Psychological Safety: A Meta‐Analytic Review and Extension

Frazier, M. Lance; Fainshmidt, Stav; Klinger, Ryan L.; Pezeshkan, Amir; Vracheva, Veselina

doi:10.1111/peps.12183

Cited by 1,231Job Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorTeam Dynamics and PerformanceOccupational Health and Safety Research

Psychological Safety: A Meta‐Analytic Review and Extension

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Frazier, M. Lance, Fainshmidt, Stav, Klinger, Ryan L., Pezeshkan, Amir, Vracheva, Veselina·2017·Personnel Psychology

DOI 10.1111/peps.12183

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Abstract

Although psychological safety research has flourished in recent years, and despite the empirical support for the important role of psychological safety in the workplace, several critical questions remain. In order to address these questions, we aggregate theoretical and empirical works, and draw on 136 independent samples representing over 22,000 individuals and nearly 5,000 groups, to conduct a comprehensive meta‐analysis on the antecedents and outcomes of psychological safety. We not only present the nomological network of psychological safety but also extend this research in 4 important ways. First, we compare effect sizes to determine the relative effectiveness of antecedents to psychological safety. Second, we examine the extent to which psychological safety influences both task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors over and beyond related concepts such as positive leader relations and work engagement. Third, we examine whether research design characteristics and national culture alter validities within the nomological network, thus promoting a more accurate and contextualized understanding of psychological safety. Finally, we test the homology assumption by comparing the effect sizes of the antecedents and outcomes of psychological safety across individual and group levels of analysis. We conclude with a discussion of the areas in need of future examination.

