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Emergence of Individuality in Genetically Identical Mice
Open accessAbstract
Identical and Still Different: Even in monozygotic twins reared together, there are always observable differences reflecting the influence of individual responses. Freund et al. (p. 756 ; see the Perspective by Bergmann and Frisén ) developed an inbred mouse model for studying the environmental influences on genetically identical animals and examined their effects on behavioral and neural development.
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“A continuity between humans and lower animals is suggested by a study with genetically identical mice in which small early differences in roaming activity became self-reinforcing, compounding over time into large differences in behavior and brain structure”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Freund et al. 2013
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“RFID technology and PIT tags were used to track individuals in large enriched environments to study aspects of their neurobiology or brain development [54].”
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Hierarchy in the home cage affects behaviour and gene expression in group-housed C57BL/6 male mice
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Early-life environmental enrichment generates persistent individualized behavior in mice
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“The results of the longitudinal activity monitoring reproduce our previously observed development of behavioral individuality in ENR (9) in a novel ENR cage system and additionally demonstrate that behavioral trajectories get progressively individualized until the fourth month in ENR and stabilize thereafter.”
InfluentialSelf-citationAdditive gene-environment effects on hippocampal structure in healthy humans
Rabl, U., Meyer, B. M., Diers, K., Bartova, L., Berger, A., Mandorfer, D., Popovic, A., Scharinger, C., Huemer, J., Kalcher, K., et al. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3113-13.2014 · Cited by 68
The Emergence of IndividualityPreprint
Jiang, J., & Lu, Z. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.05842 · Cited by 20
“Humans develop into distinct individuals due to both genes and environments (Freund et al., 2013).”
BackgroundEgervári, G., Ciccocioppo, R., Jentsch, J. D., & Hurd, Y. L. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.019 · Cited by 78
“This explains why individual variability can exist in otherwise genetically highly segregated populations (Freund et al., 2013).”
BackgroundCentral Role of the Brain in Stress and Adaptation
McEwen, B. S. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800951-2.00005-4 · Cited by 39
Gene-environment interactions informing therapeutic approaches to cognitive and affective disorders
Rogers, J., Renoir, T., & Hannan, A. J. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.038 · Cited by 72
Williamson, C. M., Franks, B., & Curley, J. P. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00152 · Cited by 64
What Is Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Good for?
Kempermann, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.852680 · Cited by 90
Self-citationConsolidating the Circuit Model for Addiction
Lüscher, C., & Janak, P. H. (2021) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-092920-123905 · Cited by 94
Leschik, J., Lutz, B., & Gentile, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147339 · Cited by 77
“As it has already been demonstrated by Freund and colleagues, the emergence of individual exploratory behavior positively correlates with individual changes in neurogenesis [54].”
BackgroundPsychoactive pollution suppresses individual differences in fish behaviour
Polverino, G., Martin, J. M., Bertram, M. G., Soman, V. R., Tan, H., Brand, J. A., Mason, R. T., & Wong, B. B. M. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.2294 · Cited by 80
“winning or losing when competing for resources) resulting in larger differences in behavioural strategies in adulthood [69].”
BackgroundGelfo, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00150 · Cited by 76
“, 2017; Kempermann, 2019), gliogenesis (Chakrabarti et al., 2011; Freund et al., 2013), angiogenesis (He et al.”
The emergence and development of behavioral individuality in clonal fish
Laskowski, K. L., Bierbach, D., Jolles, J. W., Doran, C., & Wolf, M. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34113-y · Cited by 82
Kahnau, P., Mieske, P., Wilzopolski, J., Kalliokoski, O., Mandillo, S., Hölter, S. M., Võikar, V., Amfim, A., Badurek, S., Bartelik, A., et al. (2023) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-023-01751-7 · Cited by 77
“It has been shown that differences in activity are more stable over time, which allows more predictability [49, 92–94].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCognitive Reserve in Model Systems for Mechanistic Discovery: The Importance of Longitudinal Studies
McQuail, J. A., Dunn, A. R., Stern, Y., Barnes, C. A., Kempermann, G., Rapp, P. R., Kaczorowski, C. C., & Foster, T. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.607685 · Cited by 67
Self-citationRFID-supported video tracking for automated analysis of social behaviour in groups of mice
Peleh, T., Bai, X., Kas, M. J., & Hengerer, B. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108323 · Cited by 74
“However, further analysis is required to understand whether these dynamics changes result from individual variability in behavioural trajectories or whether they are influenced by the establishment of a social hierarchy (Freund et al., 2013; Uhrich, 1938).”
