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Cited by 235Stress Responses and CortisolNeuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

Studies of the Secretion of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Arginine Vasopressin into the Hypophysial-Portal Circulation of the Conscious Sheep

Engler, Dennis, Pham, Thao, Fullerton, Meryl J., Ooi, Guck, Funder, John W., Clarke, Iain J.·2008·Neuroendocrinology
DOI 10.1159/000125141
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Abstract

Studies were undertaken to characterize the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) into the hypophysial-portal circulation of the conscious sheep. In addition, we examined the temporal relationship between the secretion of these two hypothalamic peptides and the secretion of three pro-opiomelanocortin peptides--adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), ir-beta-endorphin, and ir-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone--and cortisol and determined the effects of an audiovisual emotional stimulus and insulin-induced hypoglycemia on the entire hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In the basal state, the secretion of CRF, AVP, the three pro-opiomelanocortin peptides, and cortisol was pulsatile in nature, and three CRF and AVP pulse patterns were observed: a concordant increase in CRF and AVP, an isolated rise in CRF, and an isolated increase in AVP. In 4 of the 5 animals, a 3-min audiovisual stress (barking dog) rapidly increased the plasma levels of all the measured substances, although the magnitude and duration of the effect differed markedly between the animals. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia markedly increased AVP and, to a lesser extent, CRF concentrations in portal plasma and thereby altered the CRF:AVP molar ratio. Although pituitary-adrenal activation was closely correlated with the increased hypothalamic activity, a strict 1:1 concordance between CRF/AVP secretion and ACTH secretion was not seen. The anesthetic ketamine selectively increased portal AVP concentrations to levels which exceeded those attained during hypoglycemia and rapidly activated the pituitary-adrenal axis. We conclude the following: (1) CRF and AVP are secreted by the hypothalamus in a pulsatile fashion; (2) ACTH secretion can be stimulated by increases in either CRF or AVP; (3) the absence of a strict 1:1 concordance between hypothalamic CRF/AVP release and pituitary ACTH secretion during stress may be partly due to the release of additional hypothalamic ACTH secretagogues; (4) the ability of both audiovisual stimuli and insulin-induced hypoglycemia to augment CRF and AVP secretion indicates that the paraventricular hypothalamus may be activated by a variety of neural inputs, and (5) the marked alteration of the CRF:AVP molar ratio during stress suggests that AVP may be an important ACTH secretagogue in vivo in the sheep.

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  • In humans, periods of ultradian oscillations of the HPA axis hormones range between 20 minutes and 2 hours, while periods of their circadian oscillations are around 24 hours.

    “In humans, periods of ultradian oscillations of the HPA axis hormones altogether range between 20 minutes to 2 hours, while periods of their circadian oscillations are around 24 hours (1, 2, 4–9).”

    From Influence of arginine vasopressin on the ultradian dynamics of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (2022) · cites this paper as [8]

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Authors
Engler, D., Pham, T., Fullerton, M. J., Ooi, G., Funder, J. W., & Clarke, I. J.
ORCID
Venue
Neuroendocrinology
Publisher
S. Karger AG
Published
2008-04-02
Volume
49
Issue
4
Pages
367-381
ISSN
  • 0028-3835 (ISSN-L)
  • 1423-0194
DOI
10.1159/000125141
OpenAlex
W2031152730
Cited by
235
References
57
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
FWCI
2.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords
vasopressin, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, pulsatile hormone secretion, ACTH, cortisol, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, ketamine, paraventricular hypothalamus, sheep, conscious animals
MeSH terms
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, alpha-MSH, Animals, Arginine Vasopressin, beta-Endorphin, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Female, Hydrocortisone, Hypoglycemia, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Radioimmunoassay, Sheep, Stress, Physiological

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