Chronic Stress and Diabetes Mellitus: Interwoven Pathologies
Abstract
Stress threatens the homeostasis and mobilizes a plethora of adaptive physiological and behavioral changes via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. The HPA axis influences the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and adrenal gland via a complex set of positive and negative feedback system. The feedback system operates in a well regulated neuroendocrine manner to reestablish the threatened body equilibrium. The HPA axis secreted major product is a glucocorticoid (cortisol) which is kept within a physiologically optimal range and serves to accomplish the various physiological functions crucial for survival. In chronically stressed individuals dishabituation of HPA axis is followed by increased release of glucocorticoids and catecholamines. Higher secretion of glucocorticoids influences glucose metabolism by promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver, suppressing glucose uptake (adipocytes and skeletal muscles), promoting lipolysis in adipocytes, suppressing insulin secretion, inflicting insulin resistance and inflammation. These biological changes alter neuroendocrine mechanisms and lead to maladaptive congregation of events that form the underlying cause of development of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). The currently reviewed evidences advocate that targeting stress mediated hypersecretion of glucocorticoids may be a viable approach for the treatment of T2D and to reinstate glucose homeostasis.
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Cortisol, with a primary role in stimulating gluconeogenesis, might be understood to be a metabolic rather than a 'stress' hormone.
“Cortisol, with a primary role in stimulating gluconeogenesis, might be understood to be a metabolic rather than a 'stress' hormone.228,229”
From A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [229]
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Mechanistic insights and perspectives involved in neuroprotective action of quercetin
Grewal, A. K., Singh, T. G., Sharma, D., Sharma, V., Singh, M., Rahman, M. H., Najda, A., Walasek-Janusz, M., Kamel, M. S., Albadrani, G. M., et al. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111729 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Self-citationApoptotic Pathways and Alzheimer’s Disease: Probing Therapeutic Potential
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Self-citationA new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder
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Cell-free nucleic acid patterns in disease prediction and monitoring—hype or hope?
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Kynurenine Metabolism and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Potential Targets and Approaches
Sharma, V., Singh, T. G., Prabhakar, N. K., & Mannan, A. (2022) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-022-03546-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“One of such metabolic pathways affected by several neuroinflammatory mechanisms includes the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism, which is the primary route of central tryptophan breakdown [14, 15].”
BackgroundSelf-citationInsulin resistance and bioenergetic manifestations: Targets and approaches in Alzheimer's disease
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Therapies modulating insulin resistance in Parkinson’s disease: A cross talk
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Self-citationAdverse childhood experiences and risk of diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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“and metabolic conditions such as type 2 diabetes [16] and metabolic syndrome [17,18].”
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“This influences glucose metabolism by suppressing insulin secretion, promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver, suppressing glucose uptake, and inflicting insulin resistance [46,47].”
BackgroundThe diabetogenic effects of pesticides: Evidence based on epidemiological and toxicological studies
Wei, Y., Wang, L., & Liu, J. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121927 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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The bidirectional influence between type 2 diabetes mellitus and the state of depression and anxiety
Xu, H., & Chen, Q. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119467 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Roles of traditional chinese medicine regulating neuroendocrinology on AD treatment
Deng, C., Chen, H., Meng, Z., & Meng, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.955618 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kim, B., Samuel, L. J., Thorpe, R. J., Crews, D. C., & Szanton, S. L. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.4674 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Zhang, M., Liu, B., Ke, W., Cai, Y., Zhang, L., Huang, W., Yan, X., & Chen, H. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18305-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…[47] also found in the study of police officers that occupational stress can lead to increased cortisol secretion, which causes insulin resistance and affects glucose metabolism by promoting hepatic glucongenesis, inhibiting glucose uptake, promoting lipolysis and inhibiting insulin secretion [48].”
