated if adolescents have been adequately socialized to deal with such experiences.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
In the paper
“Taken together, these results support theories that suggest that African American adolescents who do not understand racism and their unique cultural heritage may be handicapped in terms of their ability to cope effectively with racism (Stevenson et al., 1997).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stevenson et al., 1997 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Results from a number of studies have linked experiences of discrimination and perceived racism to a range of psychosocial difficulties in African American youth, including low self-esteem and depressive symptoms (Caldwell et al., 2004; Clark, Coleman, & Novak, 2004; DuBois, Burk-Braxton, Swenson, Tevendale, & Hardesty, 2002; Fisher, Wallace, & Fenton, 2000; Nyborg & Curry, 2003; Prelow, Danoff-B”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Not until one examines the relative influence (i.e., the quantity or frequency) of racial socialization messages can the presence or absence of this relationship be adequately understood.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This result supports prior theory suggesting that feelings of devaluation that may result from discriminatory experiences might be intensified by a frequent focus on racism (Hughes & Johnson, 2001; Stevenson et al., 1997).”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excellent internal consistency for the composite score was found in the present sample ( a 5 .83).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two-way interaction between perceived discrimination and preparation for bias was significant, t (92) 5 2.50, p o .05, but was qualified by the significant interaction between perceived discrimination and the squared term for preparation for bias, t (92) 5 3.04, p o .01.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the negative relationship between perceived discrimination and self-esteem was significant when levels of race pride socialization were at o 1 SD below the mean but was not significantly different from zero when race pride socialization was at or above the mean.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean scores were calculated for the race pride (eight items; a 5 .74) and preparation for bias (nine items; a 5 .84) subscales.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
In the paper
“Fischer and Shaw's (1999) investigation with African American college students, ages 18-25, found that the negative relationship between perceived racism and overall mental health was significant at low levels (.5 SD below mean) of bias preparation but nonsignificant at high levels (.5 SD above mean) of bias preparation.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fischer & Shaw, 1999 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some studies have found that parental preparation for bias is positively related to higher academic functioning, self-efficacy, and fewer depressive symptoms in adolescents (Bowman & Howard, 1985; Hughes & Chen, 1999; Stevenson et al., 1997).”
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Qualitatively, adolescents' reports of race pride messages appeared to serve as a direct buffer on this relationship, as perceptions of discrimination were associated with lower self-esteem for adolescents who reported minimal exposure to positive messages about their heritage and culture, whereas adolescents who reported more frequent exposure to race pride messages did not seem to be negatively”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Test-retest reliability and validity have been established in prior research, and internal consistency was strong in the present sample ( a 5 .76).”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
In the paper
“Racial discrimination, defined as ''beliefs, attitudes, institutional arrangements, and acts that tend to denigrate individuals or groups because of phenotypic characteristics or ethnic group affiliation,'' is often viewed as such a risk factor (Clark, Anderson, Clark, & Williams, 1999, p. 805).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Clark, Anderson, Clark, & Williams, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A large body of literature has linked perceived racial discrimination to deleterious physiological and psychological outcomes in African American adults (see Clark et al., 1999, for a review).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Clark et al., 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It is important to note that Fischer and Shaw (1999) only focused on reports of messages related to racism and barriers, without exploring the possible effects of cultural pride messages.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fischer & Shaw, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, racial socialization may be an even stronger moderator of the impact of discrimination among adolescents, as compared with young adults, given the greater daily proximity to their parents and developmental stage.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Racial socialization-the implicit, explicit, purposeful, and unintended ways that parents' beliefs and behaviors convey views about race to children-has been cited as the primary practice utilized by African American families and communities to assist children in coping with race-related issues such as discrimination (Hughes, 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hughes, 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results revealed no significant mean differences between adolescents' perceptions of discrimination, parental racial socialization practices, or self-esteem as a function of adolescents' gender, school attended, parent education level, parental marital status, or household income.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the data used to test our hypotheses were gathered at a single time point. Consequently, causal relationships and temporal ordering cannot be established.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean scores were calculated for the race pride (eight items; a 5 .74) and preparation for bias (nine items; a 5 .84) subscales.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with our hypotheses, the buffering effects of preparation for bias do not seem to operate in the same manner as racial pride messages, because preparation for bias had a curvilinear influence on the relationship between perceptions of discrimination and self-esteem.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A risk of using adolescent reports for all measures is that they may not be veridical. In this case, adolescents' perceptions of discrimination and/or their self-esteem may have influenced their reports of parenting.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bivariate correlations between the three subscales ranged from .53 to .88 ( p 4 .001 ) in our sample; thus, a composite average across items was utilized.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, an overemphasis on bias-that is, parents' frequent reminders of racial barriers-may lead adolescents to feel helpless and lacking control over their environment and consequently result in lower self-esteem.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescents' self-reports of discrimination and parental racial socialization are accurate enough to test the buffering hypotheses.
