The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1,291 of the 1,311 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 843 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Open accessAbstract
Each year, the American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies, brings together the most up-to-date statistics on heart disease, stroke, other vascular diseases, and their risk factors and presents them in its Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update*The Statistical Update is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, healthcare policy makers, media professionals, the lay public, and many others who seek the best national data available on heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality and the risks, quality of care, medical procedures and operations, and costs associated with the management of these diseases in a single document*Indeed, since 1999, the Statistical Update has been cited >10 500 times in the literature, based on citations of all annual versions*In 2011 alone, the various Statistical Updates were cited ≈1500 times (data from ISI Web of Science)*In recent years, the Statistical Update has undergone some major changes with the addition of new chapters and major updates across multiple areas, as well as increasing the number of ways to access and use the information assembled*For this year's edition, the Statistics Committee, which produces the document for the AHA, updated all of the current chapters with the most recent nationally representative data and inclusion of relevant articles from the literature over the past year*This year's edition also implements a new chapter organization to reflect the spectrum of cardiovascular health behaviors and health factors and risks, as well as subsequent complicating conditions, disease states, and outcomes*Also, the 2013 Statistical Update contains new data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, with additional new focus on evidence-based approaches to changing behaviors, implementation strategies, and implications of the AHA's 2020 Impact Goals*Below are a few highlights from this year's Update . © 2013 American Heart Association, Inc.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
789 Not checked yet · 95 Own result · 34 No basis given · 9 Own interpretation · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Treatment of ESRD is more common in men than in women.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [1] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results passages address cardiovascular health metrics and mortality, not treatment of end-stage renal disease. Searches for ESRD and related kidney-failure terms found no passage comparing treatment rates in men and women. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
In the paper
“40.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.5–54.6) for high blood pressure”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“13.7% (95% CI, 4.8–22.3) for smoking”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The percentage of the nonsmoking population with detectable serum cotinine (indicating exposure to secondhand smoke) declined from 52.5% in 1999 to 2000 to 40.1% in 2007 to 2008”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“between 1971 and 2004, average total energy consumption among US adults increased by 22% in women (from 1542 to 1886 kcal/d)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in 2011, among Americans ≥18 years of age, 21.3% of men and 16.7% of women continued to be cigarette smokers”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“8.8% (95% CI, 2.1–15.4) for abnormal glucose levels”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty two percent of adults reported engaging in no aerobic leisure-time physical activity.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in 2011, among Americans ≥18 years of age, 21.3% of men and 16.7% of women continued to be cigarette smokers”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2011, among adolescents in grades 9 through 12, 17.7% of girls and 10.0% of boys reported that they had not engaged in ≥60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2011, 18.1% of students in grades 9 through 12 reported current cigarette use.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and by 10% in men (from 2450 to 2693 kcal/d).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with declines higher for those 3 to 11 years of age (−53.6%) and those 12 to 19 years of age (−46.5%) than for those 20 years of age and older (−36.7%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“13.2% (95% CI, 3.5–29.2) for poor diet”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2011, among adolescents in grades 9 through 12, 17.7% of girls and 10.0% of boys reported that they had not engaged in ≥60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“11.9% (95% CI, 1.3–22.3) for insufficient physical activity”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 38% of US adults have at least 3 metrics at poor levels.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among hypertensive adults, ≈82% are aware of their condition”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Health Factors and Risks Remains an Issue for Many Americans
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women tend to have more metrics at ideal levels than do men (Chart 2-4).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but only 53% of those with documented hypertension have their condition controlled to target levels.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Health Factors and Risks Remains an Issue for Many Americans
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and 75% are using antihypertensive medication”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Health Factors and Risks Remains an Issue for Many Americans
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated prevalence of overweight and obesity in US adults (≥20 years of age) is 154.7 million, which represents 68.2% of this group in 2010.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than 60% of those >60 years of age have only 2 or fewer metrics at ideal levels (Chart 2-4).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whites had nearly twice the percentage of adults with 5 or more metrics with ideal levels (18%) as Mexican Americans (9.5%) or blacks (11%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Americans with CVD are much more likely to be current or former smokers than Americans without CVD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Very few US children (<5%) meet only 1 or 2 criteria for ideal cardiovascular health.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 94% of US adults have at least 1 metric at poor levels.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fully 34.6% of US adults are obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 6 in 10 white adults and 7 in 10 black or Mexican American adults have no more than 3 of 7 metrics at ideal levels (Chart 2-5).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few US adults (<3%) have 5 or more metrics at poor levels.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both presence of hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL or receiving medication) and DM (fasting glucose ≥125 mg/dL or receiving medications) and awareness and treatment of these conditions are similarly higher among those with CVD than among those without CVD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same trend was seen in 2007–2008.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 20% of US adults are current smokers or have quit recently (<12 months ago).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For most metrics, the prevalence of ideal levels of health behaviors and health factors is much higher in US children than in US adults.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among US adults (Chart 2-2), the age-standardized prevalence of ideal levels of cardiovascular health behaviors and factors currently varies from 0.3% for having at least 4 of 5 components of the healthy diet pattern to up to 76% for never having smoked or being a former smoker who has quit for >12 months.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall distributions were similar in boys and girls.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mexican American boys and girls and African American girls are disproportionately affected.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From 1999 to 2009, the relative rate of death attributable to CVD declined by 32.7%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2009, 34% of deaths attributable to CVD occurred before the age of 75 years, which is well before the average life expectancy of 78.5 years.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More US adults have 4 to 6 ideal metrics than 4 to 6 poor metrics.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2009 to 2010, the prevalence of ideal levels across 6 available health factors and health behaviors (ie, excluding diet, for which 2009–2010 data were not available at the time of this analysis) decreases dramatically from younger to older age groups.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“79% of US adults meet 0 or only 1 of the 5 healthy diet metrics.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presence of ideal cardiovascular health is strongly age related (Chart 2-4).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blacks and Mexican Americans tend to have fewer metrics at ideal levels than whites or other races (Chart 2-5).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than 90% of US children meet 0 or only 1 of the 5 healthy dietary components.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among children (Chart 2-1), the prevalence (unadjusted) of ideal levels of cardiovascular health behaviors and factors currently varies from 0% for the healthy diet pattern (ie, essentially no children meet at least 4 of the 5 dietary components) to >80% for the smoking, BP, and fasting glucose metrics.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over the past 3 decades, the prevalence of obesity in children 6 to 11 years of age has increased from ≈4% to >20%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Virtually no children meet all 7 criteria for ideal cardiovascular health.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total number of inpatient cardiovascular operations and procedures increased 28%, from 5 939 000 in 2000 to 7 588 000 in 2010”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Cardiovascular Procedure Use and Costs
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this age group, men were more likely than women to be former smokers (54.0% compared with 30.0%) on the basis of age-adjusted estimates (NHIS).9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Bambs et al3 and Folsom et al4 both described the low prevalence (<1%) of ideal cardiovascular health, defined as being in the ideal category of all 7 AHA metrics in the Heart Strategies Concentrating on Risk Evaluation and ARIC cohorts, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and for women 26 to 44 years of age (11.8% versus 27.0%, respectively).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2010, an estimated 69.6 million Americans ≥12 years of age were current (past month) users of a tobacco product (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, or tobacco in pipes).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and current smokeless tobacco use (12.8% compared with 2.2%; YRBS).1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2004 to 2006 data, adult cigarette smoking varied among Asian subgroups. Most Asian adults had never smoked, with rates ranging from 65% of Korean adults to 84% of Chinese adults.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Overall, 23.4% of students reported any current tobacco use”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2008 to 2010, among people ≥65 years of age, 9.4% of men and 9.1% of women were current smokers.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2011, among adults ≥18 years of age:21.3% of men and 16.7% of women were current cigarette smokers (NHIS).5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, on the basis of NHANES 2009–2010, the current prevalence of ideal levels of BP among US adults is 44.3%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Achieving the 2020 Impact Goals
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Non-Hispanic white students were more likely than Hispanic or non-Hispanic black students to report any current tobacco use, which includes cigarettes, cigars, or smokeless tobacco (26.5% compared with 20.5% for Hispanic students and 15.4% for non-Hispanic black students; YRBS).1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, in 2008 to 2010, Asian women (5.5%) and Hispanic women (9.6%) were less likely to be current cigarette smokers than non-Hispanic black women (17.6%), non-Hispanic white women (20.9%), and American Indian or Alaska Native women (20.7%; NHIS).9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Male students were also more likely than female students to report current cigar use (17.8% compared with 8.0%)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Cigarette use in the past month in this age group declined significantly from 13.0% in 2002 to 8.3% in 2010 (National Survey on Drug Use and Health [NSDUH]).2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Male students were more likely than female students to report current cigarette use (19.9% compared with 16.1%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The rate of current use of any tobacco product in this age range declined from 2007 to 2010 (from 28.6% to 27.4%; NSDUH).2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2009 to 2010, among women 15 to 44 years of age, past-month cigarette use was lower for those who were pregnant (16.3%) than among those who were not pregnant (26.7%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“7.7% of students reported current smokeless tobacco use”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2011, in grades 9 through 12:18.1% of students reported current cigarette use”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“13.1% of students reported current cigar use”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The percentage of current cigarette smokers (19.0%) declined 21% since 1998 (24.1%).5–7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
- Not checked yetcites [6]
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2011, 49.9% of students in grades 9 to 12 who currently smoked cigarettes had tried to quit smoking cigarettes during the previous 12 months.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This pattern was found for women 18 to of age (22.7% versus 31.2% for pregnant and nonpregnant women, respectively)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the basis of data from NHANES (1988–2010), a similarly low prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health is present across the United States: 2.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5%–2.5%) in 1988–1994 and 1.2% (95% CI, 0.8%–1.9%) in 2005–2010.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Dong et al5 demonstrated a similar strong graded, inverse relationship between the number of ideal cardiovascular health metrics and risk of CVD in white, black, and Hispanic participants of the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) after 11 years of follow-up.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Korean adults (22%) were approximately 2 to 3 times as likely to be current smokers as Japanese (12%), Asian Indian (7%), or Chinese (7%) adults on the basis of age-adjusted estimates (NHIS).10”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2008, data from 11 states showed that the majority of people surveyed in each state reported having smoke-free home rules, ranging from 68.8% in West Virginia to 85.6% in Arizona (BRFSS).21”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Secondhand Smoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis comparing pooled data of ≈2.4 million smokers and nonsmokers found the relative risk (RR) ratio of smokers to nonsmokers for developing CHD was 25% higher in women than in men (95% CI, 1.12–1.39).12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from 2002 to 2004 suggest that ≈1 in 5 nonsmokers 12 to 17 years of age is likely to start smoking.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Most new smokers (58.8%) in 2010 were <18 years of age when they first smoked cigarettes (NSDUH).2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Smoking cessation reduces the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality for smokers with and without CHD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Smoking Cessation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Nonsmokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke at home or at work increase their risk of developing CHD by 25% to 30%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Secondhand Smoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The prevalence of inactivity was highest among black (26.7%) and Hispanic (21.3%) girls, followed by white girls (13.7%), black boys (12.3%), Hispanic boys (10.7%), and white boys (8.5%).1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current smokers have a 2 to 4 times increased risk of stroke compared with nonsmokers or those who have quit for >10 years.13,14”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Morbidity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among adolescents 15 to 17 years of age, past-month cigarette use was higher for those who were pregnant (22.7%) than for those who were not pregnant (13.4%; NSDUH).2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Pooled data from 17 studies in North America, Europe, and Australasia suggest that smoke-free legislation can reduce the incidence of acute coronary events by 10%.23”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Secondhand Smoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is no evidence to date that reducing the amount smoked by smoking fewer cigarettes per day reduces the risk of CVD.18”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Smoking Cessation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Nationwide, 31.1% of adolescents used a computer for activities other than school work (eg, videogames or other computer games) for ≥3 hours per day on an average school day.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Nationwide, 13.8% of adolescents were inactive during the previous 7 days”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Women were more likely than men to receive advice to quit smoking (MEPS).19”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Smoking Cessation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The prevalence of using computers or watching television ≥3 hours per day was highest among black (41.1%) and Hispanic boys (36.3%), followed by white boys (33.3%), black girls (35.2%), Hispanic girls (28.3%), and white girls (22.6%).1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Girls were more likely than boys to report inactivity (17.7% versus 10.0%).1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“32.4% of adolescents watched television for ≥3 hours per day.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Youths in the Mexican subpopulations were significantly more susceptible (28.8%) to start smoking than those in non-Hispanic white (20.8%), non-Hispanic black (23.0%), Cuban (16.4%), Asian Indian (15.4%), Chinese (15.3%), and Vietnamese (13.8%) subpopulations.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Smokers between 18 and 44 years of age were less likely to be advised to quit than those at older ages.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Smoking Cessation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As of December 31, 2010, an additional 10 states had laws that prohibited smoking in 1 or 2 but not all 3 venues.22”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Secondhand Smoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There was no significant difference in susceptibility to start smoking between boys and girls in any of the major populations or subpopulations (NSDUH).11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“21.0% met the 2008 federal PA guidelines for both aerobic and strengthening activity, an important component of overall physical fitness.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hispanic/Latino adults (59.8%) and non-Hispanic black adults (58.8%) were more likely to not meet the federal PA guidelines than non-Hispanic white (47.4%) adults, according to age-adjusted estimates.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“More boys than girls met PA recommendations (≥60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity on most days of the week) as measured by accelerometry.5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The percentage of adults ≥25 years of age not meeting the full (aerobic and muscle-strengthening) federal PA guidelines was inversely associated with education; participants with no high school diploma (68.4%), a high school diploma (59.0%), some college (48.2%), or a bachelor’s degree or higher (34.0%), respectively, did not meet the full federal PA guidelines.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The proportion of adults ≥25 years of age who met the 2008 federal PA guidelines for aerobic activity was positively associated with education level: 62.5% of those with a college degree or higher met the PA guidelines compared with 28.6% of adults with less than a high school diploma.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thirty-two percent do not engage in leisure-time PA (“no leisure-time PA/inactivity” refers to no sessions of light/moderate or vigorous PA of at least 10 minutes duration per day).7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Non-Hispanic black and Hispanic adults were more likely to be inactive (41.1% and 42.2%, respectively) than were non-Hispanic white adults (27.7%) on the basis of age-adjusted estimates.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Physical education class participation declined from the 9th through the 12th grades among boys and girls.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thirty-three percent of respondents in a study examining awareness of current US PA guidelines had direct knowledge of the recommended dosage of PA (ie, frequency/duration).10”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The percentage of adults reporting at least 150 minutes of moderate PA or 75 minutes of vigorous PA or an equivalent combination weekly decreased with age from 55.8% for adults 18 to 44 years of age to 27.4% for those ≥75 years of age, on the basis of the 2011 NHIS.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The proportion of respondents who did not meet the federal PA guidelines increased with age from 44.1% of 18- to 44-year-olds to 72.6% of adults ≥75 years of age.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a dietary pattern characterized by higher intakes of vegetables, fruits, legumes, fish, poultry, and whole grains was associated with a 28% lower cardiovascular mortality (RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.60–0.87)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and trends toward lower risk of CHD and total CVD.98”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 510- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and for the DASH-type dietary pattern.101”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“each 1.64-g/d (42 mmol/d) higher potassium intake was associated with a 21% lower risk of stroke (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.68–0.90)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] source
plaincorrelationaln = 510- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two separate cost-effectiveness analyses estimated that population reductions in dietary salt would not only be cost-effective but actually cost-saving.118,119”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“participants randomized to low-sodium interventions had a 25% lower risk of CVD (RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.57–0.99) after 10 to 15 years of follow-up”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“greater versus lower adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern, characterized by higher intakes of vegetables, legumes, nuts, fruits, whole grains, fish, and unsaturated fat and lower intakes of red and processed meat, was associated with a 22% lower cardiovascular mortality (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.69–0.87).99”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“higher sodium consumption was associated with greater risk of stroke (pooled RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.06–1.43; P=0.007)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] source
plaincorrelationaln = 25- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar findings have been seen in other cohorts and for other outcomes, including development of DM and metabolic syndrome.103–109”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similar findings have been seen for the Mediterranean dietary pattern and risk of incident CHD and stroke100”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The proportion of sales of meals and snacks from fast-food restaurants compared with total meals and snacks away from home increased from 5% in 1958 to 29% in 1982 to 36% in 2011.111”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Lower estimated consumption of dietary sodium was not associated with lower CVD mortality in NHANES,94”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a dietary pattern characterized by higher intakes of processed meat, red meat, refined grains, French fries, and sweets/desserts was associated with a 22% higher cardiovascular mortality (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.01–1.48).102”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“estimated savings in healthcare costs would be $10 to $24 billion annually.119”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and a trend toward higher risk of CVD (1.14, 0.99–1.32; P=0.07)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 25- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“or hypertension (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.57–1.23; n=93 events)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] source
plainn = 93- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“nonsignificant trends were seen toward fewer CVD events in subjects with normal BP (RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.42–1.20; n=200 events)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] source
plainn = 200- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Obese adolescents had a 16-fold increased risk of becoming severely obese adults compared with those with normal weight or those who were overweight.8”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, 68% of US adults were overweight or obese (73% of men and 64% of women).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Compared with 1973 to 1974, the proportion of children 5 to 17 years of age who were obese was 5 times higher in 2008 to 2009.19”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among women, non-Hispanic blacks (54%) and Mexican-Americans (45%) were more likely to be obese than non-Hispanic whites (33%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among men, Mexican-Americans (81%) and non-His-panic whites (73%) were more likely to be overweight or obese than non-Hispanic blacks (69%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The prevalence of obesity increased by 5.6% or ≈2.7 million people from 1997 to 2002 among Medicare beneficiaries.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The obesity epidemic is disproportionally more rampant among children living in low-income, low-education, and higher-unemployment households, according to data from the National Survey of Children’s Health.5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“College graduates had a 20.8% rate of obesity, whereas those who attained less than a high school education had an obesity prevalence of 32.9%.20”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In whites, there was little overall sex difference in obesity prevalence.4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Blacks ≥18 years of age (26.4%), American Indians or Alaska Natives (27.6%), and whites (36.6%) were less likely than Asians (56.7%) to be at a healthy weight.12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Additionally, no state met the Healthy People 2010 goal of reducing obesity to 15% of adults.11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Overall, 18% of US children and adolescents 6 to 19 years of age have BMI-for-age values ≥95th percentile of the 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States (NHANES [2009–2010], NCHS).2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“adherence to a Mediterranean diet, moderate alcohol consumption, the expenditure of ≥200 kcal/d in PA, and nonsmoking were associated with a 1.3-kg/m2 (0.9–1.7) lower BMI and a 4.3-cm (3.1–5.4) lower waist circumference than having ≤1 healthy lifestyle factor.16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
plaincorrelationaln = 7,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the prevalence of high weight for recumbent length was 7% in 1976–1980 and 12% in 2003–2006 (NHANES, NCHS).18”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A study of >8500 4-year-olds in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (National Center for Education Statistics) found that 1 in 5 were obese.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Filipino adults (14%) were more than twice as likely to be obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) as Asian Indian (6%), Vietnamese (5%), or Chinese (4%) adults.13”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Most adults in Asian subgroups were in the healthy weight range, with rates ranging from 51% for Filipino adults to 68% for Chinese adults.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among women, non-Hispanic blacks (80%) and Mexican-Americans (78%) were more likely to be overweight or obese than non-Hispanic whites (60%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The median percentage by state was 27.8%.10”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among men, non-Hispanic blacks (38%) and Mexican-Americans (36%) were more likely to be obese than non-Hispanic whites (34%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the results showed that 39% of rural versus 32% of urban children had BMI >85th percentile.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a 1-year intensive lifestyle intervention of diet and PA achieved clinically significant weight loss and improvement in cardiometabolic factors in addition to reduction in visceral and hepatic fat content.17”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the prevalence of obesity ranged from 20.7% in Colorado to 34.9% in Mississippi.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A study of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health found that parental education consistently modified sex disparity in blacks.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Grade I obesity (BMI 30 to <35 kg/m2) was associated with almost 30 000 of these excess deaths (95% CI, 8534–68 220)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Elevated childhood BMIs in the highest quartile were associated with premature death as an adult in a cohort of 4857 American Indian children during a median follow-up of 23.9 years.35”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
plaincorrelationaln = 4,857- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The CARDIA study showed that young adults who were overweight or obese had lower health-related quality of life than normal-weight participants 20 years later.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“overweight or obese children who remained obese in adulthood had increased risks of type 2 DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and carotid atherosclerosis.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“RRs for hemorrhagic stroke were 1.01 (0.88–1.17) and 1.24 (0.99–1.54) for overweight and obese individuals, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“overweight (BMI 25 to <30 kg/m2) was not associated with excess deaths.37”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Underweight was associated with nearly 34 000 excess deaths (95% CI, 15 726–51 766).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Calculations based on NHANES data from 1978–2006 suggest that the gains in life expectancy from smoking cessation are beginning to be outweighed by the loss of life expectancy related to obesity.41”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Increased prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and DM.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio were only minimally associated with cardiovascular outcomes after controlling for baseline SBP, DM, and total and HDL cholesterol in addition to age, sex, and smoking status.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plaincorrelationaln = 934- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“overall mortality was lowest at a BMI of ≈22.5 to 25 kg/m2 in both sexes and at all ages, after exclusion of early follow-up and adjustment for smoking status.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
plaincorrelationaln = 900,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Women with a BMI of ≥35 kg/m2 had an RR for DM of 38.8 compared with women with a BMI of <23 kg/m2.27”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“obese patients had lower all-cause mortality (HR=0.77, P=0.01) than normal-weight patients after multivariable adjustment over a 3-year follow-up period.33”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“to maintain a favorable effect on cardiovascular risk factors, more than the short-term goal of 5% weight loss is needed to overcome secular trends and aging effects.32”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“over a mean follow-up period of 10 years, all-cause mortality was lowest at BMI levels of 20.0 to 24.9 kg/m2.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, those who became normal weight by adulthood had risks comparable to individuals who were never obese.30”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similar estimates were observed in men.40”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Measures of adiposity also did not improve risk discrimination or reclassification when risk factor data were included.31”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plainn = 934- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Obesity was the most powerful predictor of DM in the Nurses’ Health Study.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Obesity was associated with 13% of CVD deaths in 2004.38”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the number of quality-adjusted life-years lost as a result of obesity is similar to or greater than that lost as a result of smoking, according to data from the BRFSS.42”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sibling history of HD has been shown to increase the odds of HD in men and women by ≈50%.5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Family History
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in 1997, expenditures for a Part A and Part B services beneficiary were $6832 for a normal-weight individual, which was more than for overweight ($5473) or obese ($5790) individuals.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“long-term mortality was 40% lower among the surgically treated patients than among obese control subjects.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] source
plaincorrelationaln = 9,949- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“metabolically unhealthy obese individuals were at an increased risk of all-cause mortality compared with metabolically healthy obese individuals (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.23–2.41).48”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, over time, expenses increased more rapidly for overweight and obese individuals.55”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“obese 45-year-olds had lifetime Medicare costs of $163 000 compared with $117 000 among those with normal weight by the time they reached 65 years of age.52”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similar results have been observed for hypertension, elevated triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol.59”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] source
plaincorrelationaln = 641- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The ORs are modest, ranging from 1.06 to 1.51 per copy of the risk allele (individuals may harbor up to 2 copies of a risk allele).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
plaincorrelationaln = 233- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Genome-wide association is a robust technique for identifying associations between genotypes and phenotypes.
