Cited by 631Health disparities and outcomesBirth, Development, and HealthChild Abuse and Trauma

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The Biological Embedding of Early Experience and Its Effects on Health in Adulthood

HERTZMAN, CLYDE·1999·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08107.x

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Abstract

Explanations of the socioeconomic gradient in health status must account for the observations that the gradient cuts across a wide range of disease processes and is capable of replicating itself on new disease processes as they emerge in society. Understanding this pattern requires an understanding of how human organisms can become generally vulnerable or resilient to disease over time: a huge collation task across different disciplines. The hypothesis that best fits current evidence is that the gradient is an "emergent property" of the interaction between the developmental status of people and the material and psychosocial conditions they encounter over their life course. Within this broad formulation, special attention is given to child development, and the prospect that socioeconomic differences in the quality of early life experiences contribute to subsequent gradients in health status through socioeconomic differences in brain sculpting and the conditioning of host defense systems that depend on communication with the developing brain. The contribution to the gradient in health is theorized to occur through a combination of latent effects, pathway effects, and cumulative disadvantage.

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Authors: HERTZMAN, C.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author: HERTZMAN, CLYDE
Venue: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1999-12
Volume: 896
Issue: 1
Pages: 85-95
ISSN: 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
1749-6632
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08107.x
OpenAlex: W1983381709
Cited by: 631
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 0.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 2259 d)
Locations: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: biological embedding, early life experience, socioeconomic gradient in health, child development, brain development, cumulative disadvantage, latent effects, developmental origins of health and disease
MeSH terms: Adult, Brain, Child, Child Development, Psychology, Child, Educational Status, Health Status, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Immunity, Innate, Parents, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Quality of Life, Social Class

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The Biological Embedding of Early Experience and Its Effects on Health in Adulthood

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