“A risk of using adolescent reports for all measures is that they may not be veridical. In this case, adolescents' perceptions of discrimination and/or their self-esteem may have influenced their reports of parenting.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of parental race messages are more important than an objective measure of parental socialization.
“We elected to use adolescent reports of parental racial socialization rather than parent reports because we believed that adolescents' perceptions of the frequency of race messages were more important than an objective measure of such socialization.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Race Pride, Perceived Discrimination, and Adolescent Self-Esteem · p. 7
“F( 10, 82) 5 2.43, p o .05 and accounted for 12% of the variance in predicting adolescents' self-esteem”
§ Race Pride, Perceived Discrimination, and Adolescent Self-Esteem · p. 8
“perceived discrimination and the squared term for race pride, t (92) 5 2.50, 2.45, and 2.91, respectively, all p 's o .05.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Participants · p. 4
“M age 5 13.9 years; SD 5 .67; 68 girls, 60 boys”
§ Race Pride, Perceived Discrimination, and Adolescent Self-Esteem · p. 7
“| 1. Age (years) | 13.87 (.63) |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Race Pride, Perceived Discrimination, and Adolescent Self-Esteem · p. 7
“F( 10, 82) 5 2.43, p o .05 and accounted for 12% of the variance in predicting adolescents' self-esteem, D F (2, 82) 5 4.29, p o .05.”
§ Race Pride, Perceived Discrimination, and Adolescent Self-Esteem · p. 7
“F( 8, 84) 5 1.59, p o .15, and the two-way interaction between perceived discrimination and race pride did not contribute additional variance in predicting selfesteem, D F (1, 84) 5 1.51, p 5 .22.”
Citations
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Discrimination Hurts: The Academic, Psychological, and Physical Well-Being of Adolescents
Huynh, V. W., & Fuligni, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00670.x · Cited by 362
Hughes, D. L., Witherspoon, D. P., Rivas‐Drake, D., & West-Bey, N. (2009) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015509 · Cited by 313
Huynh, V. W. (2012) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9756-9 · Cited by 341
Racial Discrimination, Ethnic-Racial Socialization, and Crime
BURT, C. H., Simons, R. L., & Gibbons, F. X. (2012) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122412448648 · Cited by 299
“Research on this idea is scarce and mixed (Bynum et al. 2007; Harris-Britt et al. 2007); thus, we will also examine the possibility that cultural socialization moderates effects of discrimination on crime and the proposed intervening mechanisms.”
BackgroundHuguley, J. P., Wang, M., Vasquez, A. C., & Guo, J. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000187 · Cited by 267
Neblett, E. W., Smalls, C., Ford, K. R., Nguyên, H. X., & Sellers, R. M. (2008) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9359-7 · Cited by 232
“In light of a number of recent studies showing evidence that particular messages about race, as well as socialization behaviors, compensate for and protect against the harmful effects of African American racial discrimination experiences (e.g., Harris-Britt et al. 2007; Neblett et al. 2006, 2008), further research is…”
BackgroundBrown, D. L., & Tylka, T. L. (2010) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798410390689 · Cited by 236
“Also, Harris-Britt et al. (2007) examined the moderating effects of racial socialization (i.e., assessed by cultural pride messages such as “Talked about being Black” and preparation for bias messages such as “People might treat you badly due to race”) on the association between perceived racial…”
BackgroundWang, M.-T., & Huguley, J. P. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01808.x · Cited by 207
Seaton, E. K., Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019869 · Cited by 209
Jones, S. C. T., & Neblett, E. W. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1146991 · Cited by 184
Thomas, A. J., & Blackmon, S. M. (2014) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798414563610 · Cited by 180
“…the presence of racism, which seems to serve as a protective factor against the depression, anxiety, or lowered self-concept that may emerge from experiences of racism (Bannon et al., 2009; Constantine & Blackmon, 2002; Harris-Britt et al., 2007; Neblett et al., 2008; Stevenson & Arrington, 2009).”