In the paper
“Altogether, there are 23 well-replicated loci for MI.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
plainn = 233- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Genome-wide association is a robust technique for identifying associations between genotypes and phenotypes.
In the paper
“a history of stroke in a first-degree relative increased the odds of stroke in men and women by ≈50%.8”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Family History
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“parental history of AF is associated with ≈80% increased odds of AF in men and women,7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Family History
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“demonstrated an increased risk of cancer across BMI categories, with an HR of 1.34 (95% CI, 1.01–1.78) for those with BMI 30 to 34.9 kg/m2 and an HR of 1.82 (95% CI, 1.22–2.71) for those with BMI ≥35 kg/m2.47”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Obese people pay on average $1429 (42%) more for healthcare costs than normal-weight individuals.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Non-disease death rates (eg, accidents, suicide) were 58% higher in the surgery group.60”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] source
plaincorrelationaln = 9,949- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Premature family history of angina, MI, angioplasty, or bypass surgery increased the lifetime risk by ≈50% for both HD (from 8.9% to 13.7%) and CVD mortality (from 14.1% to 21%).6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Family History
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among adults ≥20 years of age, 12.6% reported having a parent or sibling with a heart attack or angina before the age of 50 years.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Family History
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“only 75% of participants with a documented parental history of a heart attack before age 55 years reported that history when asked.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Family History
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“bariatric surgery was not associated with reduced mortality compared with obese control subjects (time-adjusted HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.64–1.39).61”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in-hospital mortality rates were higher for patients with class III obesity (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.32–2.03) when class I obesity was used as the referent.46”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“maximum weight loss was 32%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The risk of death was 0.76 among those who underwent bariatric surgery compared with matched control subjects.57”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Additionally, stronger associations have been found between variation at 9p21.3 and earlier17,18 and more severe19 heart attacks.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Approximately 5.6% of adults ≥20 years of age have undiagnosed hypercholesterolemia3 (NHANES 2007–2010, unpublished NHLBI tabulation).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fewer than half of all people who qualify for any kind of lipid-modifying treatment for CHD risk reduction are receiving it.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Adherence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Lipid-lowering drug use rose significantly for both sexes among those 35 to 74 years of age.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Genetic markers discovered thus far have not been shown to add to cardiovascular risk prediction tools beyond current models that incorporate family history.10”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to data from NHANES, from 1999 to 2006, the prevalence of elevated LDL cholesterol levels (as defined by levels higher than the specified Adult Treatment Panel III risk category) in adults ≥20 years of age has decreased by ≈33%.8”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“NHANES data on the treatment of high LDL cholesterol showed an increase from 28.4% of individuals during 1999 to 2002 to 48.1% during 2005 to 2008.11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from the BRFSS study of the CDC in 2011 showed that the percentage of adults who had been screened for high blood cholesterol in the preceding 5 years ranged from 66.3% in Utah to 83.7% in Massachusetts. The median percentage among all 50 states was 75.5%.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Between the periods 1988–1994 and 1999–2002 (NHANES/NCHS), the age-adjusted mean total serum cholesterol level of adults ≥20 years of age decreased from 206 to 203 mg/dL, and LDL cholesterol levels decreased from 129 to 123 mg/dL.4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fewer than 1% of adolescents are potentially eligible for pharmacological treatment on the basis of guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics.1,2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that most CVD risk factors have at least moderate heritability.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Variation at the 9p21.3 region also increases the risk of HF13 and sudden death.14”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Genetic markers have also not been shown to improve prediction of subclinical atherosclerosis beyond traditional risk factors.11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The percentage of adults who reported having had a cholesterol check increased from 68.6% during 1999 to 2000 to 74.8% during 2005 to 2006.10”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Associations have also been observed between the 9p21.3 region and coronary artery calcification (CAC).15,16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Between the periods 1988–1994 and 1999–2002 (NHANES/NCHS), the age-adjusted mean total serum cholesterol level of adults ≥20 years of age decreased from 206 to 203 mg/dL, and LDL cholesterol levels decreased from 129 to 123 mg/dL.4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among adolescents 12 to 19 years of age, the mean total blood cholesterol level is 158.2 mg/dL.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, stronger associations have been found between variation at 9p21.3 and earlier17,18 and more severe19 heart attacks.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to data from NHANES 2005–2006, between the periods 1999 to 2000 and 2005 to 2006, mean serum total cholesterol levels in adults ≥20 years of age declined from 204 to 199 mg/dL.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Variation at the 9p21.3 region also increases the risk of HF13 and sudden death.14”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from NHANES 2003–2008 (NCHS) showed the serum total crude mean cholesterol level in adults ≥20 years of age was 195 mg/dL for men and 201 mg/dL for women.5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fewer than half of even the highest-risk people (those with symptomatic CHD) are receiving lipid-lowering treatment.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Adherence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The same 9p21.3 region has also been associated with intracranial aneurysm, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA),20 and ischemic stroke.21”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The most consistently replicated genetic marker for HD in European-derived populations is located at 9p21.3.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For large-vessel ischemic stroke, a new association for large-vessel stroke with histone deacetylase 9 on chromosome 7p21.1 has been identified (>9000 subjects) and replicated (>12 000 subjects).21”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
plaincorrelationaln = 9,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The prevalence of abnormal lipid levels among youths 12 to 19 years of age is 20.3%; 14.2% of normal-weight youths, 22.3% of overweight youths, and 42.9% of obese youths have at least 1 abnormal lipid level (NHANES 1999–2006, NCHS).1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among adults with hypercholesterolemia, the percentage who had been told that they had high cholesterol increased from 42.0% during 1999 to 2000 to 50.4% during 2005 to 2006.10”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Approximately 7.8% of adolescents 12 to 19 years of age have total cholesterol levels ≥200 mg/dL (NHANES 2007–2010, unpublished NHLBI tabulation).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Self-reported use of cholesterol-lowering medications increased from 8.2% during 1999 to 2000 to 14.0% during 2005 to 2006.10”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The same 9p21.3 region has also been associated with intracranial aneurysm, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA),20 and ischemic stroke.21”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The same 9p21.3 region has also been associated with intracranial aneurysm, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA),20 and ischemic stroke.21”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among children 4 to 11 years of age, the mean total blood cholesterol level is 161.9 mg/dL.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from the Minnesota Heart Survey (1980–1982 to 2000–2002) showed a decline in age-adjusted mean total cholesterol concentrations from 5.49 and 5.38 mmol/L for men and women, respectively, in 1980–1982 to 5.16 and 5.09 mmol/L, respectively, in 2000–2002”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“High levels of triglycerides occurred in 9.4% of male adolescents and 6.7% of female adolescents during 2007 to 2010.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Approximately 27% of adults ≥20 years of age had a triglyceride level ≥150 mg/dL during 2007 to 201014”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One in 3 US adults has HBP (unpublished NHLBI tabulation).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Analysis of the National Health Examination Survey (NHES), the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and the NHANES/NCHS surveys of the NCHS (1963–2002) found that the BP, pre-HBP, and HBP trends in children and adolescents 8 to 17 years of age moved downward from 1963 to 1988 and upward thereafter.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Low levels of HDL cholesterol occurred in 21.7% of male adolescents and 10.7% of female adolescents during 2007 to 20101”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among adolescents 12 to 19 years of age, the mean triglyceride level is 82.9 mg/dL.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among children 4 to 11 years of age, the mean HDL cholesterol level is 53.6 mg/dL.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from NHANES 2007–2010 found that ≈6% of US adults have undiagnosed hypertension.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from the 2004 NNHS revealed the most frequent chronic medical condition among this nationally representative sample of long-term stay residents aged ≥65 years was hypertension (53% of men and 56% of women).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The mean level of HDL cholesterol for American adults ≥20 years of age is 52.5 mg/dL (NHANES 2007–2010, unpublished NHLBI tabulation).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The mean level of triglycerides for American adults ≥20 years of age is 130.3 mg/dL (NHANES 2007–2010, unpublished NHLBI tabulation).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The age-adjusted prevalence of high LDL cholesterol in US adults was 26.6% in 1988 to 1994 and 25.3% in 1999 to 2004 (NHANES/NCHS).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ever-diagnosed conditions that were more prevalent among older men than older women included HD (37% for men, 26% for women) and DM (24% for men, 18% for women), on the basis of data from NHIS/NCHS.8”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2009 to 2010, hypertension was among the diagnosed chronic conditions that were more prevalent among older (≥65 years of age) women than older men (57% for women, 54% for men).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among adolescents 12 to 19 years of age, the mean HDL cholesterol level is 51.4 mg/dL.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A study from 1988–1994 through 1999–2000 of children and adolescents 8 to 17 years of age showed that among non-Hispanic blacks, mean SBP levels increased by 1.6 mm Hg among girls and by 2.9 mm Hg among boys compared with non-Hispanic whites.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension (both diagnosed and undiagnosed) in 2003 to 2006 was 75% for older women and 65% for older men on the basis of data from NHANES/NCHS.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among adolescents 12 to 19 years of age, the mean LDL cholesterol level is 89.5 mg/dL.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from the 2011 BRFSS/CDC indicate that the percentage of adults ≥18 years of age who had been told that they had HBP ranged from 22.9% in Utah to 40.1% in Alabama. The median percentage was 30.8%.4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from the 2007–2008 BRFSS, NHIS, and NHANES surveys found 27.8%, 28.5%, and 30.7% US adults were told they had hypertension, respectively.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An estimated 77.9 million adults ≥20 years of age have HBP, extrapolated to 2010 with NHANES 2007–2010 data (Table 9-1).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fewer than 3% of adults with a triglyceride level ≥150 mg/dL received pharmacological treatment during 1999 to 2004.14”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Prevalence among whites also increased, from 24.3% to 28.1%.18”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Race/Ethnicity and HBP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ever-diagnosed conditions that were more prevalent among older men than older women included HD (37% for men, 26% for women) and DM (24% for men, 18% for women), on the basis of data from NHIS/NCHS.8”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The mean level of LDL cholesterol for American adults ≥20 years of age was 115.8 mg/dL in 2007 to 2010.8”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“High levels of LDL cholesterol occurred in 7.3% of male adolescents and 7.6% of female adolescents during 2007 to 2010.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“HBP is 2 to 3 times more common in women taking oral contraceptives, especially among obese and older women, than in women not taking them.2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2004 to 2006, the prevalence of diagnosed DM was more than twice as high for Asian Indian adults (14%) as for Chinese (6%) or Japanese (5%) adults.12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from FHS/NHLBI also reveal that prehypertension is associated with elevated relative and absolute risks for CVD outcomes across the age spectrum.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“People with prehypertension were 1.65 times more likely to have 1 or more of these adverse risk factors than were those with normal BP.52”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among adolescents 10 to 19 years of age diagnosed with DM, 57.8% of blacks were diagnosed with type 2 versus type 1 DM compared with 46.1% of Hispanic and 14.9% of white youths.4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the basis of NHANES 2003–2004 data, it was found that nearly three fourths of adults with CVD comorbidities have hypertension.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Awareness, Treatment, and Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Absolute risks for major CVD associated with prehypertension increased markedly with age: 6-year event rates for major CVD were 1.5% in prehypertensive people <60 years of age, 4.9% in those 60 to 79 years of age, and 19.8% in those ≥80 years of age.41”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the basis of 2010 BRFSS (CDC) data, the prevalence of adults in the United States who reported ever having been told by a physician that they had DM ranged from 5.3% in Alaska to 13.2% in Alabama. The median percentage among all states was 8.7%.13”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 12 prospective cohort studies (including 518 520 participants) found prehypertension was associated with incident stroke.”
