Cited by 5,292Cardiovascular Health and Risk FactorsHealthcare Systems and Public HealthHealth Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention

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Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

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Go, Alan S., Mozaffarian, Dariush, Roger, Véronique L., Benjamin, Emelia J., Berry, Jarett D., Borden, William B., Bravata, Dawn M., Dai, Shifan, Ford, Earl S., Fox, Caroline S., Franco, Sheila, Fullerton, Heather J., Gillespie, Cathleen, Hailpern, Susan M., Heit, John A., Howard, Virginia J., Huffman, Mark D., Kissela, Brett M., Kittner, Steven J., Lackland, Daniel T., Lichtman, Judith H., Lisabeth, Lynda D., Magid, David, Marcus, Gregory M., Marelli, Ariane, Matchar, David B., McGuire, Darren K., Mohler, Emile R., Moy, Claudia S., Mussolino, Michael E., Nichol, Graham, Paynter, Nina P., Schreiner, Pamela J., Sorlie, Paul D., Stein, Joel, Turan, Tanya N., Virani, Salim S., Wong, Nathan D., Woo, Daniel, Turner, Melanie B.·2013·Circulation

DOI 10.1161/cir.0b013e31828124adPMC PMC5408511

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Abstract

Each year, the American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies, brings together the most up-to-date statistics on heart disease, stroke, other vascular diseases, and their risk factors and presents them in its Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update*The Statistical Update is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, healthcare policy makers, media professionals, the lay public, and many others who seek the best national data available on heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality and the risks, quality of care, medical procedures and operations, and costs associated with the management of these diseases in a single document*Indeed, since 1999, the Statistical Update has been cited >10 500 times in the literature, based on citations of all annual versions*In 2011 alone, the various Statistical Updates were cited ≈1500 times (data from ISI Web of Science)*In recent years, the Statistical Update has undergone some major changes with the addition of new chapters and major updates across multiple areas, as well as increasing the number of ways to access and use the information assembled*For this year's edition, the Statistics Committee, which produces the document for the AHA, updated all of the current chapters with the most recent nationally representative data and inclusion of relevant articles from the literature over the past year*This year's edition also implements a new chapter organization to reflect the spectrum of cardiovascular health behaviors and health factors and risks, as well as subsequent complicating conditions, disease states, and outcomes*Also, the 2013 Statistical Update contains new data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, with additional new focus on evidence-based approaches to changing behaviors, implementation strategies, and implications of the AHA's 2020 Impact Goals*Below are a few highlights from this year's Update . © 2013 American Heart Association, Inc.

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Crossref · 10.1161/cir.0b013e31828124ad

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In the paper
“40.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.5–54.6) for high blood pressure”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
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In the paper
“13.7% (95% CI, 4.8–22.3) for smoking”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
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In the paper
“8.8% (95% CI, 2.1–15.4) for abnormal glucose levels”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
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Show all 511 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 308
Probably not a substantial claim. 152
The quote only partly states this claim. 6