Background(2021) · Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry · doi:10.33263/briac121.13041323 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Osteoarthritis patients exhibit an autonomic dysfunction with indirect sympathetic dominance
Sohn, R. E., Assar, T., Kaufhold, I., Brenneis, M., Braun, S. B., Junker, M., Zaucke, F., Pongratz, G., & Jenei‐Lanzl, Z. (2024) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-024-05258-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“These results demonstrate an increased stress level also at the molecular level and thus confirm our HRV data [47].”
ResultLuthra, N. S., Clow, A., & Corcos, D. M. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12121695 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bhargava, S. K., Singh, T. G., Mannan, A., Singh, S., Singh, M., & Gupta, S. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20106-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationLichlyter, D. A., Krumm, Z. A., Golde, T. E., & Doré, S. (2022) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.16380 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Power of Lifestyle Psychiatry: A New Approach to Mental Health
Merlo, G., & Sugden, S. G. (2025) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276251329915 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“17,18 Subsequently, lifestyle factors can impact neuroplasticity to aid in the prevention or recovery of brain disorders.”
Bhargava, S. K., Singh, T. G., Mannan, A., Singh, S., & Gupta, S. (2022) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2022.100391 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Hidden Dangers of Sedentary Living: Insights into Molecular, Cellular, and Systemic Mechanisms
Diniz, D. G., Bento‐Torres, J., da Costa, V. O., Carvalho, J. P. R., Tomás, A. M., de Oliveira, T. C. G., Soares, F. C., de Macedo, L. D. E. D., Jardim, N. Y. V., Bento-Torres, N. V. O., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms251910757 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Kravchenko, G. B., Krasilnikova, O. A., Raal, A., Mazen, M., Chaika, N., Kireyev, I. V., Grytsyk, A. R., & Коshovyi, O. (2022) · Natural Products and Bioprospecting · doi:10.1007/s13659-022-00352-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Shao, J., Chen, Y., Gao, D., Liu, Y., Hu, N., Yin, L., Zhang, X., & Yang, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2023.1281919 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chronic stress, gut microbiota, and immunity: interconnections and implications for health
Jia, H., Guo, X., Wei, Y., Can, C., He, N., Zhang, H., Yang, X., Wu, H., Liu, W., & Ma, D. (2025) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-025-05376-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Obesity plays a central role in sustaining this vicious cycle by fostering both peripheral inflammation and neuroendocrine dysregulation, which can intensify the burden of chronic stress and metabolic imbalance [139, 140].”
Romana‐Souza, B., Chen, L., & DiPietro, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578104 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kaur, N., Kishore, L., Farooq, S. A., Kajal, A., Singh, R., Agrawal, R., Mannan, A., & Singh, T. G. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-28339-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“2014; Sharma & Singh 2020).”
Self-citationMao, M., Deng, Y., Wang, L., Zhao, G., Qi, R., Gong, H., Shen, T., Xu, Y., Liu, D., & Chen, B. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16029 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Maternal stress is associated with higher protein-bound amino acid concentrations in human milk
Juncker, H. G., Naninck, E. F. G., van Keulen, B. J., Harinck, J. E., Schipper, L., Lucassen, P. J., van Goudoever, J. B., de Rooij, S. R., & Kőrösi, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1165764 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) maternal (gestational) diabetes mellitus, as the glucocorticoid system may be regulated differently (25, 26), (2) maternal use of psychopharmaceuticals or glucocorticoid medication, as this may interfere with questionnaire scoring, glucocorticoid system…”
BackgroundConde, S. V., Polotsky, V. Y., Joseph, V., & Kinkead, R. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284113 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In fact, targeting stress-mediated hypersecretion of glucocorticoids has been proposed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and to reinstate glucose homeostasis (Sharma & Singh, 2020).”
BackgroundCincotta, A. H. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241713255 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bober, A., Mika, J., & Piotrowska, A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252011323 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The effects of stress on glucose metabolism are mediated by a variety of hormones that are released in response to stress, which in turn results in elevated blood glucose levels, decreased insulin action, and obesity [63–67].”