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Unfolding the Proactive Process for Creativity
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Managing the Risk of Learning: Psychological Safety in Work Teams
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Psychological Safety, Knowledge Sharing, and Creative Performance in Healthcare Teams
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Structure and Learning in Self-Managed Teams: Why “Bureaucratic” Teams Can Be Better Learners
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The College Sophomore as Guinea Pig: Setting the Record Straight
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Corruption, Development and Underdevelopment
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The Influence of Psychological Safety and Confidence in Knowledge on Employee Knowledge Sharing
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Exploring the role of psychological safety in promoting the intention to continue sharing knowledge in virtual communities
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Team Exploratory and Exploitative Learning: Psychological Safety, Task Conflict, and Team Performance
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The interaction of social skill and organizational support on job performance.
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Managing diversity at work: Does psychological safety hold the key to racial differences in employee performance?
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The other side of the story: Reexamining prevailing assumptions about organizational citizenship behavior
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Behavioral integrity for safety, priority of safety, psychological safety, and patient safety: A team-level study.
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Peer assessment as a collaborative learning activity: The role of interpersonal variables and conceptions
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Self-citation
Creativity and Innovation in Organizational Teams
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Culture's Consequences for Leadership Behavior
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The Coevolution of Network Ties and Perceptions of Team Psychological Safety
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Meta-analytic Reviews in the Organizational Sciences: Two Meta-analytic Schools on the Way to MARS (the Meta-analytic Reporting Standards)
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The Structural Context of Team Learning: Effects of Organizational and Team Structure on Internal and External Learning
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Doing right versus getting ahead: The effects of duty and achievement orientations on employees’ voice.
Tangirala, S., Kamdar, D., Venkataramani, V., & Parke, M. R. (2013) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033855 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Thick as thieves: The effects of ethical orientation and psychological safety on unethical team behavior.
Pearsall, M. J., & Ellis, A. P. J. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021503 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
An Empirical Study of System Improvement by Frontline Employees in Hospital Units
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What happens when you trust your supervisor? Mediators of individual performance in trust relationships
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A review of research on personality in teams: Accounting for pathways spanning levels of theory and analysis
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Organizational Commitment in Mexican Small and Medium-Sized Firms: The Role of Work Status, Organizational Climate, and Entrepreneurial Orientation
Clercq, D. D., & Rius, I. B. (2007) · Journal of Small Business Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-627x.2007.00223.x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Revisiting the file drawer problem in meta‐analysis: An assessment of published and nonpublished correlation matrices.
Dalton, D., Aguinis, H., Dalton, C. M., Bosco, F., & Pierce, C. (2012) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2012.01243.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Successfully Combining Meta-analysis and Structural Equation Modeling: Recommendations and Strategies
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Attitude toward teamwork and effective teaming
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Untitled work
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The Roles of Worker Expertise, Information Sharing Quality, and Psychological Safety in Manufacturing Process Innovation: An Intellectual Capital Perspective
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The Effects of Threat Sensitivity and Face Giving on Dyadic Psychological Safety and Upward Communication1
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The Influence of Coworker Feedback on Salespeople
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Relationships between psychological safety climate facets and safety behavior in the rail industry: A dominance analysis
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Trust in Supervisors and Trust in Customers: Their Independent, Relative, and Joint Effects on Employee Performance and Creativity
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Repairing trust with individuals vs. groups
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The College Sophomore as Guinea Pig: Setting the Record Straight
Greenberg, J. (1987) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258001 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Increasing Learning and Time Efficiency in Interorganizational New Product Development Teams*
Bstieler, L., & Hemmert, M. (2010) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2010.00731.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Global organizational communities of practice: The effects of nationality diversity, psychological safety, and media richness on community performance
Kirkman, B. L., Cordery, J. L., Mathieu, J. E., Rosen, B., & Kukenberger, M. R. (2013) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726712464076 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Psychological safety and social support in groupware adoption: A multi-level assessment in education
Schepers, J., de Jong, A., Wetzels, M. G. M., & de Ruyter, K. (2007) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2007.08.001 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Voice Climate, Work Outcomes, and the Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment
Frazier, M. L., & Fainshmidt, S. (2012) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601112463960 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citation
Linking learning and knowledge creation to project success in Six Sigma projects: An empirical investigation
Arumugam, V., Antony, J., & Kumar, M. (2012) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2012.09.003 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Complexifying Organizational Theory: Illustrations Using Time Research
Ofori‐Dankwa, J. C., & Julian, S. D. (2001) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2001.4845809 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Linking capacities of high‐quality relationships to team learning and performance in service organizations
Brueller, D., & Carmeli, A. (2011) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.20435 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Social capital and innovation in R&D teams: the mediating roles of psychological safety and learning from mistakes
Gu, Q., Wang, G. G., & Wang, L. (2013) · R and D Management · doi:10.1111/radm.12002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Rebounding from Corruption: Perceptions of Ethics Program Effectiveness in a Public Sector Organization
Pelletier, K. L., & Bligh, M. C. (2006) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9027-3 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Student Learning in Business Simulation: An Empirical Investigation
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The role of continuous quality improvement and psychological safety in predicting work-arounds
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Virtuous Creativity: The Effects of Leader Behavioural Integrity on Follower Creative Thinking and Risk Taking
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Task Design, Team Context, and Psychological Safety: An Empirical Analysis of R&D Projects in High Technology Organizations
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Knowledge acquisition: the roles of perceived value of knowledge content and source
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Revised NEO Personality Inventory
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Improving work environments in health care
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Promoting the intention of students to continue their participation in e‐learning systems
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Leader openness, nationality dissimilarity, and voice in multinational management teams