Savi, A. O., Marsman, M., van der Maas, H. L. J., & Maris, G. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619866447 · Cited by 84
Polverino, G., Ruberto, T., Staaks, G., & Mehner, T. (2016) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.03.013 · Cited by 54
Freund, J., Brandmaier, A. M., Lewejohann, L., Kirste, I., Kritzler, M., Krüger, A., Sachser, N., Lindenberger, U., & Kempermann, G. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.027 · Cited by 67
“For an overview of the enclosure’s layout as well as details on cage maintenance procedures, see Freund et al. (2013).”
InfluentialSelf-citationKörholz, J., Zocher, S., Grzyb, A. N., Morisse, B., Poetzsch, A., Ehret, F., Schmied, C., & Kempermann, G. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.35690 · Cited by 66
“We have previously argued that the active participation with the outer world and habitat that manifests itself in the individual range of locomotion within that world (roaming entropy) is a major driving force of brain plasticity, presumably not limited to adult hippocampal neurogenesis (Freund et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationZilkha, N., Sofer, Y., Beny, Y., & Kimchi, T. (2016) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2016.04.014 · Cited by 52
“This tracking methodology allowed researchers to follow 40 mice for several weeks in an enriched environment, and to correlate their individual behaviors with hippocampal neurogenesis [90] (Figure 1i).”
BackgroundMethodWithin-strain variation in behavior differs consistently between common inbred strains of mice
Loos, M., Koopmans, B., Aarts, E., Maroteaux, G., van der Sluis, S., Verhage, M., & Smit, A. B. (2015) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-015-9578-7 · Cited by 56
“Nonetheless, in experimental studies employing isogenic (genetic identical) mice, in which environmental conditions are highly standardized to reduce environmental variation, behavioral differences between isogenic mice are observed (Gärtner 1990; Crabbe et al. 1999; Freund et al. 2013).”
BackgroundLehmann, M. L., Geddes, C. E., Lee, J. L., & Herkenham, M. A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069822 · Cited by 61
“Differential social phenotypes cannot be accounted for by genetic factors, and environmental factors are nearly identical within each condition, yet they emerge nevertheless in group housing [78].”
BackgroundSaragosa‐Harris, N. M., Cohen, A. O., Reneau, T. R., Villano, W. J., Heller, A. S., & Hartley, C. A. (2022) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976221102070 · Cited by 63
“, 2020), we investigated real-world exploration in adults, using geolocation tracking to derive a measure of daily exploration or roaming entropy—the unpredictability of one’s location over time (Freund et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodAdult Neurogenesis in Mammals: Variations and Confusions
Lipp, H., & Bonfanti, L. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000446905 · Cited by 54
Assessing animal individuality: links between personality and laterality in pigs
Goursot, C., Düpjan, S., Kanitz, E., Tuchscherer, A., Puppe, B., & Leliveld, L. (2018) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/cz/zoy071 · Cited by 50
“This first evidence of complex links between personality and laterality in pigs indicates that the neurophysiological processes underlying individuality (Freund et al. 2013) are shared between the 2.”
BackgroundSpatial cognition in mice and rats: similarities and differences in brain and behavior
Hok, V., Poucet, B., Duvelle, É., Save, É., & Sargolini, F. (2016) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1411 · Cited by 57
The structure of behavioral variation within a genotype
Werkhoven, Z., Bravin, A., Skutt-Kakaria, K., Reimers, P., Pallares, L. F., Ayroles, J. F., & de Bivort, B. L. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.64988 · Cited by 77
“Genetic model systems hold particular promise for the mechanistic dissection of this variation, and intragenotypic variability (IGV) in behavior has been characterized in mice (Freund et al., 2013), zebrafish (Pantoja et al.”
BackgroundEmergence of consistent intra-individual locomotor patterns during zebrafish development
Fitzgerald, J. A., Kirla, K. T., Zinner, C., & Berg, C. V. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49614-y · Cited by 54
Metadata
- Authors
- Freund, J., Brandmaier, A. M., Lewejohann, L., Kirste, I., Kritzler, M., Krüger, A., Sachser, N., Lindenberger, U., & Kempermann, G.
- Affiliations
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development (DE)
- University of Münster (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Freund, Julia
- Brandmaier, Andreas M.
- Kempermann, Gerd
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2013-05-10
- Volume
- 340
- Issue
- 6133
- Pages
- 756-759
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2053065690
- Cited by
- 536
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 18
- FWCI
- 15.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- National Institutes of Health (AI51794, U19 AI51794)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19 AI 51794, AI 51794)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Keywords
- individual differences, neuroplasticity, inbred mouse strains, exploratory activity, hippocampal neurogenesis, environmental enrichment, aging, nonshared environment, behavioral genetics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Body Weight, Brain, Female, Hippocampus, Individuality, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred Strains, Neuronal Plasticity, Organ Size, Models, Animal, Mice, Neurogenesis
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