In the paper
“If current trends continue, estimated cardiovascular health will improve by 6%, short of the AHA’s goal of 20%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Trends Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
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In the paper
“The percentage of students who reported ever trying cigarettes remained stable from 1991 to 1999 and then declined from 70.4% in 1999 to 44.7% in 2011.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
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In the paper
“Interestingly, based on NHANES 1999–2002, only modest intercorrelations are present between different cardiovascular health metrics. For example, these ranged from a correlation of −0.12 between PA and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) to a correlation of 0.29 between BMI and HbA1c. Thus, the 7 AHA cardiovascular health metrics appear interrelated, but only modestly, with substantial independent variation in”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
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In the paper
“Adjusted population attributable fractions for ischemic HD mortality were as follows6:34.7% (95% CI, 6.6%–57.7%) for HBP16.7% (95% CI, 6.4%–26.6%) for smoking20.6% (95% CI, 1.2%–38.6%) for poor diet7.8% (95% CI, 0%–22.2%) for insufficient PA7.5% (95% CI, 3.0%–14.7%) for abnormal glucose levels”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
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In the paper
“Among youths 12 to 17 years of age in 2010, 2.6 million (10.7%) used a tobacco product (cigarettes, cigars, or smokeless tobacco) in the past month, and 2.0 million (8.3%) used cigarettes.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
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In the paper
“Ford et al7 demonstrated similar relationships.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The states with the highest percentage of current cigarette smokers were Kentucky (29.0%), West Virginia (28.6%), and Arkansas (27.0%). Utah has the lowest percentage of smokers (11.8%) (BRFSS).4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
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In the paper
“Importantly, both ideal health behaviors and ideal health factors were independently associated with lower CVD risk in a stepwise fashion (Chart 2-12).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
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In the paper
“The AHA cardiovascular health metrics predict future cardiometabolic risk when assessed in youth. In the Young Finns Study, a stepwise, inverse association was found between the number of ideal cardiovascular health metrics in adolescence (12–18 years of age) and risk of developing hypertension, dyslipidemia, or high carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in adulthood after 21 years of follow-up (”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Adjusted population attributable fractions for CVD mortality were as follows6:40.6% (95% CI, 24.5%–54.6%) for HBP13.7% (95% CI, 4.8%–22.3%) for smoking13.2% (95% CI, 3.5%–29.2%) for poor diet11.9% (95% CI, 1.3%–22.3%) for insufficient PA8.8% (95% CI, 2.1%–15.4%) for abnormal glucose levels”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The percentage who reported current cigarette use (on at least 1 day in the 30 days before the survey) increased between 1991 and 1997 and then declined from 36.4% in 1997 to 18.1% in 2011.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
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Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
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In the paper
“The percentage who reported current frequent cigarette use (smoked on ≥20 of the 30 days before the survey) increased from 1991 to 1999 and then declined from 16.8% in 1999 to 6.4% in 2011.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
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In the paper
“From 1998 to 2007, cigarette smoking prevalence among adults ≥18 years of age decreased in 44 states and the District of Columbia. Six states had no substantial changes in prevalence after controlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity (BRFSS).8”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
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Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
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In the paper
“Each year from 2000 to 2004, smoking caused 3.1 million years of potential life lost for males and 2.0 million years for females, excluding deaths attributable to smoking-attributable residential fires and adult deaths attributable to secondhand smoke.16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
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Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In 2008, $9.94 billion was spent on marketing cigarettes in the United States.25”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a study of 12 812 youth 9 to 18 years of age, the PA level in boys and girls declined starting at the age of 13, with a significantly greater decline in activity among girls.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
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In the paper
“As of December 31, 2010, 25 states and the District of Columbia had laws that prohibited smoking in indoor areas of worksites, restaurants, and bars; no states had such laws in 2000.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Secondhand Smoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
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In the paper
“During 2000 to 2004, ≈49 000 (11.1%) of cigarette smoking–related deaths were attributable to secondhand smoke.16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“On average, male smokers die 13.2 years earlier than male nonsmokers, and female smokers die 14.5 years earlier than female nonsmokers.17”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
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In the paper
“Among people ages 12 to 49 years of age who had started smoking within the past 12 months, the average age of first cigarette use was 17.3 years, similar to the average in 2009 (17.5 years).2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
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In the paper
“During 2000 to 2004, cigarette smoking resulted in an estimated 269 655 deaths annually among males and 173 940 deaths annually among females.16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Short exposures to secondhand smoke can cause blood platelets to become stickier, damage the lining of blood vessels, and decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, potentially increasing the risk of an acute MI (AMI).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Secondhand Smoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
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Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
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In the paper
“From 2000 to 2004, smoking during pregnancy resulted in an estimated 776 infant deaths annually.16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“During 2007 to 2008, the percentage of nonsmokers with detectable serum cotinine was higher for those 3 to 11 years of age (53.6%) and those 12 to 19 years of age (46.5%) than for those ≥20 years of age (36.7%); the percentage was also higher for non-Hispanic blacks (55.9%) than for non-Hispanic whites (40.1%) and Mexican Americans (28.5%; NHANES).24”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Secondhand Smoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
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In the paper
“The 2010 estimate averages out to ≈6500 new cigarette smokers every day.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
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In the paper
“The prevalence of watching television ≥3 hours per day was highest among black girls (54.9%) and boys (54.4%), followed by Hispanic boys (38.4%) and girls (37.2%) and white boys (27.3%) and girls (23.9%).1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
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In the paper
“Direct medical costs ($96 billion) and lost productivity costs ($97 billion) associated with smoking totaled an estimated $193 billion per year between 2000 and 2004.16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
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Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The percentage of the US nonsmoking population with detectable serum cotinine declined from 52.5% in 1999 to 2000 to 40.1% in 2007 to 2008, with declines occurring for children and adults.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Secondhand Smoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
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Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study of 3068 youths between 14 and 24 years of age from 1999 to 2006 found that the prevalence of inactivity went up with age for both boys and girls. Across ages, girls had a higher prevalence of physical inactivity than boys.2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
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In the paper
“Cigarette prices have increased 283% between the early 1980s and 2011, resulting in decreased sales from ≈30 million packs sold in 1982 to ≈14 million packs sold in 2011.25”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2008, 64.5% of adult current smokers ≥18 years of age with a checkup during the preceding year reported that they had been advised to quit, which was not significantly different from 2002 (63.1%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Smoking Cessation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19]
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In the paper
“In 2005, tobacco smoking was the cause of ≈467 000 adult deaths (19.1%) in the United States. Approximately one third of these deaths were related to CVD.15”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedn = 467,000
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The number of new smokers <18 years of age (1.4 million) is similar to that in 2002 (1.3 million); however, new smokers ≥18 years of age increased from ≈600 000 in 2002 to 1 million in 2010 (NSDUH).2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
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In the paper
“In 2010:≈2.4 million people ≥12 years of age smoked cigarettes for the first time within the past 12 months, which was similar to the estimate in 2009 (2.5 million).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2011, the proportion of students who met activity recommendations of at least 60 minutes of PA on 7 days of the week was 28.7% nationwide and declined from 9th (30.7%) to 12th (25.1%) grades. At each grade level, the proportion was higher in boys than in girls.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
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In the paper
“Inactivity was higher among women than men (33.2% versus 29.9%, age-adjusted) and increased with age from 26.1% to 33.4%, 40.0%, and 52.4% among adults 18 to 44, 45 to 64, 65 to 74, and ≥75 years of age, respectively.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The proportion of adults reporting levels of PA consistent with the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans remains low and decreases with age.8,9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
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In the paper
“Despite recommendations from the National Association for Sport and Physical Education that schools should require daily physical education for students in kindergarten through 12th grade,6 only 51.8% of students attended physical education classes in school daily (56.7% of boys and 46.7% of girls).1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The percentage of men who engaged in both leisure-time aerobic and strengthening activities decreased with age, from 39.8% at age 18 to 24 years to 11.1% at ≥75 years of age. The percentage of women who engaged in both leisure-time aerobic and strengthening activities also decreased with age, from 20.7% at age 18 to 24 years to 5.3% at ≥75 years of age, on the basis of the 2011 NHIS.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the basis of accelerometer counts per minute >2020, 42% of 6- to 11-year-olds accumulated ≥260 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA on ≥5 days per week, whereas only 8% of 12-to 15-year-olds and 7.6% of 16- to 19-year-olds achieved similar counts.5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Little more than half (58.4%) of high school students played on at least 1 school or community sports team in the previous year; however, the prevalence declined with increasing grade level, from 61.4% in the 9th grade to 52.5% in the 12th grade.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2011, more high school boys (38.3%) than girls (18.5%) self-reported having been physically active at least 60 minutes per day on all_7 days; self-reported rates of activity were higher in white (30.4%) than in black (26.0%) or Hispanic (26.5%) adolescents.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 2010 National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Study showed that a total of 15.3% of high school students met the recommendations for aerobic activity, 51.0% met the recommendations for muscle-strengthening activity, and 12.2% met the recommendations for both aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities.4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“high dietary trans fatty acids for 82 000 annual deaths”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a 1.2 g/d reduction in dietary sodium was projected to reduce US annual cases of incident CHD by 60 000 to 120 000, stroke by 32 000 to 66 000, and total mortality by 44 000 to 92 000.119”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“estimated costs per year of life gained were between $9800 and $18 000 for statin therapy, ≥$1500 for nurse screening and lifestyle advice, $500 to $1250 for smoking cessation, and $20 to $900 for population-based healthy eating.112”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [112]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“High dietary salt consumption was estimated to be responsible for 102 000 annual deaths”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sodium restriction increased total mortality in trials of patients with CHF (RR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.04–6.44), but these data were based on very few events (n=21 deaths).96”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedn = 21