BackgroundDiabetes and associated cognitive disorders: Role of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal axis
Marissal‐Arvy, N., & Moisan, M. (2022) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2022.100202 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Diabetes and Risk of Surgical Site Infection: A Narrative Review
Arshad, S., Rasul, A., Batool, M., Zukhruf, Z., & Asad, M. (2024) · Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.61919/jhrr.v4i1.500 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
DeFronzo, R. A., Auchus, R. J., Bancos, I., Blonde, L., Busch, R. S., Buse, J. B., Findling, J. W., Fonseca, V. A., Frías, J. P., Hamidi, O., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081121 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Donato‐Trancoso, A., Ribeiro, B. C. D. S., Canto, F. B., Nogueira, J. D. S., & Romana‐Souza, B. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1111/sji.13258 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Unstable Housing and Mortality Among US Veterans Receiving Dialysis
Novick, T. K., Mader, M. J., Johansen, K. L., Matsui, E. C., Montgomery, E. A., Jacobs, E. A., & Crews, D. C. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.44448 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Yan, R., Peng, W., Lu, D., He, J., Sun, J., Guan, L., Liu, S., & Li, D. (2025) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-025-01592-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Reduced cortisol levels improve insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization, further improving blood glucose levels [51].”
Kaur, R., Singh, S., Singh, T. G., Sood, P., & Robert, J. (2022) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-021-00904-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Furthermore, a lengthy history of diabetes and hypertension damages the vasculature (Sharma and Singh 2020a, b, c).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDiabetes Prevention and Measures to Ensuring a Healthy Lifestyle during COVID-19 Pandemic and after
Ayenigbara, I. O. (2023) · Korean Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.4082/kjfm.21.0216 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Haag, F. B., Silva, D. T. D. R. E., Antunes, C. S., Waclawovsky, G., & Lucchese, F. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107110 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Badawy, Y. A., Aljohani, N. H., Salem, G. A., Ashour, F. M., Own, S. A., & Alajrafi, N. F. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.39112 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In chronically stressed individuals, dishabituation of the HPA axis is followed by increased secretion of glucocorticoids which influences glucose metabolism resulting in the development of IR [11].”
BackgroundRicher, M., Grenier, S., LUPIEN, S. J., & Plusquellec, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1499609 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Prediabetes May Alter HPA Axis Activity and Regulation: A Study on Patients with Prediabetes
Mosili, P., Mkhize, B. C., Ngubane, P. S., Sibiya, N. H., & Khathi, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26136231 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“However, metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, has been shown to correlate with a dysregulated HPA axis and altered stress response, contributing to an increased risk of a mental health diagnoses [8–10].”
InfluentialDietary and Nutritional Aspects of Metabolic Syndrome Management: An Overview
Singh, P., Kaushik, U., Mir, S. R., Kukreti, N., & Visht, S. (2025) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715303316445241108100017 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Can lifestyle medicine improve global mental health?
Sugden, S. G., Merlo, G., & Manger, S. (2024) · Academia Mental Health and Well-Being · doi:10.20935/mhealthwellb6224 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ewen, A. M. (2024) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-024-01570-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This, in turn, activates the sympathetic nervous system/sympathetic-adre-nal-medullary system, increases glucocorticoids and leads to inflammation [10].”
Osunde, R. N., Olorunfemi, O., Edwards, O. S., Oduyemi, R. O., & Sodimu, J. O. (2025) · Bangladesh Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/bjem.bjem_19_24 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wang, W., Lin, F., Zhang, C., Chang, X., Wang, G., & Feng, L. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23675-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The disturbances of inflammatory activities could influence glucose metabolism by multiple pathways such as promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver and suppressing insulin secretion [46].”
Ludwig-Borycz, E. F., Lee, H., Ryan, L. H., Heeringa, S. G., McEvoy, C. T., Wolfson, J. A., Agrawal, A., Langa, K. M., & Leung, C. W. (2025) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.70480 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Biological Susceptibility of Patients with Schizophrenia to Metabolic Syndrome: A Review
Ma, J., Huang, Z., Chen, J., & Wang, G. (2025) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.31083/ap39896 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Its main functions are to promote hepatic gluconeogenesis, inhibit glucose uptake, promote lipolysis, and inhibit insulin secretion, eventually leading to insulin resistance and metabolic disorders [72].”