BackgroundHughes, D. L., Hagelskamp, C., Way, N., & Foust, M. D. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9399-7 · Cited by 178
Tran, A. G. T. T., & Lee, R. M. (2010) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016400 · Cited by 145
Families With Children and Adolescents: A Review, Critique, and Future Agenda
Crosnoe, R. L., & Cavanagh, S. (2010) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00720.x · Cited by 133
Loyd, A. B., Kim, S. Y., Armenta, B. E., Lee, R. M., Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., Schwartz, S. J., Villalta, I. K., Zamboanga, B. L., Weisskirch, R. S., Juang, L. P., et al. (2014) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037531 · Cited by 147
“…Black students may have been prepared to encounter ethnic group discrimination due to parents’ socialization practices around preparation for bias (e.g., Harris-Britt et al., 2007; Hughes, 2003)—in contrast, preparation for bias is less prevalent among Latino families (Hughes et al., 2008).”
BackgroundGendered Racial Microaggressions and Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Black Women
Moody, A. T., & Lewis, J. A. (2019) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684319828288 · Cited by 161
Gaylord‐Harden, N. K., Burrow, A. L., & Cunningham, J. A. (2012) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00236.x · Cited by 130
“Indeed, empirical research links racial socialization messages to higher self-esteem and adaptive coping with discrimination (Harris-Britt et al., 2007; Scott, 2003).”
BackgroundRadical hope in revolting times: Proposing a culturally relevant psychological framework
Mosley, D. V., Neville, H. A., Chavez‐Dueñas, N. Y., Adames, H. Y., Lewis, J. A., & French, B. H. (2019) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12512 · Cited by 141
Jones, S. C. T., & Neblett, E. W. (2016) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-016-0201-6 · Cited by 121
“In addition, some studies have found racial socialization to be protective in the context of racial discrimination, lessening the deleterious impact of racism on the lives of these youth (e.g., Harris-Britt et al. 2007; Neblett et al. 2008).”
BackgroundRacial Socialization as a Mechanism for Positive Development Among African American Youth
Evans, A. B., Banerjee, M., Meyer, R., Aldana, A., Foust, M., & Rowley, S. (2012) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00226.x · Cited by 114
“Moreover, cultural socialization, including messages from parents, was found to be positively linked to self-esteem among African American adolescents (Harris-Britt et al., 2007).”
Self-citationBanerjee, M., Harrell, Z. A. T., & Johnson, D. J. (2010) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9559-9 · Cited by 114
“However, there is evidence that these types of intracultural messages are more targeted at protecting children against the impact that racial oppression may have on selfesteem (Harris-Britt et al. 2007) and self-worth (Neblett et al. 2008).”
BackgroundPachter, L. M., Caldwell, C. H., Jackson, J. S., & Bernstein, B. A. (2017) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0428-z · Cited by 117
Perceived racial discrimination and racial identity profiles among African American adolescents.
Seaton, E. K. (2009) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015506 · Cited by 123
Liu, L. L., & Lau, A. S. (2013) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033447 · Cited by 122
New directions for racial discrimination research as inspired by the integrative model.
Seaton, E. K., Gee, G. C., Neblett, E. W., & Spanierman, L. B. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000315 · Cited by 113
Cooper, S. M., Brown, C., Metzger, I. W., Clinton, Y., & Guthrie, B. J. (2012) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9608-y · Cited by 123
“…the link between racial discrimination and youth adjustment, much of the existing literature has demonstrated the promotive and buffering role of parents’ racerelated socialization (Harris-Britt et al. 2007; Dotterer et al. 2009; Neblett et al. 2006; Neblett et al. 2008; Neblett et al. 2009).”