- Also stated in: § Prehypertension · plain
“Prehypertension was found to be significantly associated with stroke.54”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Prehypertension · plain
In the paper
“Data from NHANES 1999–2006 estimate that 29.7% of adults ≥20 years of age have prehypertension.38”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Assessment of the REGARDS data identified high risk of prehypertension to be associated with increased age and black race.53”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At 65 to 94 years of age, the 4-year incidences of hypertension were 16.0%, 25.5%, and 49.5% for these BP categories, respectively.51”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
plaincorrelationaln = 9,845- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to the Bogalusa Heart Study, a long-term follow-up study of youths aging into adulthood, youths who were prediabetic or who had DM were more likely to have a constellation of metabolic disorders in young adulthood (19–44 years of age), including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, all of which predispose to CHD.5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“After adjustment for population age differences, 2007 to 2009 national survey data for people ≥20 years of age indicate that 7.1% of non-Hispanic whites, 8.4% of Asian Americans, 11.8% of Hispanics, and 12.6% of non-Hispanic blacks had diagnosed DM.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Prehypertension was highest in blacks with other risk factors, including DM and elevated C-reactive protein.53”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among those who were hypertensive, non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans had 40% higher odds of uncontrolled BP than non-Hispanic whites.47”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Awareness, Treatment, and Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2005, a survey of people in 20 states conducted by the BRFSS of the CDC found that 19.4% of respondents had been told on ≥2 visits to a health professional that they had HBP.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Awareness, Treatment, and Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
““Resistant hypertension” is a treatment and control issue for nearly 1 in 10 hypertensive adults.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Awareness, Treatment, and Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] source
- Not checked yetcites [50]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to NHANES data from 1999–2007, among US adolescents aged 12 to 19 years, the prevalence of prediabetes and DM increased from 9% to 23%.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to data from NHANES 2001–2006, non-Hispanic blacks had 90% higher odds of poorly controlled BP than non-Hispanic whites.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Awareness, Treatment, and Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Compared with normal BP (<120/80 mm Hg), prehypertension was associated with a 1.5- to 2-fold increased risk for major CVD events in those <60, 60 to 79, and ≥80 years of age.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In particular, DM was associated with death attributable to the following cancers: liver, pancreas, ovary, colorectal, lung, bladder, and breast.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among participants with DM, the age- and sex-adjusted CVD incidence rate was 286.4 per 10 000 person-years in the earlier period and 146.9 per 10 000 person-years in the later period, a 35.4% decline.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the SEARCH study, the incidence of DM in youths overall was 24.3 per 100 000 person-years.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During this time period, the prevalence of diagnosed DM was greater among females than males in all age groups.14”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the basis of projections from NHANES/NCHS studies between 1984 and 2004, the total prevalence of DM in the United States is expected to more than double from 2005 to 2050 (from 5.6% to 12.0%) in all age, sex, and race/ethnicity groups.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis of television viewing, including 4 studies consisting of 175 938 adult individuals and 6428 incident type 2 DM cases, showed that among those who watched 2 hours of television per day, the RR of DM was 20% higher (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.14–1.27).22”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
plaincorrelationaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The CDC analyzed data from 1994 to 2004 collected by the Indian Health Service that indicated that the age-adjusted prevalence per 1000 population of DM increased 101.2% among American Indian/Alaska Native adults <35 years of age (from 8.5% to 17.1%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“HRs for DM as a predictor of incident CVD were not significantly different in the earlier (risk factor–adjusted HR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.88–3.82) versus later (HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.44–2.66) period.34”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The age/race/ethnicity group with the largest increase is expected to be blacks ≥75 years of age (projected increase of 606%).15”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Analysis of NHANES/NCHS data from 1988–1994 to 2005–2006 in adults ≥20 years of age showed that 40% of those with DM did not know they had it.11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Awareness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A 50-year-old with DM died on average 6 years earlier than an individual without DM.24”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Most of the increase in absolute incidence of DM occurred in individuals with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (P for trend=0.03).20”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from FHS show that despite improvements in CVD morbidity and mortality, DM continues to be associated with incremental CVD risk.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“DM increases the risk of stroke, with the RR ranging from 1.8- to 6-fold increased risk.32,37”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [37]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, patients whose HbA1c levels were above the treatment goal (80%) were more likely to receive greater-than-starting-dose therapy than were those who had above-goal SBP (62%) and LDL cholesterol levels (13%; P<0.0001).52”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When absence of adiposity was added to the other 4 low-risk lifestyle factors, incidence of DM was 89% lower.54”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to 2007 data from the BRFSS, only 25% of adults with DM achieved recommended levels of total PA based on the 2007 American Diabetes Association guidelines.55”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to data from the ARIC study and NHANES III, the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing DM (compared with a single fasting glucose measurement of ≥126 mg/dL) were 47% and 98%, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In an analysis of provincial health claims data for adults living in Ontario, Canada, between 1992 and 2000, the rate of patients admitted for AMI and stroke decreased to a greater extent in the diabetic than the nondiabetic population (AMI, −15.1% versus −9.1%, P=0.0001; stroke, −24.2% versus −19.4%, P=0.0001).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from the ARIC study of the NHLBI found that the magnitude of incremental CHD risk associated with DM was smaller in blacks than in whites.38”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to data from 2956 adults ≥55 years of age from the ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) trial, poor cognitive function, defined as a 5-point poorer baseline score on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, was associated with a 13% increased risk of severe hypoglycemia that required medical assistance.60”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Hypoglycemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] source
plaincorrelationaln = 2,956- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“since 2000 new ESRD rates have increased 6.1% for whites”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and 2.5 percent among Asians”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“while rates have decreased 7.0% for blacks.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Blacks, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans have higher rates of ESRD than do whites.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“CKD is a risk factor for recurrent CVD events.18”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The prevalence of CKD was slightly higher among Mexican Americans (18.7%) and non-Hispanic blacks (19.9%) than among non-Hispanic whites (16.1%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“showed that excess albuminuria or proteinuria is independently associated with a higher risk of CVD and all-cause mortality.33”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
plaincorrelationaln = 872- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to current definitions, the prevalence of CKD is higher with older age1:5.7% for those 20 to 39 years of age9.1% for those 40 to 59 years of age35.0% for those ≥60 years of age”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition to GFR and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, cystatin C provides incremental information for the prediction of ESRD and mortality.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42]
plaincorrelationaln = 643- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, urine albumin level is associated with progression to CKD across all levels of reduced eGFR.13”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“People with both albuminuria/proteinuria and reduced eGFR are at particularly high risk for CVD, CVD outcomes, and death.34”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Elevated levels of cystatin C have been shown to be associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality in studies from a broad range of cohorts.39–41”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
- Not checked yetcites [40]
- Not checked yetcites [41]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Recent evidence suggests that BMI is associated with worsening CKD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 652- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Individuals with less severe forms of kidney disease are also at significantly increased CVD risk independent of typical CVD risk factors.17”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CVD is the leading cause of death among those with ESRD”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies from a broad range of cohorts demonstrate an association between reduced eGFR and elevated risk of CVD, CVD outcomes, and all-cause death17,20–25 that appears to be largely independent of other known major CVD risk factors.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CVD mortality is 5 to 30 times higher in dialysis patients than in subjects from the general population of the same age, sex, and race.15,16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a recent analysis from the Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network (ACTION) registry, patients presenting with CKD had a substantially higher mortality rate.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a cohort of 652 African American individuals with hypertensive nephrosclerosis, BMI was independently associated with urine total protein and albumin excretion.12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaincorrelationaln = 652- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although the specific cardiovascular cause of death may be more likely to be arrhythmic than an AMI, end-stage HF, or stroke.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Even after adjustment for these risk factors, excess CVD risk remains.14”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“CKD is also a risk factor for AF.19”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, patients with CKD were less likely to receive standard therapies for the treatment of MI.35”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“CKD prevalence was greater among those with DM (40.1%) and hypertension (23.2%) than among those without these chronic conditions.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Any degree of albuminuria, starting below the microalbuminuria cutpoint, has been shown to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events, CHF hospitalization, PAD, and all-cause death in a wide variety of cohorts.27–32”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27]
- Not checked yetcites [28]
- Not checked yetcites [29]
- Not checked yetcites [30]
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
- Not checked yetcites [32]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a recent meta-analysis suggests that there is no consistent association between calcium and parathyroid hormone and the risk of death or cardiovascular events.26”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a recent analysis of 26 643 US adults, the addition of cystatin C to the combination of creatinine and albumin-to-creatinine ratio resulted in a significant improvement in the prediction of both all-cause mortality and the development of ESRD.42”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42]
plaindirectn = 26,643- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For women, comparable rates occur 10 years later in life.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In several diverse cohorts, elevated cystatin C has been found to be associated with CVD-related mortality,41,50,51 including sudden cardiac death.52”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
- Not checked yetcites [50]
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
- Not checked yetcites [52]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a recent clinical trial of 9270 patients with CKD, the effect of lipid-lowering therapy with simvastatin/ezetimibe was associated with a lower risk for major atherosclerotic events compared with placebo.53”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53]
plaincorrelationaln = 9,270- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Median overall survival was 30 years for men and 36 years for women.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The average annual rates of first cardiovascular events rise from 3 per 1000 men at 35 to 44 years of age to 74 per 1000 men at 85 to 94 years of age.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Analysis of FHS data among participants free of CVD at 50 years of age showed the lifetime risk for developing CVD was 51.7% for men and 39.2% for women.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“as well as for cardiovascular events among those with CHD.39,49”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
- Not checked yetcites [49] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the same 10-year period, the actual number of CVD deaths per year declined by 17.8% (AHA computation).7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“From 1999 to 2009, death rates attributable to CVD (ICD-10 I00–I99) declined 32.7%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Asian Indian adults (9%) are ≈2-fold more likely than Korean adults (4%) to have ever been told they have HD, based on data for 2004 to 2006.2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Awareness was 66% lower among black and Hispanic women than among white women,13”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“High dietary salt, low dietary omega-3 fatty acids, and high dietary trans fatty acids were the dietary risks with the largest estimated excess mortality effects.10”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and the racial/ethnic difference has not changed appreciably over time.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Awareness of heart attack signs was low for all racial/ethnic and age groups surveyed.13”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Analysis of data from the FHS suggests that stroke incidence is declining over time in this largely white cohort.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, after adjustment for age and education level, African American, Hispanic, and Asian women were significantly less likely to be aware that HD/heart attack is the leading cause of death than white women.12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Analysis of several data sets by the CDC showed that in adults ≥18 years of age, disparities were common in all risk factors examined.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The BASIC (Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi) project (NINDS) demonstrated an increased incidence of stroke among Mexican Americans compared with non-Hispanic whites in a community in southeast Texas.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In men, the highest prevalence of obesity (29.7%) was found in Mexican Americans who had completed a high school education.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Accidents were rated as the greatest perceived lifetime health risk (39%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The prevalence of multiple risk factors ranged from 25.9% among college graduates to 52.5% among those with less than a high school diploma (or its equivalent).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These changes for whites were driven by a decline in ischemic strokes.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Twelve states and 2 territories had a multiple risk factor prevalence of ≥40%: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, West Virginia, Guam, and Puerto Rico.15”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among 4507 American Indian participants without a prior stroke in the Strong Heart Study in 1989 to 1992, the age-and sex-adjusted incidence of stroke through 2004was 6.79 per 100 person-years, with 86% of incident strokes being ischemic.24”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“prevalence was similar in women (36.4%) and men (37.8%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among people ≥80 years of age, the rate of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage increased from 2.5 (95% CI, 0–7.4) in 1988 to 45.9 (95% CI, 25.6–66.2) in 1999 (P<0.001 for trend).25”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the GCNKSS, the annual incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage per 100 000 people increased from 0.8 (95% CI, 0.3–1.3) in 1988 to 1.9 (95% CI, 1.1–2.7) in 1993/1994 and 4.4 (95% CI, 3.2–5.5) in 1999 (P<0.001 for trend).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from the 2003 CDC BRFSS survey of adults ≥18 years of age showed the prevalence of respondents who reported having ≥2 risk factors for HD and stroke was successively higher at higher age groups.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hypertension prevalence was high among blacks (41.2%) regardless of sex or educational status.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A similar decline was not seen in blacks.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Mexican Americans also had a higher incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage than non-Hispanic whites, adjusted for age.22”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A study of the decrease in US deaths attributable to CHD from 1980 to 2000 suggests that ≈47% of the decrease was attributable to increased use of evidence-based medical therapies and 44% to changes in risk factors in the population attributable to lifestyle and environmental changes.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Black women with or without a high school education had a high prevalence of obesity (48.4%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The age-adjusted incidence of first ischemic stroke per 1000 was 0.88 in whites, 1.91 in blacks, and 1.49 in Hispanics according to data from the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS; NINDS) for 1993 to 1997.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Lifetime risk for incident stroke at 65 years of age decreased significantly in the latest data period compared with the first, from 19.5% to 14.5% in men and from 18.0% to 16.1% in women.21”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Prevalence of ≥2 risk factors varied by state/ territory and ranged from 27.0% (Hawaii) to 46.2% (Kentucky).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among 4507 American Indian participants without a prior stroke in the Strong Heart Study in 1989 to 1992, the age-and sex-adjusted incidence of stroke through 2004was 6.79 per 100 person-years, with 86% of incident strokes being ischemic.24”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“40% incorrectly chose abuse/use behavior with a substance other than cigarettes as the most important CVD risk behavior.14”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 2002, death certificate data showed that the mean age at stroke death was 79.6 years; however, males had a younger mean age at stroke death than females.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The prevalence of physician-diagnosed TIA increases with age.26”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It is estimated that one third of episodes characterized as TIA according to the classic definition (ie, focal neurological deficits that resolve within 24 hours) would be considered infarctions on the basis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging findings.35”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ninety-one patients (5%) had a stroke within 2 days.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plainn = 1,707- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Age-standardized mortality rates for ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage were lower for Hispanics than for whites.39”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Of 1707 TIA patients evaluated in the ED of Kaiser Permanente Northern California, a large, integrated healthcare delivery system, 180 (11%) experienced a stroke within 90 days.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plainn = 1,707- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Individuals who have a TIA and survive the initial high-risk period have a 10-year stroke risk of roughly 19% and a combined 10-year stroke, MI, or vascular death risk of 43% (4% per year).34”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Approximately 15% of all strokes are heralded by a TIA.30”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among adults 25 to 44 years of age, blacks and American Indian/Alaska Natives had higher risk ratios for stroke mortality than did whites for all 3 stroke subtypes.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“From 1999 to 2009, the annual stroke death rate decreased 36.9%, and the actual number of stroke deaths declined 22.9% (AHA computation).36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“From 1995 to 1998, age-standardized mortality rates for ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intracerebral hemorrhage were higher among blacks than whites.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Within 1 year of TIA, ≈12% of patients will die.27”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“From 1999 to 2009, the annual stroke death rate decreased 36.9%, and the actual number of stroke deaths declined 22.9% (AHA computation).36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among black and white women and white men, rates declined by at least 2% annually in every census division, but among black men, rates declined little in the East and West South Central divisions.38”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Men, blacks, and Mexican Americans have higher rates of TIA than their female and non-Hispanic white counterparts.22,27,29”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
- Not checked yetcites [27]
- Not checked yetcites [29]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“All minority populations had higher death rates attributable to subarachnoid hemorrhage than did whites.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among black and white women and white men, rates declined by at least 2% annually in every census division, but among black men, rates declined little in the East and West South Central divisions.38”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In examining trends in stroke mortality by census divisions between 1999 and 2007 for people ≥45 years of age, the rate of decline varied by geographic region and race-ethnic group.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Death rates attributable to intracerebral hemorrhage also were higher among Asians/Pacific Islanders than among whites.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A report released by the CDC in collaboration with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, the Atlas of Stroke Hospitalizations Among Medicare Beneficiaries, found that in Medicare beneficiaries over the time period 1995 to 2002, 30-day mortality rate varied by age: 9% in patients 65 to 74 years of age, 13.1% in those 74 to 84 years of age, and 23% in those ≥85 years of age.41”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Blacks, American Indian/Alaska Natives, and Asian/Pacific Islanders had younger mean ages than whites, and the mean age at stroke death was also younger among Hispanics than non-Hispanics.40”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increases in calories consumed during this time period are attributable primarily to greater average carbohydrate intake, in particular, of starches, refined grains, and sugars.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CVD costs more than any other diagnostic group.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Cardiovascular Procedure Use and Costs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is much worse than among children.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Larger population reductions in BP would lead to even larger numbers of people with ideal levels.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Achieving the 2020 Impact Goals
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To achieve the 2020 goals, a 20% relative improvement would require an increase in this proportion to 53.1% by 2020 (44.3% × 1.20).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Achieving the 2020 Impact Goals
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“After a 6-week training session, C-reactive protein levels declined by 23.7% (P<0.001)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, for every 3-hour-per-week increase in vigorous-intensity activity, the multivariate RR of MI was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.61–0.98) for men.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Unfit individuals who improved their fitness status had a 35% lower mortality risk (HR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.46–0.93) than those who remained unfit.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a 20-year study of older male veterans, an inverse, graded, and independent association between impaired exercise capacity and all-cause mortality risk was found.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Exercise training was additionally associated with improved brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), whereas resistance training was associated with better stair-climbing ability versus control.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“PA improves inflammatory markers in people with existing stable CHD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and with 46% lower mortality among people with chronic comorbidities.28”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This 22% reduction of risk can be explained in part by beneficial effects of PA on HDL cholesterol, vitamin D, apolipoprotein B, and HbA1c.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Adherence to PA guidelines for both aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities is associated with 27% lower all-cause mortality among adults without existing chronic conditions such as DM, cancer, MI, angina, CVD, stroke, or respiratory diseases”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the basis of a self-reported prevalence of inactivity of 47.5% and a prevalence of CVD of 21.5%, direct expenditures for CVD associated with inactivity were estimated to be $23.7 billion in 2001.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Costs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the basis of a meta-analysis of 34 randomized controlled trials, exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation after MI was associated with lower rates of reinfarction, cardiac mortality, and overall mortality.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a randomized trial of patients with PAD, supervised treadmill exercise training and lower-extremity resistance training were each associated with significant improvements in functional performance and quality of life compared with a usual-care control group.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Intense activity (an aerobic interval-training program 3 times per week for 12 weeks) was associated with a significant 35% improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and decreases in pro-brain natriuretic peptide (40%), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (18%), and left ventricular end-systolic volume (25%) compared with control and endurance-training groups.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plaincorrelationaln = 27- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“there was no difference in leukocyte count or levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and plasma vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels declined by 10.23% (P<0.05)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For each increase of 1 metabolic equivalent tasks in exercise capacity, mortality risk was 12% lower (HR 0.88; 95% CI, 0.86–0.90).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the basis of a meta-analysis of 34 randomized controlled trials, exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation after MI was associated with lower rates of reinfarction, cardiac mortality, and overall mortality.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Intense activity (an aerobic interval-training program 3 times per week for 12 weeks) was associated with a significant 35% improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and decreases in pro-brain natriuretic peptide (40%), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (18%), and left ventricular end-systolic volume (25%) compared with control and endurance-training groups.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plaincorrelationaln = 27- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Intense activity (an aerobic interval-training program 3 times per week for 12 weeks) was associated with a significant 35% improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and decreases in pro-brain natriuretic peptide (40%), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (18%), and left ventricular end-systolic volume (25%) compared with control and endurance-training groups.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plaincorrelationaln = 27- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a randomized trial of patients with PAD, supervised treadmill exercise training and lower-extremity resistance training were each associated with significant improvements in functional performance and quality of life compared with a usual-care control group.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Exercise training was additionally associated with improved brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), whereas resistance training was associated with better stair-climbing ability versus control.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the basis of a meta-analysis of 34 randomized controlled trials, exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation after MI was associated with lower rates of reinfarction, cardiac mortality, and overall mortality.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Intense activity (an aerobic interval-training program 3 times per week for 12 weeks) was associated with a significant 35% improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and decreases in pro-brain natriuretic peptide (40%), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (18%), and left ventricular end-systolic volume (25%) compared with control and endurance-training groups.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Secondary Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plaincorrelationaln = 27- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In comparison, in a pooled individual-level analysis of 11 prospective cohort studies, the specific exchange of polyunsaturated fat consumption in place of saturated fat was associated with lower CHD risk, with 13% lower risk for each 5% energy exchange (RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.70–0.97).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) randomized clinical trial (n=48 835), reduction of total fat consumption from 37.8% energy (baseline) to 24.3% energy (at 1 year) and 28.8% energy (at 6 years) had no effect on incidence of CHD (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.88–1.09), stroke (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.90–1.15), or total CVD (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.92–1.05) over a mean of 8.1 years.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, each 2% of calories from trans fat was associated with a 23% higher risk of CHD (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11–1.37).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Such an intervention would be more cost-effective than using medications to lower BP in all people with hypertension.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, these are common alleles, which suggests that the attributable risk may be substantial.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
hedgedconditionaln = 233- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Genome-wide association is a robust technique for identifying associations between genotypes and phenotypes.
