Exercise in space: human skeletal muscle after 6 months aboard the International Space Station
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this investigation was to document the exercise program used by crewmembers ( n = 9; 45 ± 2 yr) while aboard the International Space Station (ISS) for 6 mo and examine its effectiveness for preserving calf muscle characteristics. Before and after spaceflight, we assessed calf muscle volume (MRI), static and dynamic calf muscle performance, and muscle fiber types (gastrocnemius and soleus). While on the ISS, crewmembers had access to a running treadmill, cycle ergometer, and resistance exercise device. The exercise regimen varied among the crewmembers with aerobic exercise performed ∼5 h/wk at a moderate intensity and resistance exercise performed 3–6 days/wk incorporating multiple lower leg exercises. Calf muscle volume decreased ( P < 0.05) 13 ± 2% with greater ( P < 0.05) atrophy of the soleus (−15 ± 2%) compared with the gastrocnemius (−10 ± 2%). Peak power was 32% lower ( P < 0.05) after spaceflight. Force-velocity characteristics were reduced ( P < 0.05) −20 to −29% across the velocity spectrum. There was a 12–17% shift in myosin heavy chain (MHC) phenotype of the gastrocnemius and soleus with a decrease ( P < 0.05) in MHC I fibers and a redistribution among the faster phenotypes. These data show a reduction in calf muscle mass and performance along with a slow-to-fast fiber type transition in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, which are all qualities associated with unloading in humans. Future long-duration space missions should modify the current ISS exercise prescription and/or hardware to better preserve human skeletal muscle mass and function, thereby reducing the risk imposed to crewmembers.
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Space deconditioning effects after 6-month ISS missions include decreased calf muscle volume and power, loss of bone mineral density, and reduction of peak oxygen uptake.
“Examples of these effects include decreased calf muscle volume and power, loss of bone mineral density and reduction of peak oxygen uptake (Trappe et al., 2009; Moore et al., 2014; Sibonga et al., 2015).”
From Human Biomechanical and Cardiopulmonary Responses to Partial Gravity – A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as Trappe et al., 2009
The Abstract reports that calf muscle volume fell 13% and peak power fell 32% after six-month ISS missions. The cited paper does not establish the sentence’s additional claims about bone mineral density or peak oxygen uptake; searches for those outcomes found no supporting passages in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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“Examples of these effects include decreased calf muscle volume and power, loss of bone mineral density and reduction of peak oxygen uptake (Trappe et al., 2009; Moore et al., 2014; Sibonga et al., 2015).”
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- Authors
- Trappe, S., Costill, D., Gallagher, P., Creer, A., Peters, J. R., Evans, H., Riley, D. A., & Fitts, R. H.
- Affiliations
- Ball State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1159-1168
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2095715157
- Cited by
- 454
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 15.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University) (submittedVersion)
- らん : 纜
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Exploration and Technology
- Keywords
- spaceflight, skeletal muscle atrophy, triceps surae, soleus muscle, gastrocnemius, resistance training, aerobic exercise, myosin heavy chain, muscle fiber type shift, muscle power, force-velocity relationship, muscle unloading, International Space Station, exercise prescription, long-duration spaceflight
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aerobiosis, Biopsy, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Leg, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Muscle Contraction, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Physical Fitness, Space Flight, Weightlessness, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch, Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch, Myosin Heavy Chains
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