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Consumer Price Index for food increased 3.7% in 2011.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Prices for foods eaten at home increased 4.8% in 2011, whereas prices for foods eaten away from home increased by 1.9%.111”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These associations were greater with larger differences in sodium intake and longer follow-up.97”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 25
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“low dietary omega-3 fatty acids for 84 000 annual deaths”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Each year, >$33 billion in medical costs and $9 billion in lost productivity resulting from HD, cancer, stroke, and DM are attributed to poor nutrition.113–117”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113]
- Not checked yetcites [114]
- Not checked yetcites [115]
- Not checked yetcites [116]
- Not checked yetcites [117]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and low consumption of fruits and vegetables for 55 000 annual deaths.110”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Average price per portion of fruits and vegetables was 31 cents with an average of 57 calories per portion, compared with 33 cents and 183 calories per portion for snack foods.111”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For any given year, the share of disposable income spent on food is inversely proportional to absolute income.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“average (mean) total food expenditures by families and individuals have decreased from 22.3% (1949) to 18.1% (1961) to 14.9% (1981) to 11.3% (2011).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The proportion of total US food expenditures for meals outside the home, as a share of total food dollars, increased from 27% in 1961 to 40% in 1981 to 49% in 2011.59”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Blacks ≥18 years of age (38.9%) and American Indians or Alaska Natives (40.8%) were more likely to be obese than were whites (27.2%) and Asians (9.3%).12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of obesity in children 2 to 5 years of age, based on BMI-for-age values ≥95th percentile of the 2000 CDC growth charts, was 12% for non-Hispanic white boys and 6% for non-Hispanic white girls, 21% for non-Hispanic black boys and 17% for non-Hispanic black girls, and 19% for Mexican American boys and 12% for Mexican American girls according to 2009–2010 data from NHANES (NCHS).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In children 12 to 19 years of age, the prevalence was 32% for non-Hispanic white boys and 28% for non-His-panic white girls, 37% for non-Hispanic black boys and 45% for non-Hispanic black girls, and 46% for Mexican American boys and 41% for Mexican American girls.2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By 2002, 21.4% of beneficiaries and 39.3% of disabled beneficiaries were obese compared with 16.4% and 32.5%, respectively, in 1997.21”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A comparison of NHANES 2009–2010 data with 1999–2000 data demonstrates an increase in obesity prevalence in male youth of 5% (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01–1.10) but not in female youth (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.98–1.07).2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NHANES 2009–2010 found that 16.9% (15.4%–18.4%) of youth aged 2 to 19 years were obese, which was unchanged from 2007–2008.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In children 12 to 19 years of age, the prevalence was 18% for non-Hispanic white boys and 15% for non-Hispanic white girls, 23% for non-Hispanic black boys and 25% for non-Hispanic black girls, and 29% for Mexican American boys and 19% for Mexican American girls.2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Almost 13% of Asian children, 16% of white children, nearly 21% of black children, 22% of Hispanic children, and 31% of American Indian children were obese.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to 1999–2008 NHANES survey data, lowest-income girls had an obesity prevalence of 17.9% compared with 13.1% among those with higher income; similar observations were observed for boys (20.6% versus 15.6%, respectively).7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“overall obesity prevalence was 26.7% in the United States, with rates of 27.4% in men and 26.0% in women.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the prevalence of obesity among non-Hispanic whites was 25.2%, whereas it.8% among non-Hispanic blackswas 36 and 30.7% among Hispanics.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1.0% of adolescents were severely obese in 1996 (defined as age <20 years and BMI ≥95th sex-specific BMI-for-age growth chart or BMI ≥30 kg/m2); the majority (70.5%) maintained this weight status into adulthood.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The sex gap was largest in those with low parental education (16.7% of men compared with 45.4% of women were obese) and smallest in those with high parental education (28.5% of men compared with 31.4% of women were obese).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In children 6 to 11 years of age, the prevalence was 30% for non-Hispanic white boys and 25% for non-Hispanic white girls, 41% for non-Hispanic black boys and 44% for non-Hispanic black girls, and 39% for Mexican American boys and 40% for Mexican American girls.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In children 6 to 11 years of age, the prevalence was 17% for non-Hispanic white boys and 11% for non-Hispanic white girls, 30% for non-Hispanic black boys and 28% for non-Hispanic black girls, and 22% for Mexican American boys and 22% for Mexican American girls.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The proportion of obese adults told that they were overweight was significantly lower for non-Hispanic blacks (60.5%) and Mexican Americans (57.1%) than for non-Hispanic whites (66.4%), for middle-income people than for high-income people (62.4% versus 70.6%), and for adults with less than a high school education than for those with any college education (59.2% versus 70.3%).14”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from 2011 show that American Indian/Alaskan Native youth have an obesity rate of 17.7%, whereas rates are 14.7% for Hispanics, 10.6% for non-Hispanic blacks, 10.3% for non-Hispanic whites, and 9.3% for Asian/Pacific Islanders.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rates of overweight and obesity (≥85th BMI percentile) were 39.1% for Hispanics, 39.4% for Mexican Americans, 27.9% for non-Hispanic whites, and 39.1% for non-Hispanic blacks.2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a large proportion of white, black, and Hispanic participants were overweight (60%–85%) or obese (30%–50%), whereas fewer Chinese American participants were overweight (33%) or obese (5%).15”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Approximately 64.8% of obese adults were told by a doctor or health professional that they were overweight.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“obesity was associated with nearly 112 000 excess deaths (95% CI, 53 754–170 064) relative to normal weight in 2000.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Poor school performance, tobacco use, alcohol use, premature sexual behavior, and poor diet.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from the FHS indicate a doubling in the incidence of DM over the past 30 years, most dramatically during the 1990s and primarily among individuals with a BMI >30 kg/m2.26”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis of 15 prospective studies demonstrated the increased risk for Alzheimer disease or vascular dementia and any dementia was 1.35 and 1.26 for overweight, respectively, and 2.04 and 1.64 for obesity, respectively.29”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These risks were graded with increasing BMI and were independent of age, lifestyle, and other cardiovascular risk factors.34”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Obesity is also a strong predictor of sleep-disordered breathing, itself strongly associated with the development of CVD, as well as with myriad other health conditions, including numerous cancers, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, gallbladder disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and reproductive abnormalities.28”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“adolescents with high BMI in the overweight or obese range are at a 2.5-fold increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome, a 2.2-fold increased risk of high carotid IMT, and a 3.4-fold increased risk of DM in adulthood.25”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the HRs for death were as follows: BMI 15.0 to 18.4 kg/m2, 1.47; 18.5 to 19.9 kg/m2, 1.14; 20.0 to 22.4 kg/m2, 1.0; 25.0 to 29.925 kg/m2, 1.13; 30.0 to 34.9 kg/m2, 1.44; 35.0 to 39.9 kg/m2, 1.88; and 40.0 to 49.9 kg/m2, 2.51.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“an adjusted RR for ischemic stroke of 1.22 (1.05–1.41) in overweight individuals and an RR of 1.64 (1.36–1.99) for obese individuals relative to normal-weight individuals.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The population attributable fraction for CHD associated with reducing current population mean BMI to 21 kg/m2 in the Asia-Pacific region ranged from 2% in India to 58% in American Samoa; the population attributable fraction for ischemic stroke ranged from 3% in India to 64% in American Samoa.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 22a
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Below 22.5 to 25 kg/m2, the overall inverse association with BMI was predominantly related to strong inverse associations for smoking-related respiratory disease, and the only clearly positive association was for ischemic heart disease.39”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Obesity was associated with significantly increased mortality caused by CVD, some cancers, and DM or kidney disease.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“reductions in smoking, cholesterol, BP, and PA levels resulted in a gain of 2 770 500 life-years; however, these gains were reduced by a loss of 715 000 life-years caused by the increased prevalence of obesity and DM.43”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Above this range, each 5-kg/m2-higher BMI was associated with ≈30% higher all-cause mortality, and no specific cause of death was inversely associated with BMI.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other associated health conditions, such as asthma, hepatic steatosis, sleep apnea, stroke, some cancers (breast, colon, and kidney), musculoskeletal disorders, and gallbladder disease.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A randomized clinical trial of 130 severely obese adult individuals randomized to either 12 months of diet and PA or only 6 months of PA resulted in 12.1 and 9.9 kg, respectively, of weight loss at 1 year, with improvements in waist circumference, visceral fat, BP, and insulin resistance.17”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedn = 130
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Overweight was associated with significantly increased mortality resulting from DM or kidney disease and was not associated with increased mortality resulting from cancer or CVD in an analysis of 2004 data from NHANES.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“overweight and obese participants had lower multivariable-adjusted scores on the physical component summary score but not on the mental component summary score.22”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Forecasts through 2030 using the BRFSS 1990–2008 data set suggest that by 2030, 51% of the population will be obese, with 11% with severe obesity, an increase of 33% for obesity and 130% for severe obesity.23”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and grade II to III obesity (BMI ≥35 kg/m2) with >82 000 (95% CI, 44 843–119 289).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“An obesity paradox has been reported, with obese patients demonstrating favorable outcomes in CHF, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary artery disease (CAD).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the annual medical burden of obesity has increased to almost 10% of all medical spending and could amount to $147 billion per year in 2008 (in 2008 dollars).50”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the HR for all-cause mortality was 1.07 (95% CI, 0.91–1.26) for overweight individuals, 1.41 (95% CI, 1.16–1.73) for obese individuals, and 2.46 for extremely obese individuals (95% CI, 1.91–3.16).44”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the risk of death per SD increase in each measure was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.99–1.06) for BMI, 1.10 (95% CI, 1.06–1.14) for waist circumference, 1.01 (95% CI, 0.97–1.05) for hip circumference, 1.15 (95% CI, 1.11–1.19) for waist-to-hip ratio, and 1.12 (95% CI, 1.08–1.16) for waist-to-height ratio.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“History of a heart attack in both parents increases the risk of heart attack, especially when 1 parent had a premature heart attack4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Family History
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the incidence of bariatric surgery was estimated at 113 000 cases per year, with costs of ≈1.5 billion dollars annually.56”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedn = 113,000
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“obese people have 46% higher inpatient costs and 27% more outpatient visits and spend 80% more on prescription drugs.50”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“annual medical expenditures would be 6.7% to 10.7% lower in the absence of obesity.54”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“DM remission occurred in 75% of the group that underwent gastric bypass surgery compared with 0% of those in the medical treatment arm, with HbA1c values of 6.35% in the surgical arm compared with 7.69% in the medical treatment arm.63”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedn = 60