In the paper
“Projections show that by 2030, prevalence of hypertension will increase 7.2% from 2013 estimates (unpublished AHA computation, based on methodology described by Heidenreich et al).7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Increased obesity (abdominal obesity more so than general obesity) partially explained the HBP and pre-HBP rise from 1988 to 1999.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Poor control rates of systolic hypertension remain a principal problem that further compromises their already high CVD risk.46”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Awareness, Treatment, and Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These data suggest that increases in DM rates threaten the long-established nationwide trend toward reduced coronary artery events.40”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The data suggest that DM confers a risk equivalent to aging 15 years.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The lack of specificity of hypoglycemia with vascular outcomes suggests that it might be a marker for susceptibility.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Hypoglycemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Colorado IDDM (insulin-dependent DM) Study Registry (1978–1988) and SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (2002–2004) demonstrated an increasing incidence of type 1 DM among Colorado youths ≤17 years of age, with a 2.3% (95% CI, 1.6%–3.1%) increase per year over the past 26 years.67”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The cost of hypoglycemia, according to data from 536 581 individuals with type 2 DM from the 2004–2008 MarketScan database, was $52 223 675,”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] source
plainn = 536,581- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among men, the age-specific prevalence ranged from 20.3% among people 20 to 39 years of age to 40.8% for people 40 to 59 years of age and 51.5% for people ≥60 years of age.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“which accounted for 1.0% of inpatient costs,”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] source
plainn = 581- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“$1387 for an ED visit,”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] source
plainn = 581- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“During the course of study, the incremental mortality risk associated with type 1 DM declined from 9.3 to 5.6 times that of nondiabetic control subjects.68”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and $394 for an outpatient visit.59”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] source
plainn = 581- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the basis of NHANES 2003–2006 data and National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines, ≈34% of adults ≥20 years of age met the criteria for metabolic syndrome.4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The age-adjusted prevalence was 35.1% for men and 32.6% for women.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and 1.27 for fatal and nonfatal CVD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and infectious (18%) causes.70”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among patients with HbA1c 8.0% to 11.9% compared with those with HbA1c 5.0% to 7.9%, the HR of fatal/nonfatal CHD was 1.71”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This resulted in a mean cost of $17 564 for an inpatient admission,”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] source
plainn = 581- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A long-term study of patients with type 1 DM that began in 1966 showed that over 30 years of follow-up, overall risk of mortality associated with type 1 DM was 7 times greater than that of the general population.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The leading cause of death among patients with type 1 DM is CVD, which accounted for 22% of deaths among those in the Allegheny County, PA, type 1 DM registry,”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When the 2007 MarketScan database was used to assess costs associated with youths who have DM, mean annual costs per person with DM were $9061 compared with $1468 for those without DM;”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to 30-year mortality data from Allegheny County, PA, those with type 1 DM have a mortality rate 5.6 times higher than the general population.69”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and a 57% reduced risk of the composite end point (P=0.02; included nonfatal MI, stroke, and CVD death).71”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Prevalence of metabolic syndrome varies by the definition used, with definitions such as that from the International Diabetes Federation that suggest lower thresholds for defining central obesity in European whites, Asians, and Hispanics resulting in higher prevalence estimates.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For diabetic ketoacidosis, costs were $14 236 for youths with versus $8398 for youths without diabetic ketoacidosis.65”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Longer term, savings could total nearly $25 billion.63”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The age-adjusted prevalence was ≈53% higher among non-Hispanic black women than among non-Hispanic black men”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Observational data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register showed that most CVD risk factors were more adverse among patients with HbA1c between 8.0% and 11.9% than among those with HbA1c between 5.0% and 7.9%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among women, the percentages were 31.5%, 38.8%, and 40.6%, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Long-term follow-up data from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study Research Group showed that intensive versus conventional treatment in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial was associated with a 42% reduced risk of CVD (P=0.02)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The age-adjusted prevalences of people with metabolic syndrome were 37.2%, 25.3%, and 33.2% for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican American men, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among 3610 older patients (>60 years of age) with type 1 DM, the risk of severe hypoglycemia was twice as high as for those <60 years of age (40.1 versus 24.3 per 100 patient-years).73”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] source
plaincorrelationaln = 3,610- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“followed by renal (20%)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using the insurance claims and MarketScan data from 7556 youths <19 years of age with insulin-treated DM, costs for youths with hypoglycemia were $12 850 compared with $8970 for youths without hypoglycemia.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“After adjustment for age and sex, medical costs for patients with DM were 2.3 times higher than for people without DM.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and the risk of fatal/nonfatal CVD was 1.59.72”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Per 1% unit increase in HbA1c, the HR of fatal and nonfatal CHD was 1.30 in multivariable adjusted models”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among women, the age-specific prevalence ranged from 15.6% among people 20 to 39 years of age to 37.2% for people 40 to 59 years of age and 54.4% for those ≥60 years of age.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to 2003–2005 MEPS data (household component data), reductions in DM and hypertension of 5% could save ≈9 billion dollars annually in the short-term.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among 2787 patients from the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study, age, waist-hip ratio, pulse pressure, non-HDL cholesterol, microalbuminuria, and peripheral and autonomic neuropathy were risk factors for all-cause, CVD, and non-CVD mortality.61”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] source
plaincorrelationaln = 2,787- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In ARIC, inclusion of the metabolic syndrome did not improve the risk prediction achieved by the FRS.22”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The clustering of rates of change in the components of the metabolic syndrome in blacks exceeded that in whites.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the basis of results from 3 studies, metabolic syndrome remained a predictor of cardiovascular events after adjustment for the individual components of the syndrome (summary RR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.32–1.79).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“mortality follow-up of the second NHANES showed a stepwise increase in risk of CHD, CVD, and total mortality across the spectrum of no disease, metabolic syndrome (without DM), DM, prior CVD, and those with CVD and DM”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The degree of clustering was stronger among adults than among children.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies suggest that the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is a better predictor of incident CVD than metabolic syndrome.21–23”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
- Not checked yetcites [22]
- Not checked yetcites [23]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 1999 to 2002, among overweight or obese adolescents, 44% had metabolic syndrome.11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the British Regional Heart Study, the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for the FRS was 0.73 for incident CHD during 10 years of follow-up, and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for the number of metabolic syndrome components was 0.63.23”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“with an HR for CHD mortality of 2.02 (95% CI, 1.42–2.89) associated with metabolic syndrome.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 1999 to 2004, ≈4.5% of US adolescents 12 to 17 years of age had metabolic syndrome according to the definition developed by the International Diabetes Federation.12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Approximately half of the 1098 adolescent participants in the Princeton School District Study diagnosed with pediatric Adult Treatment Panel III metabolic syndrome lost the diagnosis over 3 years of follow-up.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
plainn = 1,098- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among pregnant women increased to 26.5% during 1999 to 2004 from 17.8% during 1988 to 1994.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is also high among immigrant Asian Indians, ranging between 26.8% and 38.2% depending on the definition used.5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cardiovascular abnormalities are associated with metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents.16,17”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the sensitivity for CVD at a fixed specificity was significantly higher for the FRS than for the metabolic syndrome.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“After adjustment for age, sex, and race, the baseline status of metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with an increased risk of having metabolic syndrome during adulthood (OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 2.8–13.8).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plaincorrelationaln = 31- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A more recent meta-analysis among 87 studies comprising 951 083 subjects showed an even higher risk of CVD associated with metabolic syndrome (summary RR, 2.35; 95% CI, 2.02–2.73)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Increased risk was seen with increased numbers of metabolic syndrome risk factors.20”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a recent metaanalysis of prospective studies concluded that metabolic syndrome increased the risk of developing CVD (summary RR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.58–2.00).18”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the Bogalusa Heart Study, 4 variables (BMI, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol, and mean arterial pressure) considered to be part of the metabolic syndrome clustered together in blacks and whites and in children and adults.15”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and ≈22% higher among Mexican American women than among Mexican American men.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Estimates of RR for CVD generally increase as the number of components of metabolic syndrome increases.23”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Compared with men without a metabolic abnormality in the British Regional Heart Study, the HRs were 1.74 (95% CI, 1.22–2.39) for 1 component, 2.34 (95% CI, 1.65–3.32) for 2 components, 2.88 (95% CI, 2.02–4.11) for 3 components, and 3.44 (95% CI, 2.35–5.03) for 4 or 5 components.23”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 1988 to 1994, two thirds of all adolescents had at least 1 metabolic abnormality.13”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The prevalence of metabolic syndrome remained relatively stable during successive 2-year periods: 4.5% for 1999 to 2000, 4.4% to 4.5% for 2001 to 2002, and 3.7% to 3.9% for 2003 to 2004.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Of 31 participants in the NHLBI Lipid Research Clinics Princeton Prevalence Study and the Princeton Follow-Up Study who had metabolic syndrome at baseline, 21 (68%) had metabolic syndrome 25 years later.14”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plaincorrelationaln = 31- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In children 6 to 17 years of age participating in research studies in a single clinical research hospital, the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was unstable in 46% of cases after a mean of 5.6 years of follow-up.10”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study indicate that risk for CVD mortality is increased in men without DM who have metabolic syndrome (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.5–2.0)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The cardiovascular risk associated with the metabolic syndrome varies on the basis of the combination of metabolic syndrome components present.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Compared with white patients with similar levels of kidney function, black patients are much more likely to progress to ESRD”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from 771 participants 6 to 19 years of age from the NHLBI’s Lipid Research Clinics Princeton Prevalence Study and the Princeton Follow-Up Study showed that the risk of developing CVD was substantially higher among those with metabolic syndrome than among those without this syndrome (OR, 14.6; 95% CI, 4.8–45.3) who were followed up for 25 years.14”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
plaincorrelationaln = 771- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“compared with the normal-weight group (BMI <25 kg/m2), the ORs of developing metabolic syndrome were 2.81 (95% CI, 2.50–3.17) and 5.24 (95% CI, 4.50–6.12) for the overweight (BMI 25–30 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) groups, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] source
plaincorrelationaln = 1,970- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Overall, healthcare costs increase by ≈24% for each additional metabolic syndrome component present.34”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and are on average 10 years younger when they reach ESRD.4,5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Results from a large community-based population showed that higher BMI also independently increased the risk of ESRD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The results of the analysis of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors show that targeting a handful of risk factors has large potential to reduce mortality in the United States.27”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The following factors have been reported as being inversely associated with incident metabolic syndrome, defined by one of the major definitions, in prospective or retrospective cohort studies:”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In MESA, among 6603 people aged 45 to 84 years (1686 [25%] with metabolic syndrome without DM and 881 [13%] with DM), subclinical atherosclerosis assessed by CAC was more severe in people with metabolic syndrome and DM than in those without these conditions”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
plaincorrelationaln = 6,603- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among stable CAD patients in the COURAGE trial (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation), the presence of metabolic syndrome was associated with an increased risk of death or MI (unadjusted HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.15–1.73; P=0.001)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“however, after adjustment for its individual components, metabolic syndrome was no longer significantly associated with outcome (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.79–1.68; P=0.46).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and blacks were shown to be less likely to develop metabolic syndrome than whites.37”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“however, among those with metabolic syndrome, the presence of DM is associated with even greater risk for CVD mortality (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.7–2.6).26”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In >6 years of follow-up in the ARIC Study, 1970 individuals (25%) developed metabolic syndrome”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] source
plainn = 1,970- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The higher risk of ESRD with overweight and obesity was consistent across age, sex, and race and in the presence or absence of DM, hypertension, or known baseline kidney disease.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another analysis of 814 participants of this cohort showed that those 5 to 19 years of age who had metabolic syndrome at baseline had an increased risk of having DM 25 to 30 years later compared with those who did not have the syndrome at baseline (OR, 11.5; 95% CI, 2.1–63.7).35”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
plaincorrelationaln = 814- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, men were more likely than women to develop metabolic syndrome,37,39”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
- Not checked yetcites [39]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Additional data from the Princeton Follow-Up Study, the Fels Longitudinal Study, and the Muscatine Study suggest that the absence of components of the metabolic syndrome in childhood had a high negative predictive value for the development of metabolic syndrome or DM in adulthood.36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Early percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in addition to medical therapy did not significantly reduce the risk of death or MI regardless of metabolic syndrome or DM status.28”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the progression of CAC was greater in people with metabolic syndrome and DM than in those without.31”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plaincorrelationaln = 6,603- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and the extent of CAC was a strong predictor of CHD and CVD events in these groups.30”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
boostedcorrelationaln = 6,603- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the metabolic syndrome has been associated with incident AF32 and HF.33”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The metabolic syndrome is associated with increased healthcare use and healthcare-related costs among individuals with and without DM.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and associations that were similar across all regions and ethnic groups.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from a large insured population revealed that among adults with a GFR >60 mL·min−1·1.73 m−2 and no evidence of proteinuria or hematuria at baseline, risks for ESRD increased dramatically with higher baseline BP level”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Data from a large cohort of insured patients found that in addition to established risk factors for ESRD, lower hemoglobin levels, higher serum uric acid levels, self-reported history of nocturia, and family history of kidney disease are independent risk factors for ESRD.2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, the presence of ≥3 risk factors with subthreshold values was associated with increased risk of MI (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.24–1.81) compared with having “normal” values.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the metabolic syndrome has been associated with incident AF32”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One potential explanation for the higher CVD event rate in patients with CKD is the low uptake of standard therapies for patients presenting with MI.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of overlap across conditions, it is not possible to add these conditions to arrive at a total of unique individuals.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Prevalence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The true prevalence of TIA is greater, because many patients who experience neurological symptoms consistent with a TIA fail to report it to their healthcare provider.26”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 308
- Probably not a substantial claim. 152
- The quote only partly states this claim. 6
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 2.5% of US adults have 0 of the 7 criteria at ideal levels, and another 15% meet only 1 of 7 criteria.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, 64.5% of those with CVD and 47.3% of those without CVD report engaging in no moderate or vigorous activity at all.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these, nearly all with CVD are aware of their hypertension (98.6%) and are receiving treatment (97.4%), but a much smaller proportion of those without CVD are aware (70.6%) or receiving treatment (61.4%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of any-mention deaths attributable to heart failure was approximately as high in 1995 (287 000) as it was in 2009 (275 000).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2009, the age-standardized death rate attributable to all CVDs was 237.1 per 100 000 (Chart 2-11), down 6% from 252.4 per 100 000 in 2007”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Diseases
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coronary heart disease alone caused ≈1 of every 6 deaths in the United States in 2009.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The major exceptions are diet and PA, for which the prevalence of ideal levels in children is similar (for PA) or worse (for diet) than in adults.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among adults, there appears to be a positive trend for meeting the smoking metric and negative trends for meeting the BMI and glucose metrics. Trends for other metrics appear fairly flat.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Trends Over Time
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on 2007 to 2010 data, 33.0% of US adults ≥20 years of age have hypertension. This represents 78 million US adults with hypertension.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Health Factors and Risks Remains an Issue for Many Americans
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among children 2 to 19 years of age, 31.8% are overweight and obese (which represents 23.9 million children)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 40% of US children 12 to 19 years of age have 5 or more metrics at ideal levels, with lower levels in boys (36%) than in girls (45%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rates were 281.4 per 100 000 for white males, 387.0 per 100 000 for black males, 190.4 per 100 000 for white females, and 267.9 per 100 000 for black females.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and 38.2% had prediabetes, with abnormal fasting glucose levels.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Health Factors and Risks Remains an Issue for Many Americans
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 610 000 of these are first attacks”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among children, there appears to be a negative trend for meeting the body mass index (BMI) metric and positive trends for meeting the smoking and total cholesterol metrics. Other metrics do not show consistent trends.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Trends Over Time
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heart failure was the underlying cause in 56 410 of those deaths in 2009.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2010, an estimated 19.7 million Americans had diagnosed diabetes mellitus, representing 8.3% of the adult population.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Health Factors and Risks Remains an Issue for Many Americans
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two thirds of US adults are overweight, with little difference by prevalent CVD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Younger adults are more likely to meet greater numbers of ideal metrics, and older adults are much less likely.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing dramatically over time, in parallel with the increases in prevalence of overweight and obesity.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Health Factors and Risks Remains an Issue for Many Americans
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, hospital discharges for heart failure remained essentially unchanged from 2000 to 2010, with first-listed discharges of 1 008 000 and 1 023 000, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An additional 8.2 million had undiagnosed diabetes mellitus”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Health Factors and Risks Remains an Issue for Many Americans