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Deep-Level Team Composition and Innovation
Post, C. A. (2012) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601112456289 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Psychological Mechanism Linking Abusive Supervision and Compulsory Citizenship Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Study
Zhao, H., Peng, Z., Han, Y., Sheard, G., & Hudson, A. (2013) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2012.680522 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Relationships between climate, process, and performance in continuous quality improvement groups
Wilkens, R., & London, M. (2006) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2006.05.005 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Developing Synergistic Knowledge in Student Groups
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Contextual antecedents of informal feedback in the workplace
van der Rijt, J., van de Wiel, M. W. J., den Bossche, P. V., Segers, M. S. R., & Gijselaers, W. (2012) · Human Resource Development Quarterly · doi:10.1002/hrdq.21129 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Managing knowledge exchange and identification in age diverse teams
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Transactive memory directories in small work units
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Leader behaviors and career derailment potential: A multi-analytic method examination of rating source and self–other agreement
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Publication Bias against Null Results
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Impact of Organizational Identification and Psychological Safety on Initial Perceptions of Coworker Trustworthiness
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Racial Differences in Helping Behaviors: The Role of Respect, Safety, and Identification
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Team Learning and Effectiveness in Virtual Project Teams: The Role of Beliefs about Interpersonal Context
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The effects of trust climate on individual performance
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The Influence of Coworker Feedback on Salespeople
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Exploring the impact of trust on research scientists' work engagement
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Psychological Climate and Work Attitudes
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Error Orientation and Reflection at Work
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Leadership values and learning in China: The mediating role of psychological safety
Wong, A. S. H., Tjosvold, D., & Lu, J. (2010) · Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1177/1038411109355374 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
How interdisciplinary teams can create multi‐disciplinary education: the interplay between team processes and educational quality
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Emotional intelligence and organizational learning in work teams
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Psychological safety: a systematic review of the literature
Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.01.001 · Cited by 1,408 · see citing works
Psychological Safety Comes of Age: Observed Themes in an Established Literature
Edmondson, A. C., & Bransby, D. P. (2023) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-055217 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Work-Family Conflict Impact on Psychological Safety and Psychological Well-Being: A Job Performance Model
Obrenovic, B., Du, J., Khudaykulov, A., & Khan, M. A. S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00475 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Embracing Complexity: Reviewing the Past Decade of Team Effectiveness Research
Mathieu, J. E., Gallagher, P. T., Domingo, M. A. A., & Klock, E. A. (2018) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012218-015106 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Distinguishing Voice and Silence at Work: Unique Relationships with Perceived Impact, Psychological Safety, and Burnout
Sherf, E. N., Parke, M. R., & Isaakyan, S. (2021) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2018.1428 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
The science of teamwork: Progress, reflections, and the road ahead.
Salas, E., Reyes, D. L., & McDaniel, S. H. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000334 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Managing psychological safety in debriefings: a dynamic balancing act
Kolbe, M., Eppich, W., Rudolph, J. W., Meguerdichian, M. J., Catena, H., Cripps, A., Grant, V. J., & Cheng, A. (2019) · BMJ Simulation & Technology Enhanced Learning · doi:10.1136/bmjstel-2019-000470 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
A moderated-mediation analysis of psychological empowerment: Sustainable leadership and sustainable performance
Iqbal, Q., Ahmad, N. H., Nasim, A., & Khan, S. A. R. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121429 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Ethical Leadership and Knowledge Hiding: A Moderated Mediation Model of Psychological Safety and Mastery Climate
Men, C., Fong, P. S. W., Huo, W., Zhong, J., Jia, R., & Luo, J. (2018) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-018-4027-7 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Sustainable development: The colors of sustainable leadership in learning organization
Iqbal, Q., & Ahmad, N. H. (2020) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.2135 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
The presence and potential impact of psychological safety in the healthcare setting: an evidence synthesis
Grailey, K., Murray, E., Reader, T. W., & Brett, S. J. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06740-6 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Changes in workplace practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: the roles of emotion, psychological safety and organisation support
Lee, H. (2021) · Journal of Organizational Effectiveness People and Performance · doi:10.1108/joepp-06-2020-0104 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
The impact of identity leadership on team functioning and well-being in team sport: Is psychological safety the missing link?
Fransen, K., McEwan, D., & Sarkar, M. (2020) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101763 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Does Self-Serving Leadership Hinder Team Creativity? A Moderated Dual-Path Model
Peng, J., Wang, Z., & Chen, X. (2018) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-018-3799-0 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Workplace team resilience: A systematic review and conceptual development
Hartwig, A., Clarke, S., Johnson, S. J., & Willis, S. M. (2020) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/2041386620919476 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
High‐performance work systems and creativity implementation: the role of psychological capital and psychological safety
Agarwal, P., & Farndale, E. (2017) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12148 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
How Does Sustainable Leadership Influence Sustainable Performance? Empirical Evidence From Selected ASEAN Countries
Iqbal, Q., Ahmad, N. H., & Halim, H. A. (2020) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244020969394 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
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Authors: Frazier, M. L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R. L., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V.
Affiliations: Creighton University (US)
Florida International University (US)
Old Dominion University (US)
University of Baltimore (US)
North Central College (US)
Corresponding author: Frazier, M. Lance
ORCID: Frazier, M. Lance
Fainshmidt, Stav
Klinger, Ryan L.
Pezeshkan, Amir
Vracheva, Veselina
Venue: Personnel Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2016-10-14
Volume: 70
Issue: 1
Pages: 113-165
ISSN: 0031-5826 (ISSN-L)
1744-6570
DOI: 10.1111/peps.12183
OpenAlex: W2495600728
Cited by: 1,231
References: 226
Citations by year: 2026: 333 · 2025: 217 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 5
FWCI: 45.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Personnel Psychology (publishedVersion)
ODU Digital Commons (Old Dominion University) (submittedVersion)
Creighton Digital Repository (CDR) (submittedVersion)
Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium) (submittedVersion)
Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Radiological and Ultrasound Technology › Occupational Health and Safety Research
Keywords: psychological safety, workplace safety climate, task performance, organizational citizenship behavior, work engagement, national culture, nomological network, effect size comparison

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Psychological Safety: A Meta‐Analytic Review and Extension

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