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“total healthcare costs attributable to obesity could reach $861 to $957 billion by 2030, which would account for 16% to 18% of US health expenditures.51”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specifically, cancer mortality was reduced by 60%, DM mortality by 92%, and CAD mortality by 56%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedn = 9,949
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“bariatric surgery was associated with fewer CVD deaths (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29–0.76) and fewer strokes (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54–0.83) than in the control group.58”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“after 2 years of follow-up, 72% of the surgically treated patients versus 21% of the control patients had remission of their DM; at 10 years of follow-up, results were 36% and 13%, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 641
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For CVD mortality, the risk of death per SD increase was 1.12 (95% 1.06–1.20) for BMI, 1.19 (1.12–1.26) for waist circumference, 1.06 (1.00–1.13) for hip circumference, 1.23 (95% CI, 1.16–1.30) for waist-to-hip ratio, and 1.24 (95% CI, 1.16–1.31) for waist-to-height ratio.45”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“annual hospital costs related to obesity were $127 million between 1997 and women, 1999.49”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“after 5 years, $4970 was saved in medical expenses; if indirect costs were included (absenteeism and presenteeism), savings increased to $6180 and $10 960, respectively.64”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Premature paternal history of a heart attack has been shown to approximately double the risk of a heart attack in men and increase the risk in women by ≈70%.2,3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Family History
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
- Not checked yetcites [3]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For obese beneficiaries, Medicare pays $1723 more, Medicaid pays $1021 more, and private insurances pay $1140 more than for beneficiaries who are at normal weight.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“this study showed that glycemic control improved (6.4%) and weight loss was greater (29.4 versus 5.4 kg) in the surgical arm.62”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedn = 150
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The total excess cost related to the current prevalence of adolescent overweight and obesity is estimated to be $254 billion ($208 billion in lost productivity secondary to premature morbidity and mortality and $46 billion in direct medical costs).53”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from NHANES 2005–2006 indicate that among those with elevated LDL cholesterol levels, 35.5% had not been screened previously, 24.9% were screened but not told they had elevated cholesterol, and 39.6% were treated inadequately.8”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Adherence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 10-year HD risk for a 65-year-old man with 2 risk alleles at 9p21.3 and no other traditional risk factors is ≈13.2%, whereas a similar man with 0 alleles would have a 10-year risk of ≈9.2%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At this single-nucleotide polymorphism, ≈27% of the white population is estimated to have 0 risk alleles, 50% is estimated to have 1 risk allele, and the remaining 23% is estimated to have 2 risk alleles.12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During the period from 1999 to 2006, 26.0% of adults had hypercholesterolemia, 9% of adults had both hypercholesterolemia and hypertension, 1.5% of adults had DM and hypercholesterolemia, and 3% of adults had all 3 conditions.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of abnormal lipid levels among youths 12 to 19 years of age is 20.3%; 14.2% of normal-weight youths, 22.3% of overweight youths, and 42.9% of obese youths have at least 1 abnormal lipid level (NHANES 1999–2006, NCHS).1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This decline was observed for men ≥40 years of age and for women ≥60 years of age. There was little change over this time period for other sex/age groups.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia have increased; however, more than half of those at borderline-high risk remain unaware of their condition.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 10-year HD risk for a 40-year-old woman with 2 alleles and no other traditional risk factors is ≈2.4%, whereas a similar woman with 0 alleles would have a 10-year risk of ≈1.7%.12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2005 to 2006, ≈65% of men and 70% of women had been screened for high cholesterol in the past 5 years, and 16% of adults had serum total cholesterol levels ≥240 mg/dL.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from the BRFSS (CDC) survey in 2011 showed that among adults screened for high blood cholesterol, the percentage who had been told that they had high blood cholesterol ranged from 33.5% in Colorado to 42.3% in Mississippi. The median percentage among states was 38.4%.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“however, the decline was not uniform across all age groups. Middle-aged to older people have shown substantial decreases, but younger people have shown little overall change and recently had increased total cholesterol values.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Only approximately one third of treated patients are achieving their LDL goal; <20% of patients with CHD are at their LDL goal.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Adherence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There were 33.2% of adults overall during 2005–2008 in NHANES who achieved LDL cholesterol goals. Among adults without health insurance, only 22.6% achieved LDL cholesterol goals; however, 82.8% of those adults with uncontrolled LDL cholesterol did have some form of health insurance.11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Adherence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to data from NHANES 1988–1994 and 2007–2008, HBP control rates improved from 27.3% to 50.1%, treatment improved from 54.0% to 73.5%, and the control/treated rates improved from 50.6% to 72.3%.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study of high school students in Houston, TX (mean age 15.4 years; 45.2% male, 49.3% Hispanic, 25.2% Caucasian, and 16.1% African American) found ≈30% of the students had at least 1 elevated BP measurement; elevated BP was significantly influenced by obesity.16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among Mexican Americans, girls’ SBP increased 1.0 mm Hg and boys’ SBP increased 2.7 mm Hg compared with non-Hispanic whites.14”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mean levels of LDL cholesterol decreased from 126.1 mg/dL during 1999 to 2000 to 116.1 mg/dL during 2009 to 2010. The prevalence of high LDL cholesterol decreased from 31.5% during 1999 to 2000 to 28.2% during 2009 to 20108”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, 3% of those with hypertension had stage 2 hypertension, and 41% of those with stage 2 hypertension were undiagnosed.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of hypertension in blacks in the United States is among the highest in the world, and it is increasing.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Race/Ethnicity and HBP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to NHANES data 2003–2008, among US adults with hypertension, 8.9% met the criteria for resistant hypertension (BP was ≥140/90 mm Hg, and they reported using antihypertensive medications from 3 different drug classes or drugs from ≥4 antihypertensive drug classes regardless of BP). This represents 12.8% of the population taking antihypertensive medication.5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Between 1988 to 1994 and 1999 to 2004, awareness increased from 39.2% to 63.0%, and use of pharmacological lipid-lowering treatment increased from 11.7% to 40.8%. LDL cholesterol control increased from 4.0% to 25.1% among those with high LDL cholesterol.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study in Ohio of >14 000 children and adolescents 3 to 18 years of age who were observed at least 3 times between 1999 and 2006 found that 3.6% had hypertension.13 Of these, 26% had been diagnosed and 74% were undiagnosed.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 14,000
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from NHANES 2005–2006 found that 29% of US adults ≥18 years of age were hypertensive. The prevalence of hypertension was nearly equal between men and women; 7% of adults had HBP but had never been told that they had hypertension. Among hypertensive adults, 78% were aware of their condition, 68% were using antihypertensive medication, and 64% of those treated had their hypertensioncontrolled.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among US adults ≥65 years of age (NHANES 1999–2004), prevalence of hypertension was 70.8%, awareness of hypertension was 75.9%, treatment for hypertension was 69.3%, and control of hypertension was 48.8%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 1999 to 2004, rates of LDL cholesterol control were lower among adults 20 to 49 years of age than among those ≥65 years of age (13.9% versus 30.3%, respectively), among non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans than among non-Hispanic whites (17.2% and 16.5% versus 26.9%, respectively), and among men than among women (22.6% versus 26.9%, respectively).13”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Longitudinal BP outcomes from the National Childhood Blood Pressure database (ages 13–15 years) were examined after a single BP measurement. Among those determined to have prehypertension, 14% of boys and 12% of girls had hypertension 2 years later; the overall rate of progression from prehypertension to hypertension was ≈7%.17”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pre-HBP and HBP increased 2.3% and 1%, respectively, between 1988 and 1999.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“From 1988 to 1994 through 1999 to 2002, the prevalence of HBP in adults increased from 35.8% to 41.4% among blacks, and it was particularly high among black women at 44.0%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Race/Ethnicity and HBP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Analysis of data from the Search for Diabetes in Youth Study (SEARCH), which included children 3 to 17 years of age with type 1 and type 2 DM, found the prevalence of elevated BP to be 5.9% among those with type 1 DM and 23.7% among those with type 2 DM.15”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a study of NHANES 1999–2000 (NCHS), people with prehypertension were more likely than those with normal BP levels to have above-normal cholesterol levels (≥200 mg/dL) and to be overweight or obese, whereas the probability of current smoking was lower.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of diagnosed DM in adults ≥65 years of age was 26.9% in 2010, and an additional 50% (>20 million) had prediabetes based on fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance testing, or HbA1c. In addition, data from NHANES 2005–2006 show that 46% of DM cases remain undiagnosed in this group aged ≥65 years.11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among younger children, type 1 DM accounted for ≥80% of DM; among older youths, the proportion of type 2 DM ranged from 6% (0.19 per 1000 for non-Hispanic white youths) to 76% (1.74 per 1000 for American Indian youths).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to data from NHANES 1998–2008 for adults with DM, prevalence of hypertension increased, whereas awareness, treatment, and control improved during these time periods; however, for adults 20 to 44 years of age, there was no evidence of improvement.48”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Awareness, Treatment, and Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of 1514 SEARCH participants, 95% reported having undergone BP checks and 88% reported lipid-level checks, whereas slightly more than two thirds (68%) reported having had HbA1c testing or eye examinations (66%).10”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,514
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Follow-up of 9845 men and women in the FHS/NHLBI who attended examinations from 1978 to 1994 revealed that at 35 to 64 years of age, the 4-year incidence of hypertension was 5.3% for those with baseline BP <120/80 mm Hg, 17.6% for those with SBP of 120 to 129 mm Hg or DBP of 80 to 84 mm Hg, and 37.3% for those with SBP of 130 to 139 mm Hg or DBP of 85 to 89 mm Hg.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 9,845
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Each year, ≈15 000 people <20 years of age are diagnosed with type 1 DM.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The risk was particularly noted in nonelderly persons and for those with BP values in the higher prehypertension range.54”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Projections show that by 2030, total cost of HBP will increase to an estimated $343 billion (unpublished AHA computation, based on methodology described in Heidenreich et al7).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heidenreich et al7
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Men ≥20 years of age have a slightly higher prevalence of DM (11.8%) than women (10.8%).6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In SEARCH, the prevalence of DM in youths <20 years of age in 2001 in the United States was 1.82 cases per 1000 youths (0.79 per 1000 among youths 0–9 years of age and 2.80 per 1000 among youths 10–19 years of age).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of these, 70.9% reported changing their eating habits; 79.5% reduced the use of or were not using salt; 79.2% reduced the use of or eliminated alcohol; 68.8% were exercising; and 73.4% were taking antihypertensive medication.45”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Awareness, Treatment, and Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This translates to 154 369 youths with physician-diagnosed DM in 2001 in the United States, for an overall prevalence estimate for DM in children and adolescents of ≈0.18%.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with non-Hispanic white adults, the risk of diagnosed DM was 18% higher among Asian Americans, 66% higher among Hispanics/Latinos, and 77% higher among non-Hispanic blacks.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Approximately 186 000 people <20 years of age have DM.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 186,000