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately 12% meet 5 metrics, 4% meet 6 metrics, and 0% meet 7 metrics at ideal levels.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Half of all US adults with CVD and one third without CVD are obese.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and ≈280 000 have a recurrent attack.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the basis of 2009 death rate data, >2150 Americans die of CVD each day, an average of 1 death every 40 seconds.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is estimated that an additional 150 000 silent first myocardial infarctions occur each year.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“African American adults have among the highest prevalence of hypertension (44%) in the world.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Health Factors and Risks Remains an Issue for Many Americans
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other specific changes related to increased caloric intake in the United States include larger portion sizes, greater food quantity and calories per meal, and increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, snacks, commercially prepared (especially fast food) meals, and higher energy-density foods.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2009, 1 in 9 death certificates (274 601 deaths) in the United States mentioned heart failure.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total direct and indirect cost of CVD and stroke in the United States for 2009 is estimated to be $312.6 billion.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Cardiovascular Procedure Use and Costs
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of hypertension is nearly equal between men and women.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Health Factors and Risks Remains an Issue for Many Americans
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2009, stroke caused ≈1 of every 19 deaths in the United States.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each year, an estimated ≈635 000 Americans have a new coronary attack (defined as first hospitalized myocardial infarction or coronary heart disease death)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 2009 overall rate of death attributable to CVD (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, codes I00–I99) was 236.1 per 100 000.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In comparison, only 16% of US adults have 5 or more metrics with ideal levels, with lower prevalence in men (12%) than in women (21%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and 185 000 are recurrent attacks.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hypertension is present in 28.5% of US adults without CVD and 51.0% of US adults with CVD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As measured by self-reported data, Americans with CVD are very likely to have intermediate or poor levels of PA (74.1%), whereas Americans without CVD still commonly have such levels (58.4%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average, every 40 seconds, someone in the United States has a stroke and dies of one approximately every 4 minutes.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the basis of NHANES 2003–2006 data, the age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of major cardiovascular risk factors related to overweight/obesity and insulin resistance, is ≈34% (35.1% among men and 32.6% among women).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Health Factors and Risks Remains an Issue for Many Americans
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) is associated with marked excess mortality in the US population.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2009, 386 324 Americans died of coronary heart disease.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“About 153 000 Americans who died of CVD (I00–I99) in 2009 were <65 years of age.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even more notable is the excess morbidity associated with overweight and obesity in terms of risk factor development and incidence of diabetes mellitus, CVD end points (including coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure), and numerous other health conditions, including asthma, cancer, end-stage renal disease, degenerative joint disease, and many others.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet in 2009, CVD (I00–I99; Q20–Q28) still accounted for 32.3% (787 931) of all 2 437 163 deaths, or 1 of every 3 deaths in the United States.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An estimated 31.9 million adults ≥20 years of age have total serum cholesterol levels ≥240 mg/dL, with a prevalence of 13.8%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Health Factors and Risks Remains an Issue for Many Americans
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From 1999 to 2009, the relative rate of stroke death fell by 36.9% and the actual number of stroke deaths declined by 23.0%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and 16.9% are obese (12.7 million children).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet each year, ≈795 000 people continue to experience a new or recurrent stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
hedgedn = 795,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“If current trends continue, estimated cardiovascular health will improve by 6%, short of the AHA’s goal of 20%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Trends Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“About half of US children meet 3 or 4 fewer criteria for ideal cardiovascular health, and about half meet 5 or 6 criteria.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: unclear — It is unclear whether the authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most US adults (≈60%) have 2, 3, or 4 criteria at ideal cardiovascular health, with approximately 1 in 5 adults within each of these categories.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Current Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately every 34 seconds, 1 American has a coronary event, and approximately every 1 minute, an American will die of one.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Rates of Death Attributable to CVD Have Declined, but the Burden of Disease Remains High
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“African Americans, Mexican Americans, Hispanic/Latino individuals, and other ethnic minorities bear a strikingly disproportionate burden of diabetes mellitus in the United States.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Prevalence and Control of Cardiovascular Health Factors and Risks Remains an Issue for Many Americans
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By comparison, in 2008, the estimated cost of all cancer and benign neoplasms was $228 billion”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > Cardiovascular Procedure Use and Costs
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The percentage of students who reported ever trying cigarettes remained stable from 1991 to 1999 and then declined from 70.4% in 1999 to 44.7% in 2011.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data from NHANES 2009–2010 reveal that overall, 7.2% of Americans self-reported having some type of CVD (Table 2-3), including 3.2% with coronary heart disease (CHD), 2.7% with stroke, and 2.0% with congestive heart failure (CHF)”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Diseases
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, based on NHANES 1999–2002, only modest intercorrelations are present between different cardiovascular health metrics. For example, these ranged from a correlation of −0.12 between PA and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) to a correlation of 0.29 between BMI and HbA1c. Thus, the 7 AHA cardiovascular health metrics appear interrelated, but only modestly, with substantial independent variation in”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Death rates in 2009 attributable to stroke, HDs, and other cardiovascular causes were 38.9, 116.1, and 81.0 per 100 000, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Diseases
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adjusted population attributable fractions for ischemic HD mortality were as follows6:34.7% (95% CI, 6.6%–57.7%) for HBP16.7% (95% CI, 6.4%–26.6%) for smoking20.6% (95% CI, 1.2%–38.6%) for poor diet7.8% (95% CI, 0%–22.2%) for insufficient PA7.5% (95% CI, 3.0%–14.7%) for abnormal glucose levels”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among youths 12 to 17 years of age in 2010, 2.6 million (10.7%) used a tobacco product (cigarettes, cigars, or smokeless tobacco) in the past month, and 2.0 million (8.3%) used cigarettes.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ford et al7 demonstrated similar relationships.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The states with the highest percentage of current cigarette smokers were Kentucky (29.0%), West Virginia (28.6%), and Arkansas (27.0%). Utah has the lowest percentage of smokers (11.8%) (BRFSS).4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, both ideal health behaviors and ideal health factors were independently associated with lower CVD risk in a stepwise fashion (Chart 2-12).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The AHA cardiovascular health metrics predict future cardiometabolic risk when assessed in youth. In the Young Finns Study, a stepwise, inverse association was found between the number of ideal cardiovascular health metrics in adolescence (12–18 years of age) and risk of developing hypertension, dyslipidemia, or high carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in adulthood after 21 years of follow-up (”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Adjusted population attributable fractions for CVD mortality were as follows6:40.6% (95% CI, 24.5%–54.6%) for HBP13.7% (95% CI, 4.8%–22.3%) for smoking13.2% (95% CI, 3.5%–29.2%) for poor diet11.9% (95% CI, 1.3%–22.3%) for insufficient PA8.8% (95% CI, 2.1%–15.4%) for abnormal glucose levels”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The percentage who reported current cigarette use (on at least 1 day in the 30 days before the survey) increased between 1991 and 1997 and then declined from 36.4% in 1997 to 18.1% in 2011.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The percentage who reported current frequent cigarette use (smoked on ≥20 of the 30 days before the survey) increased from 1991 to 1999 and then declined from 16.8% in 1999 to 6.4% in 2011.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“From 1998 to 2007, cigarette smoking prevalence among adults ≥18 years of age decreased in 44 states and the District of Columbia. Six states had no substantial changes in prevalence after controlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity (BRFSS).8”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is a sharp increase in CVD risk with low levels of exposure to cigarette smoke, including secondhand smoke, and a less rapid further increase in risk as the number of cigarettes per day increases.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Morbidity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Each year from 2000 to 2004, smoking caused 3.1 million years of potential life lost for males and 2.0 million years for females, excluding deaths attributable to smoking-attributable residential fires and adult deaths attributable to secondhand smoke.16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In 2008, $9.94 billion was spent on marketing cigarettes in the United States.25”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a study of 12 812 youth 9 to 18 years of age, the PA level in boys and girls declined starting at the age of 13, with a significantly greater decline in activity among girls.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As of December 31, 2010, 25 states and the District of Columbia had laws that prohibited smoking in indoor areas of worksites, restaurants, and bars; no states had such laws in 2000.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Secondhand Smoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During 2000 to 2004, ≈49 000 (11.1%) of cigarette smoking–related deaths were attributable to secondhand smoke.16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“On average, male smokers die 13.2 years earlier than male nonsmokers, and female smokers die 14.5 years earlier than female nonsmokers.17”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among people ages 12 to 49 years of age who had started smoking within the past 12 months, the average age of first cigarette use was 17.3 years, similar to the average in 2009 (17.5 years).2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During 2000 to 2004, cigarette smoking resulted in an estimated 269 655 deaths annually among males and 173 940 deaths annually among females.16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Short exposures to secondhand smoke can cause blood platelets to become stickier, damage the lining of blood vessels, and decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, potentially increasing the risk of an acute MI (AMI).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Secondhand Smoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased television time has significant nutritional associations with weight gain (refer to Chapter 5, Nutrition).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“From 2000 to 2004, smoking during pregnancy resulted in an estimated 776 infant deaths annually.16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“During 2007 to 2008, the percentage of nonsmokers with detectable serum cotinine was higher for those 3 to 11 years of age (53.6%) and those 12 to 19 years of age (46.5%) than for those ≥20 years of age (36.7%); the percentage was also higher for non-Hispanic blacks (55.9%) than for non-Hispanic whites (40.1%) and Mexican Americans (28.5%; NHANES).24”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Secondhand Smoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 2010 estimate averages out to ≈6500 new cigarette smokers every day.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The prevalence of watching television ≥3 hours per day was highest among black girls (54.9%) and boys (54.4%), followed by Hispanic boys (38.4%) and girls (37.2%) and white boys (27.3%) and girls (23.9%).1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Direct medical costs ($96 billion) and lost productivity costs ($97 billion) associated with smoking totaled an estimated $193 billion per year between 2000 and 2004.16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The percentage of the US nonsmoking population with detectable serum cotinine declined from 52.5% in 1999 to 2000 to 40.1% in 2007 to 2008, with declines occurring for children and adults.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Secondhand Smoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study of 3068 youths between 14 and 24 years of age from 1999 to 2006 found that the prevalence of inactivity went up with age for both boys and girls. Across ages, girls had a higher prevalence of physical inactivity than boys.2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cigarette prices have increased 283% between the early 1980s and 2011, resulting in decreased sales from ≈30 million packs sold in 1982 to ≈14 million packs sold in 2011.25”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2008, 64.5% of adult current smokers ≥18 years of age with a checkup during the preceding year reported that they had been advised to quit, which was not significantly different from 2002 (63.1%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Smoking Cessation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2005, tobacco smoking was the cause of ≈467 000 adult deaths (19.1%) in the United States. Approximately one third of these deaths were related to CVD.15”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
hedgeddirectn = 467,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The number of new smokers <18 years of age (1.4 million) is similar to that in 2002 (1.3 million); however, new smokers ≥18 years of age increased from ≈600 000 in 2002 to 1 million in 2010 (NSDUH).2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2010:≈2.4 million people ≥12 years of age smoked cigarettes for the first time within the past 12 months, which was similar to the estimate in 2009 (2.5 million).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2011, the proportion of students who met activity recommendations of at least 60 minutes of PA on 7 days of the week was 28.7% nationwide and declined from 9th (30.7%) to 12th (25.1%) grades. At each grade level, the proportion was higher in boys than in girls.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Inactivity was higher among women than men (33.2% versus 29.9%, age-adjusted) and increased with age from 26.1% to 33.4%, 40.0%, and 52.4% among adults 18 to 44, 45 to 64, 65 to 74, and ≥75 years of age, respectively.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The proportion of adults reporting levels of PA consistent with the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans remains low and decreases with age.8,9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite recommendations from the National Association for Sport and Physical Education that schools should require daily physical education for students in kindergarten through 12th grade,6 only 51.8% of students attended physical education classes in school daily (56.7% of boys and 46.7% of girls).1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The percentage of men who engaged in both leisure-time aerobic and strengthening activities decreased with age, from 39.8% at age 18 to 24 years to 11.1% at ≥75 years of age. The percentage of women who engaged in both leisure-time aerobic and strengthening activities also decreased with age, from 20.7% at age 18 to 24 years to 5.3% at ≥75 years of age, on the basis of the 2011 NHIS.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the basis of accelerometer counts per minute >2020, 42% of 6- to 11-year-olds accumulated ≥260 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA on ≥5 days per week, whereas only 8% of 12-to 15-year-olds and 7.6% of 16- to 19-year-olds achieved similar counts.5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Little more than half (58.4%) of high school students played on at least 1 school or community sports team in the previous year; however, the prevalence declined with increasing grade level, from 61.4% in the 9th grade to 52.5% in the 12th grade.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2011, more high school boys (38.3%) than girls (18.5%) self-reported having been physically active at least 60 minutes per day on all_7 days; self-reported rates of activity were higher in white (30.4%) than in black (26.0%) or Hispanic (26.5%) adolescents.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 2010 National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Study showed that a total of 15.3% of high school students met the recommendations for aerobic activity, 51.0% met the recommendations for muscle-strengthening activity, and 12.2% met the recommendations for both aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities.4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“high dietary trans fatty acids for 82 000 annual deaths”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a 1.2 g/d reduction in dietary sodium was projected to reduce US annual cases of incident CHD by 60 000 to 120 000, stroke by 32 000 to 66 000, and total mortality by 44 000 to 92 000.119”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“estimated costs per year of life gained were between $9800 and $18 000 for statin therapy, ≥$1500 for nurse screening and lifestyle advice, $500 to $1250 for smoking cessation, and $20 to $900 for population-based healthy eating.112”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [112]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“High dietary salt consumption was estimated to be responsible for 102 000 annual deaths”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sodium restriction increased total mortality in trials of patients with CHF (RR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.04–6.44), but these data were based on very few events (n=21 deaths).96”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] source
plaindirectn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Consumer Price Index for food increased 3.7% in 2011.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Prices for foods eaten at home increased 4.8% in 2011, whereas prices for foods eaten away from home increased by 1.9%.111”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These associations were greater with larger differences in sodium intake and longer follow-up.97”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97]
plaincorrelationaln = 25- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“low dietary omega-3 fatty acids for 84 000 annual deaths”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Each year, >$33 billion in medical costs and $9 billion in lost productivity resulting from HD, cancer, stroke, and DM are attributed to poor nutrition.113–117”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113]
- Not checked yetcites [114]
- Not checked yetcites [115]
- Not checked yetcites [116]
- Not checked yetcites [117]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and low consumption of fruits and vegetables for 55 000 annual deaths.110”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Average price per portion of fruits and vegetables was 31 cents with an average of 57 calories per portion, compared with 33 cents and 183 calories per portion for snack foods.111”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For any given year, the share of disposable income spent on food is inversely proportional to absolute income.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“average (mean) total food expenditures by families and individuals have decreased from 22.3% (1949) to 18.1% (1961) to 14.9% (1981) to 11.3% (2011).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The proportion of total US food expenditures for meals outside the home, as a share of total food dollars, increased from 27% in 1961 to 40% in 1981 to 49% in 2011.59”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Blacks ≥18 years of age (38.9%) and American Indians or Alaska Natives (40.8%) were more likely to be obese than were whites (27.2%) and Asians (9.3%).12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of obesity in children 2 to 5 years of age, based on BMI-for-age values ≥95th percentile of the 2000 CDC growth charts, was 12% for non-Hispanic white boys and 6% for non-Hispanic white girls, 21% for non-Hispanic black boys and 17% for non-Hispanic black girls, and 19% for Mexican American boys and 12% for Mexican American girls according to 2009–2010 data from NHANES (NCHS).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In children 12 to 19 years of age, the prevalence was 32% for non-Hispanic white boys and 28% for non-His-panic white girls, 37% for non-Hispanic black boys and 45% for non-Hispanic black girls, and 46% for Mexican American boys and 41% for Mexican American girls.2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By 2002, 21.4% of beneficiaries and 39.3% of disabled beneficiaries were obese compared with 16.4% and 32.5%, respectively, in 1997.21”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A comparison of NHANES 2009–2010 data with 1999–2000 data demonstrates an increase in obesity prevalence in male youth of 5% (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01–1.10) but not in female youth (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.98–1.07).2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NHANES 2009–2010 found that 16.9% (15.4%–18.4%) of youth aged 2 to 19 years were obese, which was unchanged from 2007–2008.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In children 12 to 19 years of age, the prevalence was 18% for non-Hispanic white boys and 15% for non-Hispanic white girls, 23% for non-Hispanic black boys and 25% for non-Hispanic black girls, and 29% for Mexican American boys and 19% for Mexican American girls.2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Almost 13% of Asian children, 16% of white children, nearly 21% of black children, 22% of Hispanic children, and 31% of American Indian children were obese.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to 1999–2008 NHANES survey data, lowest-income girls had an obesity prevalence of 17.9% compared with 13.1% among those with higher income; similar observations were observed for boys (20.6% versus 15.6%, respectively).7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“overall obesity prevalence was 26.7% in the United States, with rates of 27.4% in men and 26.0% in women.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the prevalence of obesity among non-Hispanic whites was 25.2%, whereas it.8% among non-Hispanic blackswas 36 and 30.7% among Hispanics.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the US National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1.0% of adolescents were severely obese in 1996 (defined as age <20 years and BMI ≥95th sex-specific BMI-for-age growth chart or BMI ≥30 kg/m2); the majority (70.5%) maintained this weight status into adulthood.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The sex gap was largest in those with low parental education (16.7% of men compared with 45.4% of women were obese) and smallest in those with high parental education (28.5% of men compared with 31.4% of women were obese).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In children 6 to 11 years of age, the prevalence was 30% for non-Hispanic white boys and 25% for non-Hispanic white girls, 41% for non-Hispanic black boys and 44% for non-Hispanic black girls, and 39% for Mexican American boys and 40% for Mexican American girls.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In children 6 to 11 years of age, the prevalence was 17% for non-Hispanic white boys and 11% for non-Hispanic white girls, 30% for non-Hispanic black boys and 28% for non-Hispanic black girls, and 22% for Mexican American boys and 22% for Mexican American girls.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The proportion of obese adults told that they were overweight was significantly lower for non-Hispanic blacks (60.5%) and Mexican Americans (57.1%) than for non-Hispanic whites (66.4%), for middle-income people than for high-income people (62.4% versus 70.6%), and for adults with less than a high school education than for those with any college education (59.2% versus 70.3%).14”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from 2011 show that American Indian/Alaskan Native youth have an obesity rate of 17.7%, whereas rates are 14.7% for Hispanics, 10.6% for non-Hispanic blacks, 10.3% for non-Hispanic whites, and 9.3% for Asian/Pacific Islanders.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rates of overweight and obesity (≥85th BMI percentile) were 39.1% for Hispanics, 39.4% for Mexican Americans, 27.9% for non-Hispanic whites, and 39.1% for non-Hispanic blacks.2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among US adults, 35% were obese (35% of men and 36% of women).