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Its Regulation
Li, S., & Zhu, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5322-5_1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhu, Y., Li, J., Qin, W., Wang, L., Qi, Q., Li, S., Cheng, Y., Shen, Y., Yang, W., Zhu, Z., et al. (2025) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-025-04030-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Chronic stress can activate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, contributing to metabolic dysregulation [34, 35].”
Zhu, S., Hou, L., Ma, J., Li, S., Sun, W., Liu, W., Hao, J., Xiao, W., Cheng, S., Zhang, D., et al. (2023) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih.e2023071 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of Chronically Skipping Meals On Atrial Fibrillation Risk
Nizami, H., Su, L., Jain, R., & Jain, R. (2022) · Future Cardiology · doi:10.2217/fca-2021-0086 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Park, D., Goo, S. Y., Hong, S. H., Min, J., Byeon, J. Y., Lee, M., Lee, H., Ahn, B. W., Kimm, H., Jee, S. H., et al. (2022) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hou, X., Yi, C., Zhang, Z., Wen, H., Sun, Y., Xu, J., Luo, H., & Yang, T. (2023) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md21030139 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The increase of GC level will promote gluconeogenesis in liver, inhibit glucose metabolism, inhibit glucose uptake in adipocytes and skeletal muscle, promote lipolysis in adipocytes, inhibit insulin secretion, cause insulin resistance and inflammation to affect glucose metabolism and guide the occurrence of metabolic…”
BackgroundEffect of cortisol and glycosylated-hemoglobin levels on mortality in intensive care unit
Şen, Ö., Uzun, U., Aydin, N., & Guldogan, I. (2024) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/smj.2024.45.5.20240076 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Karvonen-Gutierrez, C. A., Kumar, N., Hood, M. M., Musch, D. C., Harlow, S. D., & Moroi, S. E. (2021) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001880 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Association of the Effect of SLC6A4 Gene Polymorphisms on the Risk of Diabetes
Haghighat, K., & Mahmoudi, F. (2022) · Gene Cell and Tissue · doi:10.5812/gct-127469 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Бумейстер, В. І., Сікора, В. З., Yarmolenko, O. S., & Prykhodko, O. (2022) · Bulletin of Problems Biology and Medicine · doi:10.29254/2077-4214-2022-3-166-350-355 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Li, J., Meng, L., Wu, D., Xu, H., Hu, X., Hu, G.-F., Chen, Y., Xu, J., Gong, T., & Liu, D. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.15647 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“However, in the presence of prolonged stress, abnormal blood glucose levels can result from the promotion of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis by catecholamines, glucagon, growth hormone, glucocorticoids, and the relative deficiency of insulin ( Sharma & Singh, 2020 ).”
Yang, M. J., Shangguan, Q., Xie, G., Sheng, G., & Yang, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1465242 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gai, J., Yan, H., & Wang, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-98643-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liu, X., Wang, Q., Qiao, S., & Zhu, X. (2025) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i7.104970 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Amjad, K., Khan, M., Hashim, H., Shafait, S., & Arif, S. (2025) · Brain Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.dscb.2025.100283 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, Z., Liu, L., Wang, C., Peng, W., Wu, Q., Peng, P., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1563265 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“First, chronic stress from diabetes management can lead to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in elevated cortisol levels that affect cognitive and perceptual processes associated with PLEs (45).”
Kim, S. B., Park, S., Jin, S. M., Kim, J. H., & Kim, G. (2026) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.70204 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hatamova, M., Rizk, M., Rattan, K., Gaballa, A., & McFarlane, S. I. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.102108 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Comorbid stress and depressive symptoms in individuals with diabetes are associated with a higher incidence of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including stroke and cardiovascular death [47,48].”
InfluentialQin, B., Pang, H., Huang, Y., Chen, C., Yang, Y., Tian, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1807845 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Severity often parallels in fl ammatory disease activity (23 – 25).”