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Type 2 DM accounts for 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of DM in adults.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among youths with type 2 DM, 10.4% are overweight and 79.4% are obese.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The results of the clinical trial demonstrated that only half of the children maintained durable glycemic control with monotherapy,9 a higher rate of treatment failure than observed in adult cohorts.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within the black community, rates of hypertension vary substantially.18,19Those with the highest rates are more likely to be middle-aged or older, less educated, overweight or obese, and physically inactive and are more likely to have DM.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Race/Ethnicity and HBP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
- Not checked yetcites [19]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During the period from 2002 to 2005, 3600 youth (age <20 years) were diagnosed with type 2 DM annually.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a collaborative meta-analysis of 820 900 individuals from 97 prospective studies, DM was associated with the following risks: all-cause mortality, HR 1.80 (95% CI, 1.71–1.90); cancer death, HR 1.25 (95% CI, 1.19–1.31); and vascular death, HR 2.32 (95% CI, 2.11–2.56).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 820,900
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to NHIS data from 1997 to 2006, the rate of CVD death among adults with DM decreased by 40% (95% CI, 23%–54%). Similarly, all-cause mortality decreased by 23% (95% CI, 10%–35%). Compared with adults without DM, the CVD mortality rate decreased by 60% and the allcause mortality rate decreased by 44%.29”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Age-adjusted CVD prevalence was higher among men than women, among whites than blacks, and among non-Hispanics than Hispanics.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During 1979 to 2004, DM death rates for black youths 1 to 19 years of age were approximately twice those for white youths. During 2003 to 2004, the annual average DM death rate per 1 million youths was 2.46 for black youths and 0.91 for white youths.27”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among women, the age-adjusted prevalence decreased by 11.2%; among men, it did not decrease significantly. Among blacks, the age-adjusted prevalence of self-reported CVD decreased by 25.3%; among whites, no significant decrease occurred; among non-Hispanics, the rate decreased by 12%. No clear trends were detected among Hispanics.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to international survey and epidemiologic data from 2.7 million participants, the prevalence of DM in adults increased from 8.3% in men and 7.5% in women in 1980 to 9.8% in men and 9.2% in women in 2008. The number of individuals affected with DM increased from 153 million in 1980 to 347 million in 2008.18”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of 2291 individuals <20 years of age with newly diagnosed DM, slightly more than half (54.5%) had autoimmune, insulin-sensitive DM, and 15.9% had nonautoimmune, insulin-resistant DM.19”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2,291
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Over 5 years of follow-up in 45- to 84-year-olds in MESA, 8.2% of the cohort developed DM. The cumulative incidence was highest in Hispanics (11.3%), followed by black (9.5%), Chinese (7.7%), and white (6.3%) participants.21”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gestational diabetes complicates 2% to 10% of pregnancies and increases the risk of developing type 2 DM by 35% to 60%.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from the FHS indicate a doubling in the incidence of DM over the past 30 years, most dramatically during the 1990s. Among adults 40 to 55 years of age in each decade of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the age-adjusted 8-year incidence rates of DM were 2.0%, 3.0%, and 3.7% among women and 2.7%, 3.6%, and 5.8% among men, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“FHS/NHLBI data show that having DM significantly increased the risk of developing CVD (HR 2.5 for women and 2.4 for men) and of dying when CVD was present (HR 2.2 for women and 1.7 for men). Diabetic men and women ≥50 years of age lived an average of 7.5 and 8.2 years less than their nondiabetic equivalents. The differences in life expectancy free of CVD were 7.8 and 8.4 years, respectively.25”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Although the prevalence of diagnosed DM has increased significantly over the past decade, the prevalence of undiagnosed DM and impaired fasting glucose has remained relatively stable. Minority groups remain disproportionately affected.31”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Awareness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, although there was a 50% reduction in the rate of incident CVD events among adults with DM, the absolute risk of CVD remained 2-fold greater than among people without DM.34”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among children <10 years of age, most had type 1 DM, regardless of race/ethnicity. The highest rates of incident type 1 DM were observed in non-Hispanic white youths (18.6, 28.1, and 32.9 per 100 000 person-years for age groups of 0–4, 5–9, and 10–14 years, respectively).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other data from FHS show that over a 30-year period, CVD among women with DM was 54.8% among normal-weight women but 78.8% among obese women. Among normal-weight men with DM, the lifetime risk of CVD was 78.6%, whereas it was 86.9% among obese men.36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the 1970s, the age-and sex-adjusted OR for DM was 1.40 in the 1980s and 2.05 in the 1990s (P for trend=0.0006).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of DM for all age groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and is projected to be 4.4% in 2030. The total number of people with DM is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030.17”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Overall, type 2 DM was relatively infrequent, with the highest rates (17.0–49.4 per 100 000 person-years) seen among 15- to 19-year-old minority groups.4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“DM mortality in 2009 was 68 705. Any-mention mortality in 2009 was 230 642.23”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 2009 overall underlying-cause death rate attributable to DM was 20.9. Death rates per 100 000 people were 23.3 for white males, 44.2 for black males, 15.7 for white females, and 35.9 for black females.23”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Analysis of data from the FHS from 1950 to 2005 found reductions in all-cause and CVD mortality among men and women with and without DM. However, all-cause and CVD mortality rates among individuals with DM remain ≈2-fold higher than for individuals without DM.28”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the basis of data from the NCHS/NHIS, 1997–200533The estimated number of people ≥35 years of age with DM with a self-reported cardiovascular condition increased 36%, from 4.2 million in 1997 to 5.7 million in 2005; however, the age-adjusted prevalence of self-reported CVD conditions among people with diagnosed DM who were ≥35 years of age decreased 11.2%, from 36.6% in 1997 to 32.5% in 2005.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At least 68% of people >65 years of age with DM die of some form of HD; 16% die of stroke.HD death rates among adults with DM are 2 to 4 times higher than the rates for adults without DM.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The age- and sex-adjusted HR for DM as a CVD risk factor was 3.0 in the earlier time period and 2.5 in the later time period.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A total of 1.9 million new cases of DM (type 1 or type 2) were diagnosed in US adults ≥20 years of age in 2010.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“DM prevalence is projected to increase by 99% among non-Hispanic whites, by 107% among non-Hispanic blacks, and by 127% among Hispanics.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the exact date of DM onset can be difficult to determine, increasing duration of DM diagnosis is associated with increasing CVD risk. Longitudinal data from FHS suggest that the risk factor–adjusted RR of CHD is 1.38 (95% CI, 0.99–1.92) times higher and the risk for CHD death is 1.86 (95% CI, 1.17–2.93) times higher for each 10-year increase in duration of DM.32”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Analysis of data from NHANES 1971–2000 found that men with DM experienced a 43% relative reduction in the age-adjusted mortality rate, which was similar to that of nondiabetic men. Among women with DM, however, mortality rates did not decrease, and the difference in mortality rates between diabetic and nondiabetic women doubled.26”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increases are projected to be largest for the oldest age groups (for instance, projected to increase by 220% among those 65–74 years of age and by 449% among those ≥75 years of age).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nationwide Inpatient Sample data from 1993 to 2004 were analyzed for individuals 0 to 29 years of age with a diagnosis of DM. Rates of hospitalizations increased by 38%. Hospitalization rates were higher for females (42%) than for males (29%). Inflation-adjusted total charges for DM hospitalizations increased 130%, from $1.05 billion in 1993 to $2.42 billion in 2004.56”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Hospitalizations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“DM accounted for 44% of the new cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in 2007. According to data from the US Renal Data System and BRFSS from 1996 to 2007, the incidence rate of ESRD attributed to DM decreased from 304.5 per 100 000 to 199.1 per 100 000.43”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In North America, diverse data show lower rates of CVD among diabetic people, but as the prevalence of DM has increased, so has the absolute burden of CVD, especially among middle-aged and older individuals.42”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Analysis of data from the CHS of the NHLBI found that lifestyle risk factors, including PA level, dietary habits, smoking habits, alcohol use, and adiposity measures, assessed late in life, were each independently associated with risk of new-onset DM. Participants whose PA level and dietary, smoking, and alcohol habits were all in the low-risk group had an 82% lower incidence of DM than all other”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“DM is associated with increased ischemic stroke incidence at all ages, with the incremental risk associated with DM being most prominent before 55 years of age in blacks and before 65 years of age in whites.37”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the same data set, the transition to a high-risk category (an event rate equivalent to a 10-year risk of 20% or an event rate equivalent to that associated with previous MI) occurred at a younger age for men and women with DM than for those without DM (mean difference 14.6 years). For the outcome of AMI, stroke, or death resulting from any cause, diabetic men and women entered the high-risk”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Diabetic patients experienced reductions in case fatality rates related to AMI and stroke similar to those without DM (−44.1% versus −33.2%, P=0.1; −17.1% versus −16.6%, P=0.9, respectively) and similarly comparable decreases in all-cause mortality.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ischemic stroke patients with DM are younger, more likely to be black, and more likely to have hypertension, prior MI, and high cholesterol than nondiabetic patients.37”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During this decade, all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates declined, although not for patients with DM; rates increased 61% and 52% for diabetic men and women, respectively, as did hospitalization rates for DM and its complications.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Risk factors for hypoglycemia included older age, DM duration, worse renal function, lower BMI, lower cognitive function, multiple glucose-lowering medications, and randomization to the intensive glucose control arm.58”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Hypoglycemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In multivariable models that controlled for age, sex, income, education, insurance, and residence location, blacks were 38% less likely and Hispanics were 33% less likely than their respective comparison groups to receive all recommended risk factor interventions in 2001.51”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“DM, especially type 2 DM, is associated with clustered risk factors for CHD, with a prevalence of 75% to 85% for hypertension among adults with DM, 70% to 80% for elevated LDL, and 60% to 70% for obesity.47”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from the 2004 National Healthcare Disparities Report (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, US Department of Health and Human Services) found that only approximately one third of adults with DM received all 5 interventions to reduce risk factors recommended for comprehensive DM care in 2001. The proportion receiving all 5 interventions was lower among blacks than whites and among Hispan”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Between NHANES III (1984–1992) and NHANES 1999–2004, the proportion of patients with DM whose BP was treated increased from 76.5% to 87.8%, and the proportion whose BP was controlled nearly doubled (15.9% to 29.6%).48”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Over the same period, the number of DM cases increased by 165%, which translates to a marked increase in the proportion of CVD events occurring among patients with DM: AMI, 44.6%; stroke, 26.1%; AMI deaths, 17.2%; and stroke deaths, 13.2%.41”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A subgroup analysis was conducted of patients with DM enrolled in randomized clinical trials that evaluated acute coronary syndrome (ACS) therapies. The data included 62 036 patients from Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction studies (46 577 with STEMI and 15 459 with unstable angina [UA]/non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI]). Of these, 17.1% had DM. Modeling showed that”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 62,036