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a large proportion of white, black, and Hispanic participants were overweight (60%–85%) or obese (30%–50%), whereas fewer Chinese American participants were overweight (33%) or obese (5%).15”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Approximately 64.8% of obese adults were told by a doctor or health professional that they were overweight.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“obesity was associated with nearly 112 000 excess deaths (95% CI, 53 754–170 064) relative to normal weight in 2000.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Poor school performance, tobacco use, alcohol use, premature sexual behavior, and poor diet.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from the FHS indicate a doubling in the incidence of DM over the past 30 years, most dramatically during the 1990s and primarily among individuals with a BMI >30 kg/m2.26”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis of 15 prospective studies demonstrated the increased risk for Alzheimer disease or vascular dementia and any dementia was 1.35 and 1.26 for overweight, respectively, and 2.04 and 1.64 for obesity, respectively.29”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These risks were graded with increasing BMI and were independent of age, lifestyle, and other cardiovascular risk factors.34”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Obesity is also a strong predictor of sleep-disordered breathing, itself strongly associated with the development of CVD, as well as with myriad other health conditions, including numerous cancers, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, gallbladder disease, musculoskeletal disorders, and reproductive abnormalities.28”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“adolescents with high BMI in the overweight or obese range are at a 2.5-fold increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome, a 2.2-fold increased risk of high carotid IMT, and a 3.4-fold increased risk of DM in adulthood.25”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the HRs for death were as follows: BMI 15.0 to 18.4 kg/m2, 1.47; 18.5 to 19.9 kg/m2, 1.14; 20.0 to 22.4 kg/m2, 1.0; 25.0 to 29.925 kg/m2, 1.13; 30.0 to 34.9 kg/m2, 1.44; 35.0 to 39.9 kg/m2, 1.88; and 40.0 to 49.9 kg/m2, 2.51.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“an adjusted RR for ischemic stroke of 1.22 (1.05–1.41) in overweight individuals and an RR of 1.64 (1.36–1.99) for obese individuals relative to normal-weight individuals.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The population attributable fraction for CHD associated with reducing current population mean BMI to 21 kg/m2 in the Asia-Pacific region ranged from 2% in India to 58% in American Samoa; the population attributable fraction for ischemic stroke ranged from 3% in India to 64% in American Samoa.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 22a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Below 22.5 to 25 kg/m2, the overall inverse association with BMI was predominantly related to strong inverse associations for smoking-related respiratory disease, and the only clearly positive association was for ischemic heart disease.39”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Obesity was associated with significantly increased mortality caused by CVD, some cancers, and DM or kidney disease.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“reductions in smoking, cholesterol, BP, and PA levels resulted in a gain of 2 770 500 life-years; however, these gains were reduced by a loss of 715 000 life-years caused by the increased prevalence of obesity and DM.43”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Above this range, each 5-kg/m2-higher BMI was associated with ≈30% higher all-cause mortality, and no specific cause of death was inversely associated with BMI.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other associated health conditions, such as asthma, hepatic steatosis, sleep apnea, stroke, some cancers (breast, colon, and kidney), musculoskeletal disorders, and gallbladder disease.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A randomized clinical trial of 130 severely obese adult individuals randomized to either 12 months of diet and PA or only 6 months of PA resulted in 12.1 and 9.9 kg, respectively, of weight loss at 1 year, with improvements in waist circumference, visceral fat, BP, and insulin resistance.17”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17]
plaindirectn = 130- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Overweight was associated with significantly increased mortality resulting from DM or kidney disease and was not associated with increased mortality resulting from cancer or CVD in an analysis of 2004 data from NHANES.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“overweight and obese participants had lower multivariable-adjusted scores on the physical component summary score but not on the mental component summary score.22”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Forecasts through 2030 using the BRFSS 1990–2008 data set suggest that by 2030, 51% of the population will be obese, with 11% with severe obesity, an increase of 33% for obesity and 130% for severe obesity.23”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and grade II to III obesity (BMI ≥35 kg/m2) with >82 000 (95% CI, 44 843–119 289).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“An obesity paradox has been reported, with obese patients demonstrating favorable outcomes in CHF, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary artery disease (CAD).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Morbidity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the annual medical burden of obesity has increased to almost 10% of all medical spending and could amount to $147 billion per year in 2008 (in 2008 dollars).50”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the HR for all-cause mortality was 1.07 (95% CI, 0.91–1.26) for overweight individuals, 1.41 (95% CI, 1.16–1.73) for obese individuals, and 2.46 for extremely obese individuals (95% CI, 1.91–3.16).44”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the risk of death per SD increase in each measure was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.99–1.06) for BMI, 1.10 (95% CI, 1.06–1.14) for waist circumference, 1.01 (95% CI, 0.97–1.05) for hip circumference, 1.15 (95% CI, 1.11–1.19) for waist-to-hip ratio, and 1.12 (95% CI, 1.08–1.16) for waist-to-height ratio.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“History of a heart attack in both parents increases the risk of heart attack, especially when 1 parent had a premature heart attack4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Family History
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the incidence of bariatric surgery was estimated at 113 000 cases per year, with costs of ≈1.5 billion dollars annually.56”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56]
hedgedn = 113,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“obese people have 46% higher inpatient costs and 27% more outpatient visits and spend 80% more on prescription drugs.50”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age 20 to 39 years, 8.4% for men, 10.3% for womenAge 40 to 59 years, 12.8% for men, 15.3% for womenAge 60 to 79 years, 13.7% for men, 17.5% for womenAge ≥80 years, 9.8% for men, 13.7% for women”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Family History
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“annual medical expenditures would be 6.7% to 10.7% lower in the absence of obesity.54”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“DM remission occurred in 75% of the group that underwent gastric bypass surgery compared with 0% of those in the medical treatment arm, with HbA1c values of 6.35% in the surgical arm compared with 7.69% in the medical treatment arm.63”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] source
plaindirectn = 60- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“total healthcare costs attributable to obesity could reach $861 to $957 billion by 2030, which would account for 16% to 18% of US health expenditures.51”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specifically, cancer mortality was reduced by 60%, DM mortality by 92%, and CAD mortality by 56%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] source
plaindirectn = 9,949- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“bariatric surgery was associated with fewer CVD deaths (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29–0.76) and fewer strokes (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54–0.83) than in the control group.58”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“after 2 years of follow-up, 72% of the surgically treated patients versus 21% of the control patients had remission of their DM; at 10 years of follow-up, results were 36% and 13%, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59]
plaincorrelationaln = 641- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For CVD mortality, the risk of death per SD increase was 1.12 (95% 1.06–1.20) for BMI, 1.19 (1.12–1.26) for waist circumference, 1.06 (1.00–1.13) for hip circumference, 1.23 (95% CI, 1.16–1.30) for waist-to-hip ratio, and 1.24 (95% CI, 1.16–1.31) for waist-to-height ratio.45”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“annual hospital costs related to obesity were $127 million between 1997 and women, 1999.49”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“after 5 years, $4970 was saved in medical expenses; if indirect costs were included (absenteeism and presenteeism), savings increased to $6180 and $10 960, respectively.64”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Premature paternal history of a heart attack has been shown to approximately double the risk of a heart attack in men and increase the risk in women by ≈70%.2,3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Family History
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
- Not checked yetcites [3]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For obese beneficiaries, Medicare pays $1723 more, Medicaid pays $1021 more, and private insurances pay $1140 more than for beneficiaries who are at normal weight.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“this study showed that glycemic control improved (6.4%) and weight loss was greater (29.4 versus 5.4 kg) in the surgical arm.62”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Bariatric Surgery
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62]
plaindirectn = 150- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The total excess cost related to the current prevalence of adolescent overweight and obesity is estimated to be $254 billion ($208 billion in lost productivity secondary to premature morbidity and mortality and $46 billion in direct medical costs).53”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 6. Overweight and Obesity > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from NHANES 2005–2006 indicate that among those with elevated LDL cholesterol levels, 35.5% had not been screened previously, 24.9% were screened but not told they had elevated cholesterol, and 39.6% were treated inadequately.8”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Adherence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 10-year HD risk for a 65-year-old man with 2 risk alleles at 9p21.3 and no other traditional risk factors is ≈13.2%, whereas a similar man with 0 alleles would have a 10-year risk of ≈9.2%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At this single-nucleotide polymorphism, ≈27% of the white population is estimated to have 0 risk alleles, 50% is estimated to have 1 risk allele, and the remaining 23% is estimated to have 2 risk alleles.12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During the period from 1999 to 2006, 26.0% of adults had hypercholesterolemia, 9% of adults had both hypercholesterolemia and hypertension, 1.5% of adults had DM and hypercholesterolemia, and 3% of adults had all 3 conditions.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of abnormal lipid levels among youths 12 to 19 years of age is 20.3%; 14.2% of normal-weight youths, 22.3% of overweight youths, and 42.9% of obese youths have at least 1 abnormal lipid level (NHANES 1999–2006, NCHS).1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An estimated 31.9 million adults ≥20 years of age have total serum cholesterol levels ≥240 mg/dL (extrapolated to 2010 by use of NCHS/NHANES 2007–2010 data), with a prevalence of 13.8% (Table 8-1; unpublished NHLBI tabulation).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This decline was observed for men ≥40 years of age and for women ≥60 years of age. There was little change over this time period for other sex/age groups.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia have increased; however, more than half of those at borderline-high risk remain unaware of their condition.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 10-year HD risk for a 40-year-old woman with 2 alleles and no other traditional risk factors is ≈2.4%, whereas a similar woman with 0 alleles would have a 10-year risk of ≈1.7%.12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2005 to 2006, ≈65% of men and 70% of women had been screened for high cholesterol in the past 5 years, and 16% of adults had serum total cholesterol levels ≥240 mg/dL.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from the BRFSS (CDC) survey in 2011 showed that among adults screened for high blood cholesterol, the percentage who had been told that they had high blood cholesterol ranged from 33.5% in Colorado to 42.3% in Mississippi. The median percentage among states was 38.4%.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“however, the decline was not uniform across all age groups. Middle-aged to older people have shown substantial decreases, but younger people have shown little overall change and recently had increased total cholesterol values.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Only approximately one third of treated patients are achieving their LDL goal; <20% of patients with CHD are at their LDL goal.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Adherence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There were 33.2% of adults overall during 2005–2008 in NHANES who achieved LDL cholesterol goals. Among adults without health insurance, only 22.6% achieved LDL cholesterol goals; however, 82.8% of those adults with uncontrolled LDL cholesterol did have some form of health insurance.11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Adherence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with whites, blacks develop HBP earlier in life, and their average BPs are much higher.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Race/Ethnicity and HBP
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to data from NHANES 1988–1994 and 2007–2008, HBP control rates improved from 27.3% to 50.1%, treatment improved from 54.0% to 73.5%, and the control/treated rates improved from 50.6% to 72.3%.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study of high school students in Houston, TX (mean age 15.4 years; 45.2% male, 49.3% Hispanic, 25.2% Caucasian, and 16.1% African American) found ≈30% of the students had at least 1 elevated BP measurement; elevated BP was significantly influenced by obesity.16”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, compared with whites, blacks have a 1.3-times greater rate of nonfatal stroke, a 1.8-times greater rate of fatal stroke, a 1.5-times greater rate of death attributable to HD, and a 4.2-times greater rate of end-stage kidney disease (fifth and sixth reports of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Race/Ethnicity and HBP
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among Mexican Americans, girls’ SBP increased 1.0 mm Hg and boys’ SBP increased 2.7 mm Hg compared with non-Hispanic whites.14”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mean levels of LDL cholesterol decreased from 126.1 mg/dL during 1999 to 2000 to 116.1 mg/dL during 2009 to 2010. The prevalence of high LDL cholesterol decreased from 31.5% during 1999 to 2000 to 28.2% during 2009 to 20108”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, 3% of those with hypertension had stage 2 hypertension, and 41% of those with stage 2 hypertension were undiagnosed.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of hypertension in blacks in the United States is among the highest in the world, and it is increasing.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Race/Ethnicity and HBP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“NHANES data show that a higher percentage of men than women have hypertension until 45 years of age. From 45 to 54 and from 55 to 64 years of age, the percentages of men and women with hypertension are similar. After that, a higher percentage of women have hypertension than men (Chart 9-1).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to NHANES data 2003–2008, among US adults with hypertension, 8.9% met the criteria for resistant hypertension (BP was ≥140/90 mm Hg, and they reported using antihypertensive medications from 3 different drug classes or drugs from ≥4 antihypertensive drug classes regardless of BP). This represents 12.8% of the population taking antihypertensive medication.5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Between 1988 to 1994 and 1999 to 2004, awareness increased from 39.2% to 63.0%, and use of pharmacological lipid-lowering treatment increased from 11.7% to 40.8%. LDL cholesterol control increased from 4.0% to 25.1% among those with high LDL cholesterol.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study in Ohio of >14 000 children and adolescents 3 to 18 years of age who were observed at least 3 times between 1999 and 2006 found that 3.6% had hypertension.13 Of these, 26% had been diagnosed and 74% were undiagnosed.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
plainn = 14,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from NHANES 2005–2006 found that 29% of US adults ≥18 years of age were hypertensive. The prevalence of hypertension was nearly equal between men and women; 7% of adults had HBP but had never been told that they had hypertension. Among hypertensive adults, 78% were aware of their condition, 68% were using antihypertensive medication, and 64% of those treated had their hypertensioncontrolled.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among US adults ≥65 years of age (NHANES 1999–2004), prevalence of hypertension was 70.8%, awareness of hypertension was 75.9%, treatment for hypertension was 69.3%, and control of hypertension was 48.8%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 1999 to 2004, rates of LDL cholesterol control were lower among adults 20 to 49 years of age than among those ≥65 years of age (13.9% versus 30.3%, respectively), among non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans than among non-Hispanic whites (17.2% and 16.5% versus 26.9%, respectively), and among men than among women (22.6% versus 26.9%, respectively).13”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 8. High Blood Cholesterol and Other Lipids > Lipid Levels
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Longitudinal BP outcomes from the National Childhood Blood Pressure database (ages 13–15 years) were examined after a single BP measurement. Among those determined to have prehypertension, 14% of boys and 12% of girls had hypertension 2 years later; the overall rate of progression from prehypertension to hypertension was ≈7%.17”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pre-HBP and HBP increased 2.3% and 1%, respectively, between 1988 and 1999.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“From 1988 to 1994 through 1999 to 2002, the prevalence of HBP in adults increased from 35.8% to 41.4% among blacks, and it was particularly high among black women at 44.0%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Race/Ethnicity and HBP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Analysis of data from the Search for Diabetes in Youth Study (SEARCH), which included children 3 to 17 years of age with type 1 and type 2 DM, found the prevalence of elevated BP to be 5.9% among those with type 1 DM and 23.7% among those with type 2 DM.15”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a study of NHANES 1999–2000 (NCHS), people with prehypertension were more likely than those with normal BP levels to have above-normal cholesterol levels (≥200 mg/dL) and to be overweight or obese, whereas the probability of current smoking was lower.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of diagnosed DM in adults ≥65 years of age was 26.9% in 2010, and an additional 50% (>20 million) had prediabetes based on fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance testing, or HbA1c. In addition, data from NHANES 2005–2006 show that 46% of DM cases remain undiagnosed in this group aged ≥65 years.11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among younger children, type 1 DM accounted for ≥80% of DM; among older youths, the proportion of type 2 DM ranged from 6% (0.19 per 1000 for non-Hispanic white youths) to 76% (1.74 per 1000 for American Indian youths).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the basis of data from NHANES 2007–2010 (unpublished NHLBI tabulation), an estimated 19.7 million Americans ≥20 years of age have physician-diagnosed DM.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An additional 8.2 million adults have undiagnosed DM, and ≈87.3 million adults have prediabetes (eg, fasting blood glucose of 100 to <126 mg/dL). The prevalence of prediabetes in the US adult population is 38%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to data from NHANES 1998–2008 for adults with DM, prevalence of hypertension increased, whereas awareness, treatment, and control improved during these time periods; however, for adults 20 to 44 years of age, there was no evidence of improvement.48”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Awareness, Treatment, and Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of 1514 SEARCH participants, 95% reported having undergone BP checks and 88% reported lipid-level checks, whereas slightly more than two thirds (68%) reported having had HbA1c testing or eye examinations (66%).10”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plainn = 1,514- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Follow-up of 9845 men and women in the FHS/NHLBI who attended examinations from 1978 to 1994 revealed that at 35 to 64 years of age, the 4-year incidence of hypertension was 5.3% for those with baseline BP <120/80 mm Hg, 17.6% for those with SBP of 120 to 129 mm Hg or DBP of 80 to 84 mm Hg, and 37.3% for those with SBP of 130 to 139 mm Hg or DBP of 85 to 89 mm Hg.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
plaincorrelationaln = 9,845- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Each year, ≈15 000 people <20 years of age are diagnosed with type 1 DM.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The risk was particularly noted in nonelderly persons and for those with BP values in the higher prehypertension range.54”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prehypertension
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Projections show that by 2030, total cost of HBP will increase to an estimated $343 billion (unpublished AHA computation, based on methodology described in Heidenreich et al7).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heidenreich et al7
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Men ≥20 years of age have a slightly higher prevalence of DM (11.8%) than women (10.8%).6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In SEARCH, the prevalence of DM in youths <20 years of age in 2001 in the United States was 1.82 cases per 1000 youths (0.79 per 1000 among youths 0–9 years of age and 2.80 per 1000 among youths 10–19 years of age).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of these, 70.9% reported changing their eating habits; 79.5% reduced the use of or were not using salt; 79.2% reduced the use of or eliminated alcohol; 68.8% were exercising; and 73.4% were taking antihypertensive medication.45”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Awareness, Treatment, and Control
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This translates to 154 369 youths with physician-diagnosed DM in 2001 in the United States, for an overall prevalence estimate for DM in children and adolescents of ≈0.18%.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with non-Hispanic white adults, the risk of diagnosed DM was 18% higher among Asian Americans, 66% higher among Hispanics/Latinos, and 77% higher among non-Hispanic blacks.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Approximately 186 000 people <20 years of age have DM.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plainn = 186,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Type 2 DM accounts for 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of DM in adults.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among youths with type 2 DM, 10.4% are overweight and 79.4% are obese.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The estimated direct and indirect cost of HBP for 2009 is $51.0 billion (MEPS, NHLBI tabulation).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Cost
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The results of the clinical trial demonstrated that only half of the children maintained durable glycemic control with monotherapy,9 a higher rate of treatment failure than observed in adult cohorts.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within the black community, rates of hypertension vary substantially.18,19Those with the highest rates are more likely to be middle-aged or older, less educated, overweight or obese, and physically inactive and are more likely to have DM.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Race/Ethnicity and HBP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
- Not checked yetcites [19]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During the period from 2002 to 2005, 3600 youth (age <20 years) were diagnosed with type 2 DM annually.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a collaborative meta-analysis of 820 900 individuals from 97 prospective studies, DM was associated with the following risks: all-cause mortality, HR 1.80 (95% CI, 1.71–1.90); cancer death, HR 1.25 (95% CI, 1.19–1.31); and vascular death, HR 2.32 (95% CI, 2.11–2.56).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
