The Autonomic Nervous System and Hypertension
Open accessAbstract
Physiological studies have long documented the key role played by the autonomic nervous system in modulating cardiovascular functions and in controlling blood pressure values, both at rest and in response to environmental stimuli. Experimental and clinical investigations have tested the hypothesis that the origin, progression, and outcome of human hypertension are related to dysfunctional autonomic cardiovascular control and especially to abnormal activation of the sympathetic division. Here, we review the recent literature on the adrenergic and vagal abnormalities that have been reported in essential hypertension, with emphasis on their role as promoters and as amplifiers of the high blood pressure state. We also discuss the possible mechanisms underlying these abnormalities and their importance in the development and progression of the structural and functional cardiovascular damage that characterizes hypertension. Finally, we examine the modifications of sympathetic and vagal cardiovascular influences induced by current nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions aimed at correcting elevations in blood pressure and restoring the normotensive state.
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Microneurographic studies almost universally show that sympathetic nerve traffic is potentiated in established hypertension in middle age and in elderly as well as young patients.
“As far as the second issue is concerned, microneurographic studies almost universally shown that sympathetic nerve traffic is potentiated in established hypertension in middle age and in elderly as well as young patients38–46.”
From The Sympathetic Nervous System Alterations in Human Hypertension (2015) · cites this paper as [46]
The occurrence of increased SNS activity in hypertension and CKD is well established.
“The occur-rence of increased SNS activity in hypertension and CKD is well established83,162.”
From The gut microbiota and the brain–gut–kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease (2018) · cites this paper as [83]
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Piccirillo, G., Viola, E., Nocco, M., Durante, M., Tarantini, S., & Marigliano, V. (2000) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1067/mlc.2000.103428 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Balt, J. C., Mathy, M. J., Pfaffendorf, M., et al. (2001) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200103000-00015 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hering, D., Kára, T., Kucharska, W., Somers, V. K., & Narkiewicz, K. (2013) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.3109/08037051.2012.759689 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Manual of Hypertension of The European Society of Hypertension
(2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780203091722 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
McCrory, W. W., Klein, A. A., & Rosenthal, R. (1982) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.4.4.507 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Valentini, M., Julius, S., Palatini, P., Brook, R. D., Bard, R. L., Bisognano, J. D., & Kaciroti, N. (2004) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200410000-00024 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Prognostic significance of ambulatory blood pressure
Imai, Y. (1999) · Blood Pressure Monitoring · doi:10.1097/00126097-199910000-00008 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Psychosomatic factors in borderline hypertensive subjects and offspring of hypertensive parents.
Perini, C., Müller, F., Rauchfleisch, U., Battegay, R., Hobi, V., & Bühler, F. R. (1990) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.16.6.627 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and obesity-associated hypertension.
Brands, M. W., & Hall, J. E. (1992) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.v351064 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Adreno-Sympathetic System, the Genetic Predisposition to Hypertension, and Stress
Horikoshi, Y., Tajima, I., Igarashi, H., et al. (1985) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-198505000-00002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Disturbed noradrenergic blood pressure control in normotensive members of hypertensive families.
Bianchetti, M. G., Weidmann, P. U., Beretta-Piccoli, C., et al. (1984) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.51.3.306 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hypertension: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease
(2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63389-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sustained blood pressure elevation to lower body compression in pigs and dogs.
Julius, S., Sanchez, R., MALAYAN, S. A., et al. (1982) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.4.6.782 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Grassi, G. M., Seravalle, G., Dell’Oro, R., Facchini, A., Ilardo, V., & Mancia, G. (2004) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200409000-00019 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationAutonomic nervous system activity in normotensive subjects with a family history of hypertension
Maver, J., Štrucl, M., & Accetto, R. (2004) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0185-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Grassi, G. M., Seravalle, G., Brambilla, G., Buzzi, S., Volpe, M., Cesana, F., Dell’Oro, R., & Mancia, G. (2014) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000000034 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationGrassi, G. M. (2000) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(99)00150-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationSalivary flow in borderline hypertension.