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“CHD risk factors among patients with DM remain suboptimally treated, although improvements have been observed over the past decade. Between 1999 and 2008, in up to 2623 adult participants with DM, data from NHANES showed that improvements were observed for the achieved targets for control of HbA1c (from 37.0% to 55.2%), BP (from 35.2% to 51.0%), and LDL cholesterol (from 32.5% to 52.9%).50”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 2,623
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients were less likely to have cholesterol levels measured (76%) than HbA1c levels (92%) or BP (99%; P<0.0001 for either comparison). The proportion of patients who received any drug therapy was greater for above-goal HbA1c (92%) than for above-goal SBP (78%) or LDL cholesterol (38%; P<0.0001 for each comparison).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from the same academic medical center also showed that CVD risk factors among women with DM were managed less aggressively than among men with DM. Women were less likely than men to have HbA1c <7% (without CHD: adjusted OR for women versus men 0.84, P=0.005; with CHD: 0.63, P<0.0001).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“DM was also associated with significantly higher mortality 1 year after UA/NSTEMI or STEMI. By 1 year after ACS, patients with DM presenting with UA/NSTEMI had a risk of death that approached that of patients without DM presenting with STEMI (7.2% versus 8.1%).39”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although hospital days for AMI fell overall, for those with DM, they increased 51% (from 34 188 to 51 566).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the ADVANCE (Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation) trial, 2.1% of patients had an episode of severe hypoglycemia. Severe hypoglycemia was associated with an increased risk of major macrovascular events (HR, 2.88; 95% CI, 2.01–4.12), cardiovascular death (HR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.72–4.19), and all-cause death (HR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.97–3.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Hypoglycemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to NHDS data reported by the CDC in an analysis of data from 2009, DM was a listed diagnosis in ≈15% of US adult hospital discharges, among which circulatory diseases was the most common first-listed diagnosis (26.2%; 1.4 million discharges) and DM the second most common (12.0%; 655 000 discharges).57”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Hospitalizations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to NHANES data, the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease has increased from 2.2% in NHANES III to 3.3% in NHANES 2005–2008. These increases were observed in direct proportion to increases in DM.44”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The percentage of all AMIs occurring in patients with DM increased from 21% to 36%, and the absolute number more than doubled, from 2951 to 6048.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to data from the 2004 to 2008 MarketScan database of type 2 DM, which consisted of 536 581 individuals, the incidence rate of hypoglycemia was 153.8 per 10 000 person-years and was highest in adults aged 18 to 34 years (218.8 per 10 000 person-years).59”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Hypoglycemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“New York City death certificate data for 1989 to 1991 and 1999 to 2001 and hospital discharge data for 1988 to 2002 show increases in all-cause and cause-specific mortality between 1990 and 2000, as well as in annual hospitalization rates for DM and its complications among patients hospitalized with AMI and/or DM.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“HbA1c levels ≥6.5% can be used to diagnose DM.45 In the population-based ARIC study, HbA1c levels ≥6.5% had a 14-year follow-up, multivariable-adjusted HR of 16.5 (95% CI, 14.2–19.1) for diagnosed DM and 1.95 (95% CI, 1.53–2.48) for CHD relative to those with HbA1c <5.0%.46”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
- Not checked yetcites [46]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of CKD in 1999–2004 (stages I to V)9 is 13.1%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The median age of the population with ESRD in 2010 varied across different racial/ethnic groups: 57.9 years for Native Americans, 58.1 years for blacks, 59.7 years for Asians, and 61.2 years for whites.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of stage III CKD (eGFR 30–59 mL·min−1·1.73 m−2) is 7.7%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“More than 26 million people (13%) in the United States have CKD, and most are undiagnosed.8”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 26
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of stage I CKD (estimated GFR [eGFR] ≥90 mL·min−1·1.73 m−2 with kidney damage, ie, presence of albuminuria) is 1.8%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, both the degree of CKD (ie, eGFR) and urine albumin are strongly associated with the progression from CKD to ESRD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of stage II CKD (eGFR 60–89 mL·min−1·1.73 m−2 with kidney damage) is 3.2%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This represents an increase from the 10.0% prevalence estimate from NHANES 1988–1994 (NCHS).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“The total annual cost of treating ESRD in the United States was $26.8 billion in 2008, which represents nearly 6% of the total Medicare budget.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cost: ESRD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of stages IV and V CKD (eGFR<29 mL·min−1·1.73 m−2) is 0.4%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Another 20 million are at increased risk for CKD.10”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This disparity was most evident for those with stage I CKD; non-Hispanic whites had a CKD prevalence of 4.2% compared with prevalences among Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic blacks of 10.2% and 9.4%, respectively.11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the basis of 2009 mortality data, CVD caused ≈1 death per minute among females, or 401 495 deaths.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among other causes of death in 2009, cancer caused 567 628 deaths; CLRD, 137 353; accidents, 118 021; and Alzheimer disease, 79 003.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The rates were 281.4 for white males, 387.0 for black males, 190.4 for white females, and 267.9 for black females.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 2009 CVD (I00–I99) death rates were 287.2 for males and 196.1 for females.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“That represents approximately the same number of female lives that were claimed by cancer, CLRD, and Alzheimer disease combined (unpublished AHA tabulation).7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Data from a large national cohort found higher values of cystatin C to be associated with prevalent stroke, angina, and MI,43 as well as higher BMI.44”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
- Not checked yetcites [44]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Elevated cystatin C was an independent risk factor for HF,45,46 PAD events,47 clinical atherosclerosis, and subclinical measures of CVD in older adults,48”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
- Not checked yetcites [46]
- Not checked yetcites [47]
- Not checked yetcites [48]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“CVD currently claims more lives each year than cancer and CLRD combined.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In every year since 1900 except 1918, CVD accounted for more deaths than any other major cause of death in the United States.8,9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Death rates for females were 22.3 for breast cancer and 38.5 for lung cancer.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mortality data show that CVD (I00–I99, Q20–Q28) as the listed underlying cause of death (including congenital cardiovascular defects) accounted for 32.3% (787 931) of all 2 437 163 deaths in 2009, or ≈1 of every 3 deaths in the United States.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“CVD any-mentions (1 330 137 deaths in 2009) constituted 54.6% of all deaths that year (NHLBI; NCHS public use data files).7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The 2009 death rate attributable to CVD (I00–I99) was 236.1 (excluding congenital cardiovascular defects) (NCHS).7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In older men, they were diseases of the heart (No. 1), cancer (No. 2), CLRD (No. 3), and stroke (No. 4).7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“On average, >2150 Americans die of CVD each day, an average of 1 death every 40 seconds.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For comparison, 1 in 4.5 females died of cancer, whereas 1 in 3.0 died of CVD (I0–I99, Q20– Q28).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If all forms of cancer were eliminated, the estimated gain could be 3 years.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Data from the FHS indicate that the subsequent lifetime risk for all CVD in recipients starting free of known disease is almost 2 in 3 for men and >1 in 2 for women at 45 years of age (Table 13-4).5a”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 5a
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One in 30 deaths of females was attributable to breast cancer, whereas 1 in 6.9 was attributable to CHD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the NCHS, if all forms of major CVD were eliminated, life expectancy could rise by almost 7 years.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Approximately 150 000 Americans died of CVD (I00–I99) in 2009 who were <65 years of age”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In 2009, the leading causes of death in women ≥65 years of age were diseases of the heart (No. 1), cancer (No. 2), stroke (No. 3), and CLRD (No. 4).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among American Indian men 45 to 74 years of age, the incidence of CVD ranges from 15 to 28 per 1000 population. Among women, it ranges from 9 to 15 per 1000.5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“34% of deaths attributed to CVD occurred before the age of 75 years,7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to the same study, the probability at birth of eventually dying of major CVD (I00–I78) is 47%, and the chance of dying of cancer is 22%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There were 40 678 deaths attributable to breast cancer in females in 2009; lung cancer claimed 70 389 females.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Before 75 years of age, a higher proportion of CVD events attributable to CHD occur in men than in women, and a higher proportion of events attributable to stroke occur in women than in men.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among Hispanics (primarily Cuban and Puerto Rican), compared with whites, the relative rate of intracranial atherosclerotic stroke was 5.00; of extracranial atherosclerotic stroke, 1.71; of lacunar stroke, 2.32; and of cardioembolic stroke, 1.42.23”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There were no changes in incidence of ischemic stroke for blacks or of hemorrhagic strokes in blacks or whites.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among blacks, compared with whites, the relative rate of intracranial atherosclerotic stroke was 5.85; of extracranial atherosclerotic stroke, 3.18; of lacunar stroke, 3.09; and of cardioembolic stroke, 1.58.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a similar fashion, data from the most recent GCNKSS show that compared with the 1990s, when incidence rates of stroke were stable, stroke incidence in 2005 was decreased for whites.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2005, tobacco smoking and HBP were estimated to be responsible for 467 000 deaths, accounting for ≈1 in 5 or 6 deaths among US adults.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The crude 3-year cumulative incidence (2000–2002) was 16.8 per 1000 in Mexican Americans and 13.6 per 1000 in non-Hispanic whites.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“People reporting household income of ≥$50 000 had the lowest prevalence (28.8%), and those reporting household income of <$10 000 had the highest prevalence (52.5%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of having ≥2 risk factors was highest among blacks (48.7%) and American Indian/Alaska Natives (46.7%) and lowest among Asians (25.9%);”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Awareness of HD as the leading cause of death among women has approximately doubled among white and Hispanic women and tripled among black women between the first survey in 1997 and the current 2009 survey.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adults who reported being unable to work had the highest prevalence (69.3%) of ≥2 risk factors, followed by retired people (45.1%), unemployed adults (43.4%), homemakers (34.3%), and employed people (34.0%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among an estimated 45 million people with functional disabilities in the United States, HD, stroke, and hypertension are among the 15 leading conditions that caused those disabilities.