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ATR and ATRIP: Partners in Checkpoint Signaling
Abstract
The checkpoint kinases ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3 related) transduce genomic stress signals to halt cell cycle progression and promote DNA repair. We report the identification of an ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP) that is phosphorylated by ATR, regulates ATR expression, and is an essential component of the DNA damage checkpoint pathway. ATR and ATRIP both localize to intranuclear foci after DNA damage or inhibition of replication. Deletion of ATR mediated by the Cre recombinase caused the loss of ATR and ATRIP expression, loss of DNA damage checkpoint responses, and cell death. Therefore, ATR is essential for the viability of human somatic cells. Small interfering RNA directed against ATRIP caused the loss of both ATRIP and ATR expression and the loss of checkpoint responses to DNA damage. Thus, ATRIP and ATR are mutually dependent partners in cell cycle checkpoint signaling pathways.
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“ATR in complex with its nuclear binding partner ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP) binds to this RPA-coated ssDNA via an ATRIP-RPA interaction. ATRIP also serves to activate the checkpoint kinase activity of ATR 4, 27–30.”
From Xeroderma Pigmentosa Group A (XPA), Nucleotide Excision Repair and Regulation by ATR in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Activated ATR kinase phosphorylates many downstream mediators/effectors which include checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), A-kinase-anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12), p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase 2 (MK2), the tumor suppressor protein p53, ATRIP and XPA 27, 31–33.”
From Xeroderma Pigmentosa Group A (XPA), Nucleotide Excision Repair and Regulation by ATR in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“PKA-induced phosphorylation of ATR is distinct from the ATR-Chk1 pathway (Cortez et al., 2001; Liu et al., 2000) since phosphorylation of Ser435 does not promote Chk1 phosphorylation or cell cycle arrest”
From RETRACTED: PKA-Mediated Phosphorylation of ATR Promotes Recruitment of XPA to UV-Induced DNA Damage (2014) · cites this paper as Cortez et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“ATR-interacting protein ATRIP is recruited to ssDNA via direct interaction between RPA and ATRIP, thereby recruiting ATR to RPA-ssDNA [100, 101].”
From Functional interplay between ATM/ATR-mediated DNA damage response and DNA repair pathways in oxidative stress (2014) · cites this paper as [101]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cortez, D., Guntuku, S., Qin, J., & Elledge, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Verna and Mars McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
- Corresponding author
- Elledge, Stephen J.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2001-11-23
- Volume
- 294
- Issue
- 5547
- Pages
- 1713-1716
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1968552183
- Cited by
- 985
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 16.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- ATR, ATRIP, ATM, DNA damage checkpoint, genomic stress, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, replication stress, protein phosphorylation, cell viability
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cell Cycle, Cell Line, Cell Survival, DNA Damage, DNA-Binding Proteins, Exodeoxyribonucleases, Exons, HeLa Cells, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular Weight, Phosphoproteins, Phosphorylation, Precipitin Tests, Protein Binding, Viral Proteins, Signal Transduction, Sequence Alignment, Cell Death, Conserved Sequence, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Gene Deletion, Cell Cycle Proteins, Integrases, Genes, Essential, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
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