Böhm, R. O. B., van Baak, M. A., van Hooff, M., Moy, J., & Kh, R. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Saino, A. T., Pomidossi, G. A., Perondi, R., et al. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.19.2277 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ferrara, L. A., Moscato, T. S., Pisanti, N., et al. (2008) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000174371 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Behaviour of regional adrenergic outflow in mild-to-moderate renal failure
Grassi, G. M., Seravalle, G., Arenare, F., Buccianti, G., Furiani, S., Ilardo, V., Bolla, G. B., & Mancia, G. (2009) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32831fb371 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationRenal denervation: current implications and future perspectives
Xu, J., Hering, D., Sata, Y., Walton, A., Krum, H., Esler, M., & Schlaich, M. P. (2013) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20120581 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Brodde, O. ‐., Daul, A., Ohara, N., et al. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Short-Term and Long-Term Blood Pressure Variability
Mancia, G. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2601-8_8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationAortic Cyclic Amp Levels in Hypertensive Rats
Mangiarua, E. I., Wright, G. L., & McCumbee, W. D. (1989) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.3109/10641968909035292 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Resistant hypertension: baroreflex stimulation as a new tool
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Preference for salt contributes to sympathovagal imbalance in the genesis of prehypertension
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Bachmann, A. W., Ballantine, D. M., & Gordon, R. D. (1993) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.1993.tb01715.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
NEUROADRENERGIC PROFILE IN PATIENTS WITH RESISTANT HYPERTENSION
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Out-of-Office Blood Pressure Control Among Treated Subjects
Obara, T., Ohkubo, T., Metoki, H., et al. (2007) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.090993 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hansson, G. K. (2012) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.112.268151 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Giannattasio C, Mancia G. Arterial distensibility and the sympa- thetic nervous system. In: Safar ME, O'Rourke MF, eds. Handbook of Hypertension, Volume 23. Arterial Stiffness in Hypertension. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2006:213-224.
- Fagard R, Grassi G. Blood pressure response to acute physical and mental stress. In: Mancia G, Grassi G, Kjeldsen SE, eds. Manual of Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. London: Informa Healthcare; 2008:184-189.
- Mancia G, Mark AL. Arterial baroreflexes in humans. In: Shepherd JT, Abboud FM, eds. Handbook of Physiology, Section 2: The Cardiovascular System. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society; 1983:755-793.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mancia, G., Kreutz, R., Brunström, M., Burnier, M., Grassi, G., Januszewicz, A., Muiesan, M. L., Tsioufis, K., Agabiti-Rosei, E., Algharably, E. A. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003480 · Cited by 3,473 · see citing works
Self-citationOparil, S., Acelajado, M. C., Bakris, G. L., Berlowitz, D. R., Cífková, R., Dominiczak, A. F., Grassi, G., Jordan, J., Poulter, N. R., Rodgers, A., et al. (2018) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2018.14 · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
Self-citationThe gut microbiota and the brain–gut–kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease
Yang, T., Richards, E. M., Pepine, C. J., & Raizada, M. K. (2018) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-018-0018-2 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
The Sympathetic Nervous System Alterations in Human Hypertension
Grassi, G., Mark, A., & Esler, M. (2015) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.303604 · Cited by 616 · see citing works
Self-citationFilippou, C. D., Tsioufis, C. P., Thomopoulos, C. G., Mihas, C. C., Dimitriadis, K. S., Sotiropoulou, L. I., Chrysochoou, C. A., Nihoyannopoulos, P. I., & Tousoulis, D. M. (2020) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa041 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Hypertension-Linked Pathophysiological Alterations in the Gut
Santisteban, M. M., Qi, Y., Zubcevic, J., Kim, S., Yang, T., Shenoy, V., Cole-Jeffrey, C. T., Lobaton, G. O., Stewart, D. C., Rubiano, A., et al. (2017) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.309006 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Short sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk: from pathophysiology to clinical evidence
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Yan, J., Pan, Y., Cai, W., Cheng, Q., Dong, W., & An, T. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s77710 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Gut–Brain Axis in Regulation of Blood Pressure
Yang, T., & Zubcevic, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00845 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Device-guided breathing for hypertension: a summary evidence review
Mahtani, K. R., Beinortas, T., Bauza, K., & Nunan, D. (2016) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-016-0631-z · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Renal sympathetic activity: A key modulator of pressure natriuresis in hypertension
Díaz-Morales, N., Baranda-Alonso, E. M., Martínez-Salgado, C., & López-Hernández, F. J. (2023) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115386 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
WEGNER, B. M., WEGNER, G. M., SPAGNOL, L. W., COSTA, L. A., SPAGNOL, V. W., & PAIVA, D. F. (2024) · Minerva Anestesiologica · doi:10.23736/s0375-9393.24.18041-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mancia, G., & Grassi, G.
- Affiliations
- MultiMedica (IT)
- Venue
- Circulation Research
- Published
- 2014-05-23
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1804-1814
- ISSN
- 0009-7330 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4571
- OpenAlex
- W2108384566
- Cited by
- 627
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 10
- FWCI
- 6.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Circulation Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Keywords
- autonomic nervous system, essential hypertension, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic activity, adrenergic dysfunction, blood pressure regulation, cardiovascular damage, antihypertensive therapy, cardiovascular remodeling
- MeSH terms
- Autonomic Nervous System, Blood Pressure, Humans, Hypertension, Sympathetic Nervous System, Vagus Nerve, Disease Progression
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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