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Data from 1950 to 1977, 1978 to 1989, and 1990 to 2004 showed that the age-adjusted incidence of first stroke per 1000 person-years in each of the 3 periods was 7.6, 6.2, and 5.3 in men and 6.2, 5.8, and 5.1 in women, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When asked to identify the greatest cause of death for each sex, 42% correctly recognized CVD for men, and 14% correctly recognized CVD for women;”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in 2009, awareness of HD as the leading cause of death among women was 54%, significantly higher than in 1997.12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specifically, Mexican Americans had a higher cumulative incidence for ischemic stroke at younger ages (45–59 years of age: RR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.55–2.69; 60–74 years of age: RR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.31–1.91) but not at older ages (≥75 years of age: RR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.94– 1.32).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Overweight/obesity and physical inactivity were each estimated to be responsible for nearly 1 in 10 deaths.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nearly 17% selected CVD as the greatest lifetime risk, which made it the third most popular choice after accidents and cancer.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the GCNKS, using data from 1993 and 1994, the age-, sex-, and race-adjusted incidence rates for TIA were 0.83 per 10 000.27”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“When considered separately from other CVDs, stroke ranks No. 4 among all causes of death, behind diseases of the heart, cancer, and CLRD (NCHS mortality data).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Individuals who have a TIA and survive the initial high-risk period have a 10-year stroke risk of roughly 19% and a combined 10-year stroke, MI, or vascular death risk of 43% (4% per year).34”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was a greater decline in stroke death rates in men than in women, with a male-to-female ratio decreasing from 1.11 to 1.03 (age adjusted).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Stroke mortality as an underlying cause of death in 2009 was 128 824; any-mention mortality in 2009 was 215 864, and the death rate was 38.9 per 100 000.36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Stroke mortality as an underlying cause of death in 2009 was 128 824; any-mention mortality in 2009 was 215 864, and the death rate was 38.9 per 100 000.36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There were greater declines in stroke death rates in men than in women and among people ≥65 years of age than among younger ages.37”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Meta-analyses of cohorts of patients with TIA have shown the short-term risk of stroke after TIA to be ≈3% to 10% at 2 days and 9% to 17% at 90 days.32,33”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [33]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women accounted for almost 60% of US stroke deaths in 2009 (AHA tabulation).36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Predictors of stroke included age >60 years, DM, focal symptoms of weakness or speech impairment, and TIA that lasted >10 minutes.31”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 1,707
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2002, death certificate data showed that the mean age at stroke death was 79.6 years; however, males had a younger mean age at stroke death than females.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Stroke accounted for ≈1 of every 19 deaths in the United States in 2009.36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“On average, every 4 minutes, someone dies of a stroke (NCHS, NHLBI).36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Incidence of TIA increases with age and varies by sex and race/ethnicity.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
- Not checked yetcites [27]
- Not checked yetcites [29]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a more recent Italian community-based registry conducted in 2007 to 2009, the crude TIA incidence rate was 0.52 per 1000.29”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a nationwide survey of US adults, the estimated prevalence of self-reported physician-diagnosed TIA was 2.3%, which translates into ≈5 million people.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Blacks, American Indian/Alaska Natives, and Asian/Pacific Islanders had younger mean ages than whites, and the mean age at stroke death was also younger among Hispanics than non-Hispanics.40”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates for TIA in Rochester, MN, were estimated at 0.68 per 1000 for the years 1985 through 1989.28”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Stroke mortality as an underlying cause of death in 2009 was 128 824; any-mention mortality in 2009 was 215 864, and the death rate was 38.9 per 100 000.36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“anticipated declines in prevalence of smoking, high cholesterol, and high BP (in men) would be offset by substantial increases in the prevalence of obesity and DM and small expected changes in ideal dietary patterns or PA.2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Trends Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such small reductions in population BP could result from small health behavior changes at a population level, such as increased PA, increased fruit and vegetable consumption, decreased sodium intake, decreased adiposity, or some combination of these and other lifestyle changes, with resulting substantial projected decreases in CVD rates in US adults.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Achieving the 2020 Impact Goals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a summary of WHO data sources, the economic costs of physical inactivity were estimated to account for 1.5% to 3.0% of total direct healthcare expenditures in developed countries such as the United States.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Costs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A DASH dietary pattern with low sodium reduced SBP by 7.1 mm Hg in adults without hypertension and by 11.5 mm Hg in adults with hypertension.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with a baseline usual diet, each of the DASH-type diets, which included various percentages (27%–37%) of total fat and focused on whole foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fish, as well as potassium and other minerals and low sodium, reduced SBP by 8 to 10 mm Hg, DBP by 4 to 5 mm Hg, and LDL cholesterol by 12 to 14 mg/dL.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Table 7-2 presents results from the CARDIoGRAM (Coronary ARteryDIsease Genome-wide Replication And Meta-analysis) consortium, which represents the largest genetic study of MI to date, with 22 233 MI case subjects and 64 762 control subjects and with independent validation in an additional 56 682 individuals.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 22,233
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Genome-wide association is a robust technique for identifying associations between genotypes and phenotypes.
In the paper
“If the total number of people with DM and self-reported CVD increased over this period but proportions with self-reported CVD declined, the data suggest that the mean age at which people have been diagnosed is decreasing, or the higher CVD mortality rate among older diabetic individuals is removing them from ability to self-report CVD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In 2007, the direct ($116 billion) and indirect ($58 billion) cost attributable to DM was $174 billion.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
- Not checked yetcites [61]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For type 1 compared with type 2 DM, costs were $9333 versus $5683, respectively.64”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and 0.3% of outpatient costs.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 581
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A study of data from NHANES 2003–2006, Ingenix Research Data Mart, 2003–2005 NAMCS, the 2003–2005 NHAMCS, the 2004–2005 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, and the 2003–2005 MEPS found that the estimated economic cost of undiagnosed DM in 2007 was $18 billion, including medical costs of $11 billion and indirect costs of $7 billion.62”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Females had a 13.2-fold incremental mortality risk compared with a 5.0-fold increased risk in males.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among youths with type 1 DM, the prevalence of overweight is 22.1%”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“2.7% of ED costs,”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 581
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Type 1 DM constitutes 5% to 10% of DM in the United States.66”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and the prevalence of obesity is 12.6%.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“43% of this cost was for prescription drugs.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among women, the HRs were 3.39 (95% CI, 1.31–8.81) for 1 or 2 components and 5.95 (95% CI, 2.20–16.11) for ≥3 components.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all possible ways to have 3 metabolic syndrome components, the combination of central obesity, elevated BP, and hyperglycemia conferred the greatest risk for CVD (HR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.54–3.61) and mortality (HR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.93–4.94) in the Framingham Offspring Study.25”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For CHD events during 20 years of follow-up, the areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves were 0.68 for the FRS and 0.59 for the number of metabolic syndrome components.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite its prevalence, the public’s recognition of metabolic syndrome is limited.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The risk of CVD tended to be higher in women (summary RR, 2.63) than in men (summary RR, 1.98; P=0.09).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with men without an abnormal component in the Framingham Offspring Study, the HRs for CVD were 1.48 (95% CI, 0.69–3.16) for men with 1 or 2 components and 3.99 (95% CI, 1.89–8.41) for men with ≥3 components.24”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, 4.5% of white adolescents, 3.0% of black adolescents, and 7.1% of Mexican American adolescents had metabolic syndrome.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was 13.2% in boys, 5.3% in girls, 10.7% in whites, 5.2% in blacks, and 11.1% in Mexican Americans.11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2006, this prevalence would have represented ≈1.1 million adolescents 12 to 17 years of age with metabolic syndrome.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It increased from 1.2% among those 12 to 13 years of age to 7.1% among those 14 to 15 years of age and was higher among boys (6.7%) than girls (2.1%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“with significant increased risks (RRs ranging from 1.6 to 2.9) for all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, MI, and stroke, as well as for those with metabolic syndrome without DM.19”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the San Antonio Heart Study, the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.816 for the FRS and 0.811 for the FRS plus the metabolic syndrome. 21”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the basis of NHANES 1999–2002 data, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents 12 to 19 years of age was 9.4%, which represents ≈2.9 million people.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“16843 kidney transplants were performed.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“with a PAR of 14.5% (95% CI, 12.7%–16.3%) and 16.8% (95% CI, 14.8%–18.8%), respectively”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the INTERHEART case-control study of 26 903 subjects from 52 countries, metabolic syndrome was associated with an increased risk of MI, both according to the WHO (OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 2.45–2.95) and International Diabetes Federation (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 2.03–2.38) definitions”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of ESRD was 593 086, with 65% of these prevalent cases being treated with hemodialysis.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and in this same patient population, BP-associated risks were greater in men than in women and in blacks than in whites.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the lowest quartile of leisure-time PA, the ORs of developing metabolic syndrome were 0.80 (95% CI, 0.71–0.91) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.81–1.04) for people in the highest and middle quartiles, respectively.85”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 1,970
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“114 083 new cases of ESRD were reported.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 114,083
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Cystatin C is excreted by the kidneys, filtered through the glomerulus, and nearly completely reabsorbed by proximal tubular cells.36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is a low-molecular-weight protein produced at a constant rate by all nucleated cells and appears not to be affected significantly across age, sex, and levels of muscle mass.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By 2030, 40.8% of the US population is projected to have some form of CVD (unpublished AHA computation, based on methodology described in Heidenreich et al3).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heidenreich et al3
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“TIAs confer a substantial short-term risk of stroke, hospitalization for CVD events, and death.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31]
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedn = 1,707
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More women than men die of stroke each year because of the larger number of elderly women.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.