plaincorrelationaln = 820,900- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to NHIS data from 1997 to 2006, the rate of CVD death among adults with DM decreased by 40% (95% CI, 23%–54%). Similarly, all-cause mortality decreased by 23% (95% CI, 10%–35%). Compared with adults without DM, the CVD mortality rate decreased by 60% and the allcause mortality rate decreased by 44%.29”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Age-adjusted CVD prevalence was higher among men than women, among whites than blacks, and among non-Hispanics than Hispanics.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During 1979 to 2004, DM death rates for black youths 1 to 19 years of age were approximately twice those for white youths. During 2003 to 2004, the annual average DM death rate per 1 million youths was 2.46 for black youths and 0.91 for white youths.27”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among women, the age-adjusted prevalence decreased by 11.2%; among men, it did not decrease significantly. Among blacks, the age-adjusted prevalence of self-reported CVD decreased by 25.3%; among whites, no significant decrease occurred; among non-Hispanics, the rate decreased by 12%. No clear trends were detected among Hispanics.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to international survey and epidemiologic data from 2.7 million participants, the prevalence of DM in adults increased from 8.3% in men and 7.5% in women in 1980 to 9.8% in men and 9.2% in women in 2008. The number of individuals affected with DM increased from 153 million in 1980 to 347 million in 2008.18”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of NHANES/NCHS data collected during 2005–2008 indicated that the prevalence of DM was 8.2% among people ≥20 years of age. Prevalence of DM was defined as people who were told by a physician or other health professional that they have DM. Of the estimated 18.3 million adults with DM, 73.3% were told they had DM or were undergoing treatment, and 26.7% (5.7 million) were unaware of the”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Awareness
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Of 2291 individuals <20 years of age with newly diagnosed DM, slightly more than half (54.5%) had autoimmune, insulin-sensitive DM, and 15.9% had nonautoimmune, insulin-resistant DM.19”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19]
plainn = 2,291- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Over 5 years of follow-up in 45- to 84-year-olds in MESA, 8.2% of the cohort developed DM. The cumulative incidence was highest in Hispanics (11.3%), followed by black (9.5%), Chinese (7.7%), and white (6.3%) participants.21”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gestational diabetes complicates 2% to 10% of pregnancies and increases the risk of developing type 2 DM by 35% to 60%.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from the FHS indicate a doubling in the incidence of DM over the past 30 years, most dramatically during the 1990s. Among adults 40 to 55 years of age in each decade of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the age-adjusted 8-year incidence rates of DM were 2.0%, 3.0%, and 3.7% among women and 2.7%, 3.6%, and 5.8% among men, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“FHS/NHLBI data show that having DM significantly increased the risk of developing CVD (HR 2.5 for women and 2.4 for men) and of dying when CVD was present (HR 2.2 for women and 1.7 for men). Diabetic men and women ≥50 years of age lived an average of 7.5 and 8.2 years less than their nondiabetic equivalents. The differences in life expectancy free of CVD were 7.8 and 8.4 years, respectively.25”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Although the prevalence of diagnosed DM has increased significantly over the past decade, the prevalence of undiagnosed DM and impaired fasting glucose has remained relatively stable. Minority groups remain disproportionately affected.31”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Awareness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, although there was a 50% reduction in the rate of incident CVD events among adults with DM, the absolute risk of CVD remained 2-fold greater than among people without DM.34”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among children <10 years of age, most had type 1 DM, regardless of race/ethnicity. The highest rates of incident type 1 DM were observed in non-Hispanic white youths (18.6, 28.1, and 32.9 per 100 000 person-years for age groups of 0–4, 5–9, and 10–14 years, respectively).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other data from FHS show that over a 30-year period, CVD among women with DM was 54.8% among normal-weight women but 78.8% among obese women. Among normal-weight men with DM, the lifetime risk of CVD was 78.6%, whereas it was 86.9% among obese men.36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the 1970s, the age-and sex-adjusted OR for DM was 1.40 in the 1980s and 2.05 in the 1990s (P for trend=0.0006).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of DM for all age groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and is projected to be 4.4% in 2030. The total number of people with DM is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030.17”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Overall, type 2 DM was relatively infrequent, with the highest rates (17.0–49.4 per 100 000 person-years) seen among 15- to 19-year-old minority groups.4”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“DM mortality in 2009 was 68 705. Any-mention mortality in 2009 was 230 642.23”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 2009 overall underlying-cause death rate attributable to DM was 20.9. Death rates per 100 000 people were 23.3 for white males, 44.2 for black males, 15.7 for white females, and 35.9 for black females.23”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Analysis of data from the FHS from 1950 to 2005 found reductions in all-cause and CVD mortality among men and women with and without DM. However, all-cause and CVD mortality rates among individuals with DM remain ≈2-fold higher than for individuals without DM.28”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the basis of data from the NCHS/NHIS, 1997–200533The estimated number of people ≥35 years of age with DM with a self-reported cardiovascular condition increased 36%, from 4.2 million in 1997 to 5.7 million in 2005; however, the age-adjusted prevalence of self-reported CVD conditions among people with diagnosed DM who were ≥35 years of age decreased 11.2%, from 36.6% in 1997 to 32.5% in 2005.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At least 68% of people >65 years of age with DM die of some form of HD; 16% die of stroke.HD death rates among adults with DM are 2 to 4 times higher than the rates for adults without DM.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The age- and sex-adjusted HR for DM as a CVD risk factor was 3.0 in the earlier time period and 2.5 in the later time period.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A total of 1.9 million new cases of DM (type 1 or type 2) were diagnosed in US adults ≥20 years of age in 2010.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“DM prevalence is projected to increase by 99% among non-Hispanic whites, by 107% among non-Hispanic blacks, and by 127% among Hispanics.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the exact date of DM onset can be difficult to determine, increasing duration of DM diagnosis is associated with increasing CVD risk. Longitudinal data from FHS suggest that the risk factor–adjusted RR of CHD is 1.38 (95% CI, 0.99–1.92) times higher and the risk for CHD death is 1.86 (95% CI, 1.17–2.93) times higher for each 10-year increase in duration of DM.32”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Analysis of data from NHANES 1971–2000 found that men with DM experienced a 43% relative reduction in the age-adjusted mortality rate, which was similar to that of nondiabetic men. Among women with DM, however, mortality rates did not decrease, and the difference in mortality rates between diabetic and nondiabetic women doubled.26”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increases are projected to be largest for the oldest age groups (for instance, projected to increase by 220% among those 65–74 years of age and by 449% among those ≥75 years of age).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nationwide Inpatient Sample data from 1993 to 2004 were analyzed for individuals 0 to 29 years of age with a diagnosis of DM. Rates of hospitalizations increased by 38%. Hospitalization rates were higher for females (42%) than for males (29%). Inflation-adjusted total charges for DM hospitalizations increased 130%, from $1.05 billion in 1993 to $2.42 billion in 2004.56”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Hospitalizations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“DM accounted for 44% of the new cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in 2007. According to data from the US Renal Data System and BRFSS from 1996 to 2007, the incidence rate of ESRD attributed to DM decreased from 304.5 per 100 000 to 199.1 per 100 000.43”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In North America, diverse data show lower rates of CVD among diabetic people, but as the prevalence of DM has increased, so has the absolute burden of CVD, especially among middle-aged and older individuals.42”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Analysis of data from the CHS of the NHLBI found that lifestyle risk factors, including PA level, dietary habits, smoking habits, alcohol use, and adiposity measures, assessed late in life, were each independently associated with risk of new-onset DM. Participants whose PA level and dietary, smoking, and alcohol habits were all in the low-risk group had an 82% lower incidence of DM than all other”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“DM is associated with increased ischemic stroke incidence at all ages, with the incremental risk associated with DM being most prominent before 55 years of age in blacks and before 65 years of age in whites.37”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the same data set, the transition to a high-risk category (an event rate equivalent to a 10-year risk of 20% or an event rate equivalent to that associated with previous MI) occurred at a younger age for men and women with DM than for those without DM (mean difference 14.6 years). For the outcome of AMI, stroke, or death resulting from any cause, diabetic men and women entered the high-risk”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Diabetic patients experienced reductions in case fatality rates related to AMI and stroke similar to those without DM (−44.1% versus −33.2%, P=0.1; −17.1% versus −16.6%, P=0.9, respectively) and similarly comparable decreases in all-cause mortality.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ischemic stroke patients with DM are younger, more likely to be black, and more likely to have hypertension, prior MI, and high cholesterol than nondiabetic patients.37”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During this decade, all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates declined, although not for patients with DM; rates increased 61% and 52% for diabetic men and women, respectively, as did hospitalization rates for DM and its complications.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Risk factors for hypoglycemia included older age, DM duration, worse renal function, lower BMI, lower cognitive function, multiple glucose-lowering medications, and randomization to the intensive glucose control arm.58”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Hypoglycemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In multivariable models that controlled for age, sex, income, education, insurance, and residence location, blacks were 38% less likely and Hispanics were 33% less likely than their respective comparison groups to receive all recommended risk factor interventions in 2001.51”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“DM, especially type 2 DM, is associated with clustered risk factors for CHD, with a prevalence of 75% to 85% for hypertension among adults with DM, 70% to 80% for elevated LDL, and 60% to 70% for obesity.47”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from the 2004 National Healthcare Disparities Report (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, US Department of Health and Human Services) found that only approximately one third of adults with DM received all 5 interventions to reduce risk factors recommended for comprehensive DM care in 2001. The proportion receiving all 5 interventions was lower among blacks than whites and among Hispan”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Between NHANES III (1984–1992) and NHANES 1999–2004, the proportion of patients with DM whose BP was treated increased from 76.5% to 87.8%, and the proportion whose BP was controlled nearly doubled (15.9% to 29.6%).48”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Over the same period, the number of DM cases increased by 165%, which translates to a marked increase in the proportion of CVD events occurring among patients with DM: AMI, 44.6%; stroke, 26.1%; AMI deaths, 17.2%; and stroke deaths, 13.2%.41”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A subgroup analysis was conducted of patients with DM enrolled in randomized clinical trials that evaluated acute coronary syndrome (ACS) therapies. The data included 62 036 patients from Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction studies (46 577 with STEMI and 15 459 with unstable angina [UA]/non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI]). Of these, 17.1% had DM. Modeling showed that”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
plaincorrelationaln = 62,036 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“CHD risk factors among patients with DM remain suboptimally treated, although improvements have been observed over the past decade. Between 1999 and 2008, in up to 2623 adult participants with DM, data from NHANES showed that improvements were observed for the achieved targets for control of HbA1c (from 37.0% to 55.2%), BP (from 35.2% to 51.0%), and LDL cholesterol (from 32.5% to 52.9%).50”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50]
plaincorrelationaln = 2,623- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients were less likely to have cholesterol levels measured (76%) than HbA1c levels (92%) or BP (99%; P<0.0001 for either comparison). The proportion of patients who received any drug therapy was greater for above-goal HbA1c (92%) than for above-goal SBP (78%) or LDL cholesterol (38%; P<0.0001 for each comparison).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from the same academic medical center also showed that CVD risk factors among women with DM were managed less aggressively than among men with DM. Women were less likely than men to have HbA1c <7% (without CHD: adjusted OR for women versus men 0.84, P=0.005; with CHD: 0.63, P<0.0001).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“DM was also associated with significantly higher mortality 1 year after UA/NSTEMI or STEMI. By 1 year after ACS, patients with DM presenting with UA/NSTEMI had a risk of death that approached that of patients without DM presenting with STEMI (7.2% versus 8.1%).39”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although hospital days for AMI fell overall, for those with DM, they increased 51% (from 34 188 to 51 566).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the ADVANCE (Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation) trial, 2.1% of patients had an episode of severe hypoglycemia. Severe hypoglycemia was associated with an increased risk of major macrovascular events (HR, 2.88; 95% CI, 2.01–4.12), cardiovascular death (HR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.72–4.19), and all-cause death (HR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.97–3.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Hypoglycemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to NHDS data reported by the CDC in an analysis of data from 2009, DM was a listed diagnosis in ≈15% of US adult hospital discharges, among which circulatory diseases was the most common first-listed diagnosis (26.2%; 1.4 million discharges) and DM the second most common (12.0%; 655 000 discharges).57”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Hospitalizations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to NHANES data, the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease has increased from 2.2% in NHANES III to 3.3% in NHANES 2005–2008. These increases were observed in direct proportion to increases in DM.44”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The percentage of all AMIs occurring in patients with DM increased from 21% to 36%, and the absolute number more than doubled, from 2951 to 6048.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to data from the 2004 to 2008 MarketScan database of type 2 DM, which consisted of 536 581 individuals, the incidence rate of hypoglycemia was 153.8 per 10 000 person-years and was highest in adults aged 18 to 34 years (218.8 per 10 000 person-years).59”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Hypoglycemia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“New York City death certificate data for 1989 to 1991 and 1999 to 2001 and hospital discharge data for 1988 to 2002 show increases in all-cause and cause-specific mortality between 1990 and 2000, as well as in annual hospitalization rates for DM and its complications among patients hospitalized with AMI and/or DM.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“HbA1c levels ≥6.5% can be used to diagnose DM.45 In the population-based ARIC study, HbA1c levels ≥6.5% had a 14-year follow-up, multivariable-adjusted HR of 16.5 (95% CI, 14.2–19.1) for diagnosed DM and 1.95 (95% CI, 1.53–2.48) for CHD relative to those with HbA1c <5.0%.46”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
- Not checked yetcites [46]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of CKD in 1999–2004 (stages I to V)9 is 13.1%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The median age of the population with ESRD in 2010 varied across different racial/ethnic groups: 57.9 years for Native Americans, 58.1 years for blacks, 59.7 years for Asians, and 61.2 years for whites.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of stage III CKD (eGFR 30–59 mL·min−1·1.73 m−2) is 7.7%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“More than 26 million people (13%) in the United States have CKD, and most are undiagnosed.8”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
plainn = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of stage I CKD (estimated GFR [eGFR] ≥90 mL·min−1·1.73 m−2 with kidney damage, ie, presence of albuminuria) is 1.8%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, both the degree of CKD (ie, eGFR) and urine albumin are strongly associated with the progression from CKD to ESRD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of stage II CKD (eGFR 60–89 mL·min−1·1.73 m−2 with kidney damage) is 3.2%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This represents an increase from the 10.0% prevalence estimate from NHANES 1988–1994 (NCHS).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“The total annual cost of treating ESRD in the United States was $26.8 billion in 2008, which represents nearly 6% of the total Medicare budget.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cost: ESRD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of stages IV and V CKD (eGFR<29 mL·min−1·1.73 m−2) is 0.4%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Another 20 million are at increased risk for CKD.10”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This disparity was most evident for those with stage I CKD; non-Hispanic whites had a CKD prevalence of 4.2% compared with prevalences among Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic blacks of 10.2% and 9.4%, respectively.11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the basis of 2009 mortality data, CVD caused ≈1 death per minute among females, or 401 495 deaths.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among other causes of death in 2009, cancer caused 567 628 deaths; CLRD, 137 353; accidents, 118 021; and Alzheimer disease, 79 003.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The rates were 281.4 for white males, 387.0 for black males, 190.4 for white females, and 267.9 for black females.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 2009 CVD (I00–I99) death rates were 287.2 for males and 196.1 for females.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“That represents approximately the same number of female lives that were claimed by cancer, CLRD, and Alzheimer disease combined (unpublished AHA tabulation).7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Data from a large national cohort found higher values of cystatin C to be associated with prevalent stroke, angina, and MI,43 as well as higher BMI.44”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
- Not checked yetcites [44]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Elevated cystatin C was an independent risk factor for HF,45,46 PAD events,47 clinical atherosclerosis, and subclinical measures of CVD in older adults,48”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45]
- Not checked yetcites [46]
- Not checked yetcites [47]
- Not checked yetcites [48]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“CVD currently claims more lives each year than cancer and CLRD combined.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In every year since 1900 except 1918, CVD accounted for more deaths than any other major cause of death in the United States.8,9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Death rates for females were 22.3 for breast cancer and 38.5 for lung cancer.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mortality data show that CVD (I00–I99, Q20–Q28) as the listed underlying cause of death (including congenital cardiovascular defects) accounted for 32.3% (787 931) of all 2 437 163 deaths in 2009, or ≈1 of every 3 deaths in the United States.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“CVD any-mentions (1 330 137 deaths in 2009) constituted 54.6% of all deaths that year (NHLBI; NCHS public use data files).7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these, 42.2 million are estimated to be ≥60 years of age.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Prevalence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The 2009 death rate attributable to CVD (I00–I99) was 236.1 (excluding congenital cardiovascular defects) (NCHS).7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In older men, they were diseases of the heart (No. 1), cancer (No. 2), CLRD (No. 3), and stroke (No. 4).7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“On average, >2150 Americans die of CVD each day, an average of 1 death every 40 seconds.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For comparison, 1 in 4.5 females died of cancer, whereas 1 in 3.0 died of CVD (I0–I99, Q20– Q28).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If all forms of cancer were eliminated, the estimated gain could be 3 years.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Data from the FHS indicate that the subsequent lifetime risk for all CVD in recipients starting free of known disease is almost 2 in 3 for men and >1 in 2 for women at 45 years of age (Table 13-4).5a”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 5a