Peck, S. C., Brodish, A. B., Malanchuk, O., Banerjee, M., & Eccles, J. S. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036800 · Cited by 104
Seol, K. O., Yoo, H. C., Lee, R. M., Park, J. E., & Kyeong, Y. (2015) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000120 · Cited by 96
“Similarly, Harris-Britt et al. (2007) reported the buffering interaction effect on self-esteem among African American J Couns Psychol.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFrom Racial Discrimination to Substance Use: The Buffering Effects of Racial Socialization
Neblett, E. W., Terzian, M., & Harriott, V. A. (2010) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2010.00131.x · Cited by 103
“The positive effects of racial socialization have been found to include higher self-esteem (Constantine & Blackmon, 2002; Harris-Britt et al., 2007), grades, and self-efficacy (Bowman & Howard, 1985); increased group knowledge and favorable in-group attitudes (Knight, Cota, & Bernal, 1993); increased academic motivati…”
BackgroundInfluentialStrategies employed by sexual minority adolescents to cope with minority stress.
Goldbach, J. T., & Gibbs, J. J. (2015) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000124 · Cited by 104
Deutsch, N. L., & Jones, J. N. (2008) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558408322250 · Cited by 90
Racial identity and depression among African American women.
Settles, I. H., Navarrete, C. D., Pagano, S. J., Abdou, C. M., & Sidanius, J. (2010) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016442 · Cited by 87
Benner, A. D., & Kim, S. Y. (2009) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00640.x · Cited by 95
Racial and Ethnic Differences: Sociocultural and Contextual Explanations
Chao, R. K., & Clutter, M. O. (2011) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00714.x · Cited by 92
The defining moment: children's conceptualization of race and experiences with racial discrimination
Dulin, A., Hannon, L., Fernández, J. R., & Cockerham, W. C. (2011) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.535906 · Cited by 96
Neblett, E. W., Banks, K. H., Cooper, S. M., & Smalls‐Glover, C. (2013) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032205 · Cited by 82
Schools as Developmental Contexts During Adolescence
Eccles, J. S., & Roeser, R. W. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop206013 · Cited by 82
Positive Development of Minority Children and commentaries
Cabrera, N. (2013) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/j.2379-3988.2013.tb00075.x · Cited by 84
Özdemir, S. B., & Stattin, H. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0038-y · Cited by 91
“For example, experiencing or worrying about discrimination is linked to low self-efficacy (Mesch et al. 2008), global self-worth (Verkuyten and Thijs 2006), and self-esteem (Harris-Britt et al. 2007; Rivas-Drake et al. 2008).”
BackgroundBURT, C. H., & Simons, R. L. (2013) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2013.781205 · Cited by 88
Heslin, P., Bell, M., & Fletcher, P. O. (2012) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1795 · Cited by 85
Lanier, Y., Sommers, M. S., Fletcher, J., Sutton, M. Y., & Roberts, D. D. (2016) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798416638189 · Cited by 89
“The measure has been used in prior studies with Black adolescents and yielded acceptable internal consistency (Harris-Britt et al., 2007; Seaton, 2010; Seaton & Yip, 2009; Tynes, Umaña-Taylor, Rose, Lin, & Anderson, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodAcademic adjustment across middle school: The role of public regard and parenting.
McGill, R. K., Hughes, D. L., Alicea, S., & Way, N. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026006 · Cited by 79
Ethnic‐Racial Socialization and the Mental Health of African Americans: A Critical Review
Reynolds, J. E., & Gonzales‐Backen, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12192 · Cited by 90
Ethnicity, self-concept, and school belonging: effects on school engagement
Singh, K., Chang, M., & Dika, S. L. (2010) · Educational Research for Policy and Practice · doi:10.1007/s10671-010-9087-0 · Cited by 91
“These results confirm the earlier findings that African-American youth are likely to disengage their self-esteem from educational domain due to stereotype threat ( Harris-Britt et al. 2007; Major et al. 1998).”
ResultJuang, L. P., Ittel, A., Hoferichter, F., & Gallarin, M. M. (2016) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2016.0048 · Cited by 87
Coping With LGBT and Racial–Ethnic‐Related Stressors: A Mixed‐Methods Study of LGBT Youth of Color
Kuper, L. E., Coleman, B. R., & Mustanski, B. S. (2013) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12079 · Cited by 84
Smalls, C. (2008) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9316-5 · Cited by 75
“Previous research has found that pride and self-worth messages were positively related to adolescent developmental outcomes in ways that warrant their continued examination in future research ( Harris-Britt et al. 2007; Neblett et al. 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBanerjee, M., Byrd, C. M., & Rowley, S. J. (2018) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci7100208 · Cited by 81
“For example, Harris-Britt et al. (2007) found that preparation for bias and cultural socialization moderated the effects of racial discrimination on self-esteem in a sample of African American adolescents.”
