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TGF-β Activation and Function in Immunity
Open accessAbstract
The cytokine TGF-β plays an integral role in regulating immune responses. TGF-β has pleiotropic effects on adaptive immunity, especially in the regulation of effector and regulatory CD4 + T cell responses. Many immune and nonimmune cells can produce TGF-β, but it is always produced as an inactive complex that must be activated to exert functional effects. Thus, activation of latent TGF-β provides a crucial layer of regulation that controls TGF-β function. In this review, we highlight some of the important functional roles for TGF-β in immunity, focusing on its context-specific roles in either dampening or promoting T cell responses. We also describe how activation of TGF-β controls its function in the immune system, with a focus on the key roles for members of the integrin family in this process.
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“Together with IL-10, TGF-β is another powerful anti-inflammatory cytokine that acts on many target cells and tones down the inflammatory effects of TNF, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-12, etc. (61, 67, 68).”
From Macrophage Cytokines: Involvement in Immunity and Infectious Diseases (2014) · cites this paper as [67]
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“TGF-β is a potent suppressor of both Th1 and Th2 cells, but foments the maintenance and function of Tregs (67, 69).”
From Macrophage Cytokines: Involvement in Immunity and Infectious Diseases (2014) · cites this paper as [67]
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“Importantly, TAMs induce immunosuppression via release of IL-10 and TGF-β, both of which inhibit the development of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, and may fuel the appearance of more M2-like TAMs at the tumor site (8, 67, 90).”
From Macrophage Cytokines: Involvement in Immunity and Infectious Diseases (2014) · cites this paper as [67]
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“Inactively expressed in a latent complex with a latent-associated peptide (LAP), TGFß1 is secreted into the extracellular space and bound by latent TGFß-binding protein 1 (LTBP1), where it remains available for activation [41].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Travis, M. A., & Sheppard, D.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research (GB)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Immunology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-21
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 51-82
- ISSN
- 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-3278
- PMC
- PMC4010192
- OpenAlex
- W2125061065
- Semantic Scholar
- 66463ee09c2d582938e4fe5e4679ce7db83f5c99
- Cited by
- 856
- References
- 191
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 3.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research
- National Institutes of Health (AI077439, HL108794)
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Medical Research Council
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL108794, HL108794, R01HL102292, HL102292, HL53947)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI077439, U19AI077439)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › TGF-β signaling in diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- TGF-beta, latent TGF-beta activation, immune regulation, adaptive immunity, CD4+ T cells, regulatory T cells, effector T cells, integrins, cytokine signaling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dendritic Cells, Humans, Immune System, Immunity, Protein Binding, Signal Transduction, Integrins, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Adaptive Immunity
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