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One in 30 deaths of females was attributable to breast cancer, whereas 1 in 6.9 was attributable to CHD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the NCHS, if all forms of major CVD were eliminated, life expectancy could rise by almost 7 years.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Approximately 150 000 Americans died of CVD (I00–I99) in 2009 who were <65 years of age”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An estimated 83.6 million American adults (>1 in 3) have 1 or more types of CVD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Prevalence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In 2009, the leading causes of death in women ≥65 years of age were diseases of the heart (No. 1), cancer (No. 2), stroke (No. 3), and CLRD (No. 4).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among American Indian men 45 to 74 years of age, the incidence of CVD ranges from 15 to 28 per 1000 population. Among women, it ranges from 9 to 15 per 1000.5”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“34% of deaths attributed to CVD occurred before the age of 75 years,7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to the same study, the probability at birth of eventually dying of major CVD (I00–I78) is 47%, and the chance of dying of cancer is 22%.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There were 40 678 deaths attributable to breast cancer in females in 2009; lung cancer claimed 70 389 females.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Before 75 years of age, a higher proportion of CVD events attributable to CHD occur in men than in women, and a higher proportion of events attributable to stroke occur in women than in men.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among Hispanics (primarily Cuban and Puerto Rican), compared with whites, the relative rate of intracranial atherosclerotic stroke was 5.00; of extracranial atherosclerotic stroke, 1.71; of lacunar stroke, 2.32; and of cardioembolic stroke, 1.42.23”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There were no changes in incidence of ischemic stroke for blacks or of hemorrhagic strokes in blacks or whites.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among blacks, compared with whites, the relative rate of intracranial atherosclerotic stroke was 5.85; of extracranial atherosclerotic stroke, 3.18; of lacunar stroke, 3.09; and of cardioembolic stroke, 1.58.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a similar fashion, data from the most recent GCNKSS show that compared with the 1990s, when incidence rates of stroke were stable, stroke incidence in 2005 was decreased for whites.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2005, tobacco smoking and HBP were estimated to be responsible for 467 000 deaths, accounting for ≈1 in 5 or 6 deaths among US adults.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The crude 3-year cumulative incidence (2000–2002) was 16.8 per 1000 in Mexican Americans and 13.6 per 1000 in non-Hispanic whites.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“People reporting household income of ≥$50 000 had the lowest prevalence (28.8%), and those reporting household income of <$10 000 had the highest prevalence (52.5%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of having ≥2 risk factors was highest among blacks (48.7%) and American Indian/Alaska Natives (46.7%) and lowest among Asians (25.9%);”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Awareness of HD as the leading cause of death among women has approximately doubled among white and Hispanic women and tripled among black women between the first survey in 1997 and the current 2009 survey.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adults who reported being unable to work had the highest prevalence (69.3%) of ≥2 risk factors, followed by retired people (45.1%), unemployed adults (43.4%), homemakers (34.3%), and employed people (34.0%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Disparities in CVD Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among an estimated 45 million people with functional disabilities in the United States, HD, stroke, and hypertension are among the 15 leading conditions that caused those disabilities.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Data from 1950 to 1977, 1978 to 1989, and 1990 to 2004 showed that the age-adjusted incidence of first stroke per 1000 person-years in each of the 3 periods was 7.6, 6.2, and 5.3 in men and 6.2, 5.8, and 5.1 in women, respectively.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When asked to identify the greatest cause of death for each sex, 42% correctly recognized CVD for men, and 14% correctly recognized CVD for women;”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in 2009, awareness of HD as the leading cause of death among women was 54%, significantly higher than in 1997.12”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specifically, Mexican Americans had a higher cumulative incidence for ischemic stroke at younger ages (45–59 years of age: RR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.55–2.69; 60–74 years of age: RR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.31–1.91) but not at older ages (≥75 years of age: RR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.94– 1.32).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Incidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Overweight/obesity and physical inactivity were each estimated to be responsible for nearly 1 in 10 deaths.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nearly 17% selected CVD as the greatest lifetime risk, which made it the third most popular choice after accidents and cancer.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Awareness of Warning Signs and Risk Factors for CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the GCNKS, using data from 1993 and 1994, the age-, sex-, and race-adjusted incidence rates for TIA were 0.83 per 10 000.27”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“When considered separately from other CVDs, stroke ranks No. 4 among all causes of death, behind diseases of the heart, cancer, and CLRD (NCHS mortality data).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Individuals who have a TIA and survive the initial high-risk period have a 10-year stroke risk of roughly 19% and a combined 10-year stroke, MI, or vascular death risk of 43% (4% per year).34”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Approximately 56% of stroke deaths in 2009 occurred out of the hospital (unpublished tabulation of NCHS 2009 Mortality Data Set).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There was a greater decline in stroke death rates in men than in women, with a male-to-female ratio decreasing from 1.11 to 1.03 (age adjusted).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Stroke mortality as an underlying cause of death in 2009 was 128 824; any-mention mortality in 2009 was 215 864, and the death rate was 38.9 per 100 000.36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Stroke mortality as an underlying cause of death in 2009 was 128 824; any-mention mortality in 2009 was 215 864, and the death rate was 38.9 per 100 000.36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There were greater declines in stroke death rates in men than in women and among people ≥65 years of age than among younger ages.37”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Meta-analyses of cohorts of patients with TIA have shown the short-term risk of stroke after TIA to be ≈3% to 10% at 2 days and 9% to 17% at 90 days.32,33”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [33]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women accounted for almost 60% of US stroke deaths in 2009 (AHA tabulation).36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Predictors of stroke included age >60 years, DM, focal symptoms of weakness or speech impairment, and TIA that lasted >10 minutes.31”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31]
plaincorrelationaln = 1,707- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2002, death certificate data showed that the mean age at stroke death was 79.6 years; however, males had a younger mean age at stroke death than females.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Stroke accounted for ≈1 of every 19 deaths in the United States in 2009.36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“On average, every 4 minutes, someone dies of a stroke (NCHS, NHLBI).36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Incidence of TIA increases with age and varies by sex and race/ethnicity.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
- Not checked yetcites [27]
- Not checked yetcites [29]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a more recent Italian community-based registry conducted in 2007 to 2009, the crude TIA incidence rate was 0.52 per 1000.29”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a nationwide survey of US adults, the estimated prevalence of self-reported physician-diagnosed TIA was 2.3%, which translates into ≈5 million people.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Blacks, American Indian/Alaska Natives, and Asian/Pacific Islanders had younger mean ages than whites, and the mean age at stroke death was also younger among Hispanics than non-Hispanics.40”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates for TIA in Rochester, MN, were estimated at 0.68 per 1000 for the years 1985 through 1989.28”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Stroke mortality as an underlying cause of death in 2009 was 128 824; any-mention mortality in 2009 was 215 864, and the death rate was 38.9 per 100 000.36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“anticipated declines in prevalence of smoking, high cholesterol, and high BP (in men) would be offset by substantial increases in the prevalence of obesity and DM and small expected changes in ideal dietary patterns or PA.2”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Cardiovascular Health: Trends Over Time
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these data demonstrate the relevance of the concept of cardiovascular health to risk of future risk factors, disease, and mortality, with strong inverse, stepwise association with all-cause, CVD, and ischemic HD mortality.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Relevance of Ideal Cardiovascular Health
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such small reductions in population BP could result from small health behavior changes at a population level, such as increased PA, increased fruit and vegetable consumption, decreased sodium intake, decreased adiposity, or some combination of these and other lifestyle changes, with resulting substantial projected decreases in CVD rates in US adults.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Achieving the 2020 Impact Goals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the basis of NHANES data, a reduction in population mean BP of just 2 mm Hg would result in 56.1% of US adults having ideal levels of BP, which represents a 26.8% relative improvement in this metric (Table 2-7).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Achieving the 2020 Impact Goals
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these data continue to demonstrate both the tremendous relevance of the AHA 2020 Impact Goals for cardiovascular health and the substantial progress that will be needed to achieve these goals over the next decade.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 2. American Heart Association’s 2020 Impact Goals > Achieving the 2020 Impact Goals
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a summary of WHO data sources, the economic costs of physical inactivity were estimated to account for 1.5% to 3.0% of total direct healthcare expenditures in developed countries such as the United States.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 4. Physical Inactivity > Costs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A DASH dietary pattern with low sodium reduced SBP by 7.1 mm Hg in adults without hypertension and by 11.5 mm Hg in adults with hypertension.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with a baseline usual diet, each of the DASH-type diets, which included various percentages (27%–37%) of total fat and focused on whole foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fish, as well as potassium and other minerals and low sodium, reduced SBP by 8 to 10 mm Hg, DBP by 4 to 5 mm Hg, and LDL cholesterol by 12 to 14 mg/dL.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 5. Nutrition > Morbidity and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Table 7-2 presents results from the CARDIoGRAM (Coronary ARteryDIsease Genome-wide Replication And Meta-analysis) consortium, which represents the largest genetic study of MI to date, with 22 233 MI case subjects and 64 762 control subjects and with independent validation in an additional 56 682 individuals.9”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 7. Family History and Genetics > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plainn = 22,233- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Genome-wide association is a robust technique for identifying associations between genotypes and phenotypes.
In the paper
“If the total number of people with DM and self-reported CVD increased over this period but proportions with self-reported CVD declined, the data suggest that the mean age at which people have been diagnosed is decreasing, or the higher CVD mortality rate among older diabetic individuals is removing them from ability to self-report CVD.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Aftermath
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In 2007, the direct ($116 billion) and indirect ($58 billion) cost attributable to DM was $174 billion.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
- Not checked yetcites [61]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For type 1 compared with type 2 DM, costs were $9333 versus $5683, respectively.64”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and 0.3% of outpatient costs.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59]
plainn = 581- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A study of data from NHANES 2003–2006, Ingenix Research Data Mart, 2003–2005 NAMCS, the 2003–2005 NHAMCS, the 2004–2005 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, and the 2003–2005 MEPS found that the estimated economic cost of undiagnosed DM in 2007 was $18 billion, including medical costs of $11 billion and indirect costs of $7 billion.62”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Females had a 13.2-fold incremental mortality risk compared with a 5.0-fold increased risk in males.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among youths with type 1 DM, the prevalence of overweight is 22.1%”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“2.7% of ED costs,”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59]
plainn = 581- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Type 1 DM constitutes 5% to 10% of DM in the United States.66”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and the prevalence of obesity is 12.6%.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Type 1 DM
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“43% of this cost was for prescription drugs.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Cost
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among women, the HRs were 3.39 (95% CI, 1.31–8.81) for 1 or 2 components and 5.95 (95% CI, 2.20–16.11) for ≥3 components.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Of all possible ways to have 3 metabolic syndrome components, the combination of central obesity, elevated BP, and hyperglycemia conferred the greatest risk for CVD (HR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.54–3.61) and mortality (HR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.93–4.94) in the Framingham Offspring Study.25”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For CHD events during 20 years of follow-up, the areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves were 0.68 for the FRS and 0.59 for the number of metabolic syndrome components.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite its prevalence, the public’s recognition of metabolic syndrome is limited.7”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Adults
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The risk of CVD tended to be higher in women (summary RR, 2.63) than in men (summary RR, 1.98; P=0.09).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with men without an abnormal component in the Framingham Offspring Study, the HRs for CVD were 1.48 (95% CI, 0.69–3.16) for men with 1 or 2 components and 3.99 (95% CI, 1.89–8.41) for men with ≥3 components.24”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, 4.5% of white adolescents, 3.0% of black adolescents, and 7.1% of Mexican American adolescents had metabolic syndrome.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was 13.2% in boys, 5.3% in girls, 10.7% in whites, 5.2% in blacks, and 11.1% in Mexican Americans.11”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2006, this prevalence would have represented ≈1.1 million adolescents 12 to 17 years of age with metabolic syndrome.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It increased from 1.2% among those 12 to 13 years of age to 7.1% among those 14 to 15 years of age and was higher among boys (6.7%) than girls (2.1%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“with significant increased risks (RRs ranging from 1.6 to 2.9) for all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, MI, and stroke, as well as for those with metabolic syndrome without DM.19”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the San Antonio Heart Study, the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.816 for the FRS and 0.811 for the FRS plus the metabolic syndrome. 21”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the basis of NHANES 1999–2002 data, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents 12 to 19 years of age was 9.4%, which represents ≈2.9 million people.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Children/Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“16843 kidney transplants were performed.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“with a PAR of 14.5% (95% CI, 12.7%–16.3%) and 16.8% (95% CI, 14.8%–18.8%), respectively”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the INTERHEART case-control study of 26 903 subjects from 52 countries, metabolic syndrome was associated with an increased risk of MI, both according to the WHO (OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 2.45–2.95) and International Diabetes Federation (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 2.03–2.38) definitions”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalence of ESRD was 593 086, with 65% of these prevalent cases being treated with hemodialysis.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and in this same patient population, BP-associated risks were greater in men than in women and in blacks than in whites.3”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the lowest quartile of leisure-time PA, the ORs of developing metabolic syndrome were 0.80 (95% CI, 0.71–0.91) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.81–1.04) for people in the highest and middle quartiles, respectively.85”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] source
plaincorrelationaln = 1,970- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“114 083 new cases of ESRD were reported.1”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > End-Stage Renal Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plainn = 114,083- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In prospective or retrospective cohort studies, the following factors have been reported as being directly associated with incident metabolic syndrome, defined by one of the major definitions:”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 11. Metabolic Syndrome > Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cystatin C is excreted by the kidneys, filtered through the glomerulus, and nearly completely reabsorbed by proximal tubular cells.36”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exact reasons why CKD and ESRD increase the risk of CVD have not been completely delineated but are clearly multifactorial and likely involve pathological alterations in multiple organ systems and pathways.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > ESRD/CKD and CVD
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is a low-molecular-weight protein produced at a constant rate by all nucleated cells and appears not to be affected significantly across age, sex, and levels of muscle mass.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 12. Chronic Kidney Disease > Cystatin C: Kidney Function and CVD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By 2030, 40.8% of the US population is projected to have some form of CVD (unpublished AHA computation, based on methodology described in Heidenreich et al3).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 13. Total Cardiovascular Diseases > Prevalence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heidenreich et al3
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“TIAs confer a substantial short-term risk of stroke, hospitalization for CVD events, and death.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > TIA: Prevalence, Incidence, and Prognosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31]
plaindirectn = 1,707- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More women than men die of stroke each year because of the larger number of elderly women.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 14. Stroke (Cerebrovascular Disease) > Stroke Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Biologically related first-degree relatives share roughly 50% of their genetic variation with one another.
“Biologically related first-degree relatives (siblings, offspring and parents) share roughly 50% of their genetic variation with one another.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to share their genetic variation within their demographic than with other demographics.
“Similarly, racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to share their genetic variation within their demographic than with other demographics.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Genome-wide association is a robust technique for identifying associations between genotypes and phenotypes.
“Genome-wide association is a robust technique to identify associations between genotypes and phenotypes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CKD incidence and prevalence are rising in the US.
“The incidence and prevalence of CKD are increasing in the United States”
The paper relies on this without support.
CKD is linked to poor outcomes and high costs for the US healthcare system.
“are associated with poor outcomes and a high cost to the US healthcare system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
People with CKD are more likely to die from CVD than to progress to ESRD.
“In fact, individuals with CKD are more likely to die of CVD than to transition to ESRD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many traditional CVD risk factors also raise CKD risk, including older age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and family history of CVD.
“Many traditional CVD risk factors are also risk factors for CKD, including older age, male sex, hypertension, DM, smoking, and family history of CVD.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Aging is the major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD).”
From Inorganic nitrite supplementation for healthy arterial aging (2014) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“most forms of CVD are linked to dysfunction of arteries (59, 111).”
From Inorganic nitrite supplementation for healthy arterial aging (2014) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“However, PA levels for the large majority of Latinos are below U.S. national guidelines [2–8] and lower compared to non-Latino whites [5–8].”
From Pasos Hacia La Salud: a randomized controlled trial of an internet-delivered physical activity intervention for Latinas (2016) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Of the estimated 18.3 million adults with DM, 73.3% were told they had DM or were undergoing treatment, and 26.7% (5.7 million) were unaware of the diagnosis.”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 10. Diabetes Mellitus > Awareness
Reported 26.7 · recomputed 31.147541
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“According to data from NHANES 1988–1994 and 2007–2008, HBP control rates improved from 27.3% to 50.1%, treatment improved from 54.0% to 73.5%, and the control/treated rates improved from 50.6% to 72.3%.6”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 9. High Blood Pressure > Prevalence
Reported 72.3 · recomputed 68.163265
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > Summary > The 2013 Update Expands Data Coverage of the Epidemic of Poor Cardiovascular Health Behaviors and Their Antecedents and Consequences
“with declines higher for those 3 to 11 years of age (−53.6%) and those 12 to 19 years of age (−46.5%) than for those 20 years of age and older (−36.7%).”
§ Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update > 3. Smoking/Tobacco Use > Secondhand Smoke
“During 2007 to 2008, the percentage of nonsmokers with detectable serum cotinine was higher for those 3 to 11 years of age (53.6%) and those 12 to 19 years of age (46.5%) than for those ≥20 years of age (36.7%)”
Citations
Cites
Toprak, Ö., Kurt, H., Sarı, Y., Şarkış, C., Us, H., & Kırık, A. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000468530 · Cited by 29,772
Chobanian, A. V. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.19.2560 · Cited by 25,386
Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators (2002) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.321 · Cited by 15,889
Wild, S., Roglic, G., Green, A., Sicree, R., & King, H. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047 · Cited by 15,297
Alberti, K. G. M. M., Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., Zimmet, P. Z., Cleeman, J. I., Donato, K. A., Fruchart, J.-C., James, W. P. T., Loria, C. M., & Smith, S. C. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192644 · Cited by 14,860
Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
American Diabetes Association (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-s062 · Cited by 14,094
Chobanian, A. V., Bakris, G. L., Black, H. R., Cushman, W. C., Green, L. A., Izzo, J. L., Jones, D. W., Materson, B. J., Oparil, S., Wright, J. T., et al. (2003) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000107251.49515.c2 · Cited by 13,271
Detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)
Grundy, S. M., Becker, D. M., Clark, L. T., Cooper, R., Denke, M. A., Howard, J. L., Hunninghake, D. B., Illingworth, D. R., Luepker, R. V., McBride, P. E., et al. (2002) · Civil War Book Review · Cited by 12,198
Yusuf, S., Hawken, S., Ôunpuu, S., Dans, T., Avezum, A., Lanas, F., McQueen, M., Budaj, A., Pais, P., Varigos, J., et al. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17018-9 · Cited by 12,026
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk
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Self-citationFeigin, V. L., Forouzanfar, M. H., Krishnamurthi, R., Mensah, G. A., Connor, M., Bennett, D. A., Moran, A. E., Sacco, R. L., Anderson, L., Truelsen, T., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61953-4 · Cited by 3,899
Goff, D. C., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Bennett, G., Coady, S., D’Agostino, R. B., Gibbons, R., Greenland, P., Lackland, D. T., Levy, D., O’Donnell, C. J., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98 · Cited by 3,697
Self-citation2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
Amsterdam, E. A., Wenger, N. K., Brindis, R. G., Casey, D. E., Ganiats, T. G., Holmes, D. R., Jaffe, A. S., Jneid, H., Kelly, R. F., Kontos, M. C., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.017 · Cited by 3,595
Metadata
- Authors
- Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., Bravata, D. M., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., Fox, C. S., Franco, S., Fullerton, H. J., Gillespie, C., Hailpern, S. M., Heit, J. A., Howard, V. J., Huffman, M. D., Kissela, B. M., Kittner, S. J., Lackland, D. T., Lichtman, J. H., Lisabeth, L. D., Magid, D., Marcus, G. M., Marelli, A., Matchar, D. B., McGuire, D. K., Mohler, E. R., Moy, C. S., Mussolino, M. E., Nichol, G., Paynter, N. P., Schreiner, P. J., Sorlie, P. D., Stein, J., Turan, T. N., Virani, S. S., Wong, N. D., Woo, D., & Turner, M. B.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- ORCID
- Go, Alan S.
- Mozaffarian, Dariush
- Benjamin, Emelia J.
- Berry, Jarett D.
- Borden, William B.
- Bravata, Dawn M.
- Dai, Shifan
- Fox, Caroline S.
- Fullerton, Heather J.
- Gillespie, Cathleen
- Heit, John A.
- Howard, Virginia J.
- Huffman, Mark D.
- Kittner, Steven J.
- Lackland, Daniel T.
- Lichtman, Judith H.
- Lisabeth, Lynda D.
- Marcus, Gregory M.
- Marelli, Ariane
- Matchar, David B.
- McGuire, Darren K.
- Nichol, Graham
- Paynter, Nina P.
- Schreiner, Pamela J.
- Stein, Joel
- Turan, Tanya N.
- Virani, Salim S.
- Wong, Nathan D.
- Woo, Daniel
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e6-e245
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC5408511
- OpenAlex
- W2050856345
- Semantic Scholar
- dc4aed5ae29ad3a1bdd76f303c0af56ee537e44a
- Cited by
- 5,292
- References
- 1,311
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 136 · 2021: 174 · 2020: 177 · 2019: 212 · 2018: 295 · 2017: 413 · 2016: 620 · 2015: 951 · 2014: 1367 · 2013: 688
- FWCI
- 623.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2013-06-11)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999, UL1TR000077)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Keywords
- heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular health behaviors, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, cardiovascular disease costs, cardiovascular monitoring, vascular disease
- MeSH terms
- American Heart Association, Heart Diseases, Humans, Risk Factors, United States, Prevalence, Stroke
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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