BackgroundSelf-citationLoyd, A. B., & Williams, B. V. (2016) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12204 · Cited by 88
“The probability of experiencing discrimination also increases in adolescence as African American youth spend more time outside the home in social settings such as schools and neighborhoods (13), and they contemplate how those experiences may affect their lives (18).”
BackgroundMalone, C. M., Wycoff, K., & Turner, E. A. (2021) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22606 · Cited by 78
Varner, F. A., Hou, Y., Hodzic, T., Hurd, N. M., Butler‐Barnes, S. T., & Rowley, S. J. (2017) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000180 · Cited by 74
Self-citationStein, G. L., Coard, S. I., Gonzalez, L. M., Kiang, L., & Sircar, J. K. (2021) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12482 · Cited by 76
Cooper, S. M., & McLoyd, V. C. (2011) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00749.x · Cited by 68
Cooper, S. M., & Smalls, C. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9404-1 · Cited by 68
“Previous research (e.g., Harris-Britt et al. 2007 ), which has suggested that more moderate levels of minority experience socialization might be related to positive youth outcomes, lends support to our findings.”
ResultButler‐Barnes, S. T., Richardson, B. L., Chavous, T. M., & Zhu, J. (2018) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12383 · Cited by 73
Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2013) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033352 · Cited by 61
Sanders‐Phillips, K., Kliewer, W. L., Tirmazi, T. M., Nebbitt, V. E., Carter, T. J., & Key, H. (2014) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12060 · Cited by 61
Saleem, F. T., English, D., Busby, D. R., Lambert, S. F., Harrison, A., Stock, M. L., & Gibbons, F. X. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0499-x · Cited by 67
“For example, among youth reporting experiences with racial discrimination, preparation for bias messages were associated with fewer delinquent behaviors (Burt et al. 2012) and better self-esteem (Harris-Britt et al. 2007).”
Caldwell, C. H., Antonakos, C. L., Assari, S., Kruger, D. J., Loney, E. H. D., & Njai, R. S. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12127 · Cited by 65
Atkin, A. L., Yoo, H. C., & Yeh, C. J. (2018) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000297 · Cited by 66
Tynes, B. M., Rose, C. A., Hiss, S., Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., Mitchell, K. J., & Williams, D. R. (2014) · International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations · doi:10.4018/ijgcms.2014070101 · Cited by 63
Can Parenting Microprotections Buffer Against Adolescents’ Experiences of Racial Discrimination?
Dotterer, A. M., & James, A. G. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0773-6 · Cited by 62
African American Maternal Power and the Racial Socialization of Preschool Children
Edwards, A. L., & Few‐Demo, A. L. (2016) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0633-y · Cited by 60
“…1 Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA 2 Department of HumanDevelopment, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA have children who are less likely to be influenced by racial or ethnic discrimination (Harris-Britt et al. 2007).”
BackgroundGamarel, K. E., Reisner, S. L., Parsons, J. T., & Golub, S. A. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300668 · Cited by 58
Bottiani, J. H., McDaniel, H. L., Smith, L. H., Castillo, J. E., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2020) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12967 · Cited by 68
Louie, P., & Wheaton, B. (2019) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146519845069 · Cited by 53
Chae, D., Powell, W., Nuru-Jeter, A. M., Smith-Bynum, M. A., Seaton, E. K., Forman, T. A., Turpin, R., & Sellers, R. (2017) · The Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798417690055 · Cited by 51
Obstructed Use: Reconceptualizing the Mental Health (Help-Seeking) Experiences of Black Americans
Burkett, C. (2017) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798417691381 · Cited by 54
Parent Discrimination Predicts Mexican-American Adolescent Psychological Adjustment 1 Year Later
Espinoza, G., Gonzales, N. A., & Fuligni, A. J. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12521 · Cited by 51
Saleem, F. T., & Lambert, S. F. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0326-0 · Cited by 58
“…2008), symptoms of distress (Fisher et al. 2000), and anger and aggressive behaviors (Simons et al. 2006); likewise, racial discrimination is associated with less self-esteem (Harris-Britt et al. 2007) and poorer academic motivation and achievement (Chavous et al. 2008; Powell and Arriola 2003).”