418 of 418

The paper relies on this without support.
Biologically related first-degree relatives share roughly 50% of their genetic variation with one another.
“Biologically related first-degree relatives (siblings, offspring and parents) share roughly 50% of their genetic variation with one another.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to share their genetic variation within their demographic than with other demographics.
“Similarly, racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to share their genetic variation within their demographic than with other demographics.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Genome-wide association is a robust technique for identifying associations between genotypes and phenotypes.
“Genome-wide association is a robust technique to identify associations between genotypes and phenotypes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CKD incidence and prevalence are rising in the US.
“The incidence and prevalence of CKD are increasing in the United States”
The paper relies on this without support.
CKD is linked to poor outcomes and high costs for the US healthcare system.
“are associated with poor outcomes and a high cost to the US healthcare system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
People with CKD are more likely to die from CVD than to progress to ESRD.
“In fact, individuals with CKD are more likely to die of CVD than to transition to ESRD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many traditional CVD risk factors also raise CKD risk, including older age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and family history of CVD.
“Many traditional CVD risk factors are also risk factors for CKD, including older age, male sex, hypertension, DM, smoking, and family history of CVD.”

7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Unaware diabetes count does not match the stated total
Minor
The stated 5.7 million unaware adults are 31.1% of the stated 18.3 million adults with diabetes, rather than 26.7%.
Reported 26.7 · recomputed 31.147541
Treated hypertension control rate does not match its component rates
Minor
If 50.1% of people with hypertension had controlled blood pressure and 73.5% received treatment, the controlled share of those treated cannot be 72.3%; dividing the reported rates gives 68.2%.
Reported 72.3 · recomputed 68.163265
Exposure prevalences are reported as percentage declines
Minor
The summary labels 53.6%, 46.5%, and 36.7% as declines in secondhand-smoke exposure. The smoking chapter identifies those same figures as the percentages with detectable cotinine in 2007-2008, not changes over time.

3 of 3

Items 801–1,000 of 1,291

Racial Differences in Survival After In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Chan, P. S. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1340 · Cited by 173
Short- and long-term mortality associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kaw, R. K., Hernández, A. V., Masood, I., Gillinov, A. M., Saliba, W. I., & Blackstone, E. H. (2011) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.10.040 · Cited by 173
Susceptibility locus for clinical and subclinical coronary artery disease at chromosome 9p21 in the multi-ethnic ADVANCE study
Assimes, T. L., Knowles, J. W., Basu, A., Iribarren, C., Southwick, A. M., Tang, H., Absher, D., Li, J. Z., Fair, J. M., Rubin, G. D., et al. (2008) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn132 · Cited by 172
Self-citation
Continuing Medical Education Effect on Practice Performance
Davis, D., & Galbraith, R. (2009) · Chest · doi:10.1378/chest.08-2517 · Cited by 172
Trends in obesity and abdominal obesity among adults in the United States from 1999–2008
Ford, E. S., Li, C., Zhao, G., & Tsai, J. H. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.186 · Cited by 171
Self-citation
The “Short‐Coupled” Variant of Right Ventricular Outflow Ventricular Tachycardia: A Not‐So‐Benign Form of Benign Ventricular Tachycardia?
Viskin, S., Rosso, R., Rogowski, O., & Belhassen, B. (2005) · Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.50040.x · Cited by 171
Recent trends in cardiovascular complications among men and women with and without diabetes
Booth, G. L., Kapral, M. K., Fung, K., & Tu, J. V. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.01.06.dc05-0776 · Cited by 171
Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease
(2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2010-0-68723-2 · Cited by 169
Prognostic value of functional performance for mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease
McDermott, M. M., Tian, L., Liu, K., Guralnik, J. M., Ferrucci, L., Tan, J., Pearce, W. H., Schneider, J. R., & Criqui, M. H. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.12.034 · Cited by 169
Attributable Fraction for Cardiac Malformations
Wilson, P. D., Loffredo, C. A., Correa, A., & Ferencz, C. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009666 · Cited by 168
Blood Pressure in Early Adulthood, Hypertension in Middle Age, and Future Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
Gray, L., Lee, I.-M. M., Sesso, H. D., & Batty, G. D. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.07.045 · Cited by 167
Genomewide Linkage Analysis to Serum Creatinine, GFR, and Creatinine Clearance in a Community-Based Population
Fox, C. S., Yang, Q., Cupples, L. A., Guo, C., Larson, M. G., Leip, E. P., Wilson, P. W. F., & Levy, D. A. (2004) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000135972.13396.6f · Cited by 167
Self-citation
Twenty-Year Trends in Serum Cholesterol, Hypercholesterolemia, and Cholesterol Medication Use
Arnett, D. K., Jacobs, D. R., Luepker, R. V., BLACKBURN, H. W., Armstrong, C., & Claas, S. A. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.549857 · Cited by 166
Sodium Intake and Mortality Follow-Up in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Cohen, H. W., Hailpern, S. M., & Alderman, M. H. (2008) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0645-6 · Cited by 166
Self-citation
Trends in hypercholesterolemia, treatment and control among United States adults.
Ford, E., Li, C.-Y., Pearson, W., Zhao, G.-X., & Mokdad, A. (2010) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.11.033 · Cited by 166
Self-citation
Incidence of End-Stage Renal Disease Attributed to Diabetes Among Persons with Diagnosed Diabetes — United States and Puerto Rico, 2000–2014
Burrows, N. R., HORA, I. A., Geiss, L. S., Gregg, E. W., & Albright, A. L. (2017) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6643a2 · Cited by 166
Mortality associated with adult congenital heart disease: Trends in the US population from 1979 to 2005
Pillutla, P., Shetty, K. D., & Foster, E. (2009) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2009.08.014 · Cited by 165
Intermittent Atrial Fibrillation May Account for a Large Proportion of Otherwise Cryptogenic Stroke: A Study of 30-Day Cardiac Event Monitors
Elijovich, L., Josephson, S. A., Fung, G. L., & Smith, W. S. (2009) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2008.09.005 · Cited by 165
Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation
Sacher, F., Tedrow, U. B., Field, M. E., Raymond, J., Koplan, B. A., Epstein, L. M., & Stevenson, W. G. (2008) · Circulation Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology · doi:10.1161/circep.108.769471 · Cited by 165
Stroke Associated With Surgical and Transcatheter Treatment of Aortic Stenosis
Daneault, B., Kirtane, A. J., Kodali, S., Williams, M. R., Généreux, P., Reiss, G. R., Smith, C. R., Moses, J. W., & Leon, M. B. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.024 · Cited by 164
Preeclampsia and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke Among Young Women
Brown, D. W., Dueker, N., Jamieson, D. J., Cole, J. W., Wozniak, M. A., Stern, B. J., Giles, W. H., & Kittner, S. J. (2006) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000206284.96739.ee · Cited by 164
Self-citation
Super-size me: Portion size effects on young children's eating
Fisher, J. O., & Kral, T. V. E. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.015 · Cited by 164
Association Between Family History and Coronary Heart Disease Death Across Long-Term Follow-Up in Men
Bachmann, J. M., Willis, B. L., Ayers, C. R., Khera, A., & Berry, J. D. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.065490 · Cited by 164
Self-citation
Trends in endocarditis hospitalizations at US children's hospitals: Impact of the 2007 American Heart Association Antibiotic Prophylaxis Guidelines
Pasquali, S. K., He, X., Mohamad, Z., McCrindle, B. W., Newburger, J. W., Li, J. S., & Shah, S. S. (2012) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2012.03.002 · Cited by 164
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: Evaluation of a Novel Therapy for Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Bravata, D. M., Concato, J., Fried, T. R., Ranjbar, N. E., Sadarangani, T., McClain, V., Struve, F. A., Zygmunt, L., Knight, H. J., Lo, A., et al. (2011) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.1254 · Cited by 164
Self-citation
Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, and Incidence and Progression of Coronary Calcium
Wong, N. D., Nelson, J. C., Granston, T., Bertoni, A. G., Blumenthal, R. S., Carr, J. J., Guerci, A. D., Jacobs, D. R., Kronmal, R. A., Liu, K., et al. (2012) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.12.015 · Cited by 163
Self-citation
Sugar-sweetened soda consumption, hyperuricemia, and kidney disease
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Incidence and Risk Factors for Stroke in American Indians
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Authors: Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., Bravata, D. M., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., Fox, C. S., Franco, S., Fullerton, H. J., Gillespie, C., Hailpern, S. M., Heit, J. A., Howard, V. J., Huffman, M. D., Kissela, B. M., Kittner, S. J., Lackland, D. T., Lichtman, J. H., Lisabeth, L. D., Magid, D., Marcus, G. M., Marelli, A., Matchar, D. B., McGuire, D. K., Mohler, E. R., Moy, C. S., Mussolino, M. E., Nichol, G., Paynter, N. P., Schreiner, P. J., Sorlie, P. D., Stein, J., Turan, T. N., Virani, S. S., Wong, N. D., Woo, D., & Turner, M. B.
Affiliations: Duke Medical Center (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Medical University of South Carolina (US)
ORCID: Go, Alan S.
Mozaffarian, Dariush
Benjamin, Emelia J.
Berry, Jarett D.
Borden, William B.
Bravata, Dawn M.
Dai, Shifan
Fox, Caroline S.
Fullerton, Heather J.
Gillespie, Cathleen
Heit, John A.
Howard, Virginia J.
Huffman, Mark D.
Kittner, Steven J.
Lackland, Daniel T.
Lichtman, Judith H.
Lisabeth, Lynda D.
Marcus, Gregory M.
Marelli, Ariane
Matchar, David B.
McGuire, Darren K.
Nichol, Graham
Paynter, Nina P.
Schreiner, Pamela J.
Stein, Joel
Turan, Tanya N.
Virani, Salim S.
Wong, Nathan D.
Woo, Daniel
Venue: Circulation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2013-01
Volume: 127
Issue: 1
Pages: e6-e245
ISSN: 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
1524-4539
DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31828124ad
PMC: PMC5408511
OpenAlex: W2050856345
Semantic Scholar: dc4aed5ae29ad3a1bdd76f303c0af56ee537e44a
Cited by: 5,292
References: 1,311
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 136 · 2021: 174 · 2020: 177 · 2019: 212 · 2018: 295 · 2017: 413 · 2016: 620 · 2015: 951 · 2014: 1367 · 2013: 688
FWCI: 623.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2013-06-11)
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Circulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: American Heart Association
National Institutes of Health (CC999999, UL1TR000077)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
Keywords: heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular health behaviors, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, cardiovascular disease costs, cardiovascular monitoring, vascular disease
MeSH terms: American Heart Association, Heart Diseases, Humans, Risk Factors, United States, Prevalence, Stroke

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Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

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