Role of Lifestyle and Stress on Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study
Harikrishnan, S., Pulate, R., Terrance, S., Shikfa, O., & Sreedharan, J. (2023) · Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal · doi:10.13005/bpj/2680 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Strategies of Well-being Training and Resilience
Walters, D. M., & Maddaus, M. A. (2024) · Thoracic surgery clinics/Thorac. surg. clin. · doi:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2024.04.006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Malara, M. (2024) · Medical Research Journal · doi:10.5603/mrj.99191 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cunningham, S. A., Sugihara, M., & Jones, R. (2024) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/00324728.2024.2371286 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…health conditions, especially obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, have clear causal links with victimization via stress, while for others, such as cancer and respiratory conditions, the causal pathways are more distal (Suglia et al. 2015; van der Valk et al. 2018; Sharma and Singh 2020).”
Saroglitazar - A novel treatment for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Noorani, S., Ankam, M., Ganesh, C. H. S. V., Banu, R., Vani, P., Polarapu, N., Jangra, S., Shaima, K. A., & Bhyan, B. (2024) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0228900 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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“Hypersecretion of the stress hormone cortisol influences glucose metabolism by promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver, suppressing glucose uptake, suppressing insulin secretion, and inducing insulin resistance, consequently leading to T2DM (Sharma and Singh 2020).”
Zulfiqar, A. (2023) · Journal of Islamic International Medical College · doi:10.57234/jiimc.june23.1738 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Singh, R., Rao, H. K., Sharma, A. K., Singh, T. G., Parashar, A., Singh, R., & Saini, B. (2021) · Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research · doi:10.2478/sjecr-2021-0057
“In addition to this, the intake of high calories and physical inactivity potentially increase the likelihood of T2DM (2).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe essentials of diabetes prevention and management during COVID-19 pandemic
Ayenigbara, I. O. (2021) · Clinical Diabetology · doi:10.5603/dk.2021.0052
“As explained elaborately by Sharma and colleague [68], the role of stress in the emergence and progres-”
BackgroundGlucose: Metabolism and homeostasis
Jones, J. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821848-8.00130-x
Determination of biologically active substances extraction parameters from cranberry leaves
Vlasova, I., Коshovyi, O., Кухтенко, О. С., Komisarenko, M. A., Ilina, Т. V., & Kovalyova, A. M. (2022) · Current issues in pharmacy and medicine science and practice · doi:10.14739/2409-2932.2022.2.258524
“Передбачуваним механізмом розвитку ЦД2 є інсулінорезистентність (ІР), яка власне і є зниженням біологічної відповіді клітин на один або кілька впливів інсуліну при його нормальній концентрації у крові [3].”
FEATURES OF ADRENAL GLAND VESSEL REMODELING UNDER CONDITIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL HYPERGLYCEMIA
Бумейстер, В. І., Сікора, В. З., Yarmolenko, O. S., & Prykhodko, O. (2023) · Bulletin of Problems Biology and Medicine · doi:10.29254/2077-4214-2023-1-168-301-308
The extended autonomic system: An integrative physiological perspective
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Wechselwirkung zwischen eingeschränkter Insulinsekretionskapazität und Insulinresistenz
Würfel, M., Tönjes, A., & Stümvoll, M. (2024) · Die Diabetologie · doi:10.1007/s11428-024-01148-2
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RESPOSTAS DOS NÍVEIS DE CORTISOL AO EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
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- Authors
- Sharma, V. K., & Singh, T. G.
- Affiliations
- Chitkara University (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, Thakur Gurjeet
- Venue
- Current Diabetes Reviews
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2020-06-14
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 546-556
- ISSN
- 1573-3998 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2985311368
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 0.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Diabetes Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- chronic stress, type 2 diabetes, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoids, cortisol, insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, gluconeogenesis, sympathetic nervous system, catecholamines, neuroendocrine feedback, inflammation, glucose homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Chronic Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Insulin Resistance, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Sympathetic Nervous System
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