BackgroundResultRacial, Ethnic, and Cultural Resilience Factors in African American Youth Mental Health
Neblett, E. W. (2023) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-015146 · Cited by 64
Anderson, R. E., Jones, S. C. T., Saleem, F. T., Metzger, I. W., Anyiwo, N., Nisbeth, K. S., Bess, K., Resnicow, K., & Stevenson, H. C. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13607 · Cited by 55
Leslie, L. A., Smith, J. R., Hrapczynski, K. M., et al. (2013) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00744.x · Cited by 50
Toro, J. D., Hughes, D. L., & Way, N. (2020) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13424 · Cited by 59
Gale, A. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105173 · Cited by 56
Byrd, C. M., & Ahn, L. H. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22393 · Cited by 59
Social inclusion and exclusion in same-race and interracial peer encounters.
Cooley, S., Burkholder, A. R., & Killen, M. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000810 · Cited by 48
Collective Identity and Well-Being of Bulgarian Roma Adolescents and Their Mothers
Dimitrova, R., Chasiotis, A., Bender, M., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-013-0043-1 · Cited by 50
Seaton, E. K., Caldwell, C. H., Sellers, R. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2010) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00659.x · Cited by 52
Black Love, Activism, and Community (BLAC): The BLAC Model of Healing and Resilience
Turner, E. A., Harrell, S. P., & Bryant-Davis, T. S. (2022) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984211018364 · Cited by 49
“Racial socialization has been described as implicit, explicit, purposeful, and unintended ways in which parents’ beliefs and behaviors convey their views about race to their children (Harris-Britt et al., 2007; Stevenson, 1994).”
BackgroundSu, J., Kuo, S. I., Derlan, C. L., Hagiwara, N., Guy, M. C., & Dick, D. M. (2019) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000294 · Cited by 48
“…of bias buffered the negative effect of racial discrimination (Burt et al., 2012); others found that only moderate levels of preparation of bias is protective, and low or high levels of preparation of bias exacerbated the negative influence of racial discrimination (Harris-Britt et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultD’hondt, F., Eccles, J. S., Houtte, M. V., & Stevens, P. A. J. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0428-z · Cited by 48
Zapolski, T. C. B., Beutlich, M. R., Fisher, S., & Barnes-Najor, J. (2019) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000258 · Cited by 45
“…how best to protect youth against negative effect of discrimination, collective ethnic-racial identity may play a less central role compared to youth’s positive attachment to their race, particularly for psychological health outcomes (Harris-Britt et al., 2007; McGill, Hughes, Alicea, & Way, 2012).”
BackgroundRace and General Strain Theory: Microaggressions As Mundane Extreme Environmental Stresses
Coster, S. D., & Thompson, M. S. (2016) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2016.1236204 · Cited by 52
García, G. A., Patrón, O. E., Ramirez, J. J., & Hudson, L. T. (2016) · Journal of Hispanic Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1538192716661907 · Cited by 51
“Although research in this area is predominantly on the experiences of Black students, there is evidence that Students of Color2 who have a stronger racial salience are more likely to be aware of and negatively affected by daily racial discrimination (Burrow & Ong, 2010; Harris-Britt, Valrie, Kurtz-Costes, & Rowley, 20…”
BackgroundResultDevelopmental Implications of Discrimination
Marks, A. K., Ejesi, K., McCullough, M. B., & Coll, C. G. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy309 · Cited by 68
Wyatt, G. E., Gomez, C. A., Hamilton, A. B., Valencia‐Garcia, D., Gant, L. M., & Graham, C. E. (2013) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0032744 · Cited by 49
Anderson, R. E., Jones, S. C. T., & Stevenson, H. C. (2019) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000316 · Cited by 51
Metadata
- Authors
- Harris‐Britt, A., Valrie, C. R., Kurtz‐Costes, B., & Rowley, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Harris‐Britt, April
- Venue
- Journal of Research on Adolescence
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 669-682
- ISSN
- 1050-8392 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7795
- PMC
- PMC2917995
- OpenAlex
- W2141800004
- Semantic Scholar
- 2d03ac58d625720daea57677c6412097c57039f5
- Cited by
- 401
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 27.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Research on Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R03HD044052)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Keywords
- perceived racial discrimination, self-esteem, racial socialization, African American youth, race pride, preparation for bias, protective factors, moderation, eighth grade students, parent-child communication
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